User:Asteramellus/States of Consciousness (Hindu Philosophy)
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In Hindu Philosophy, there are four states of consciousness: jagrat (waking), svapna (dreaming), deep sleep (sushupti), and turiya (transcendental awareness). These states of consciousness are discussed in various Upanishads, particularly the Mandukya Upanishad.
Jagrat
[edit]Svapna
[edit]The word svapna, etymologically related to the Greek hypnos, captures both the content and process of dreaming, reflecting a unified view. Unlike the Western distinction between subjective dream content and objective waking reality, svapna merges these aspects.[1]
Sushupti
[edit]Sushupti literally means "deep sleep"[2], and is formed from the root svap, which means to sleep.[3] Advaita Vedanta philosophers Shankara and Suresvara argue that, during sushupti, the self remains luminous and not ignorant, emphasizing its blissful aspect.[4]
Turiya
[edit]The fourth state (caturtha or turiya) is described, in the Mandukya Upanishad, as a special state of consciousness where one doesn't perceive things inside or outside oneself, or even both at once.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ O'Flaherty 1984.
- ^ www.wisdomlib.org (2018-05-29). "Sushupti, Suṣupti: 14 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2024-08-03.
- ^ www.wisdomlib.org (2019-01-01). "Svap, Shvap: 8 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2024-08-06.
- ^ Fort 1980.
- ^ Olivelle 1998, p. 475.
Sources
[edit]- Fort, A. O. (1980). "The Concept of Suṣupta in Advaita Vedānta". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 61 (1/4): 221–228. ISSN 0378-1143.
- O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (1984). Dreams, Illusion, and Other Realities. University of Chicago Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-226-61855-5.
- Olivelle, Patrick, ed. (1998). The early Upaniṣads: annotated text and translation. South Asia research. New York Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512435-4.