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Brassy minnow
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Cypriniformes
Family:	Cyprinidae
Genus:	Hybognathus
Species:	H. hankinsoni
Binomial name
Hybognathus hankinsoni C. L. Hubbs, 1929

The map of the distribution of Hybognathus hankinsoni in North America

Introduction

The brassy minnow (Hybognathus hakinsoni) is a species of fish belonging to the family Cyprinidae. The family Cyprinidae consists of mainly freshwater minnows and carps. The Brassy Minnow gets its scientific name(Hybognathus haninsoni) from the Greek word Hybognathus, meaning bulging jaw, and haninsoni from the American scientist, T.L. Hankinson. It is commonly found throughout the northern United States and Canada.

Physical Description

The Brassy Minnow is typically 4-7.5 cm long and weighs 0.7-4 g. It can be identified by its brassy side coloration, cream underbelly and olive green back. It has larger than usual leptoid scales and dark stripe that runs from its gill cover to its tail. Hybognathus hansinkoni have a small dorsal fin with a rounded tip and two pelvic fins that lie behind the dorsal fin in the abdominal position. The females tend to be larger than the male, have a small mouth, and the lower jaw is crescent shaped. Brassy Minnows also have notched caudal (tail) fins.

Distribution

Range extends from the St. Lawrence River and Lake Champlain drainages, throughout the Great Lakes and Northern United States and into Alberta and British Columbia.

Habitat

The Brassy Minnow typically lives in cool, slow moving streams and creeks that have sand, mud or gravel bottoms overlaid with organic sediment. They are also found in overflow ponds near rivers, boggy lakes, brackish tidal waters, and ditches with weedy bottoms. They live in water with a large range of pH's, and are able to survive at low oxygen levels, displaying high levels of environmental tolerance. The water can be clear or turbid. Brassy Minnows appear to do better in habitats with minimal predators, or those that have structure, as they are very susceptible to predation

Diet Habits

Hybognathus hankinsoni are omnivourous eating algae, plankton and aquatic invertebrates that live in the organic sediment or the weeds that grow in their environment. Although omnivorous, the Brassy Minnow is typically vegetarian, mainly eating the algae, especially diatoms and desmids, found growing in the streams and ponds it inhabits. The minnows feed in schools with peak feeding times around 1-3 pm. They are first level consumers and are therefore important in the transfer of nutrients to higher trophic levels.

Reproduction and Lifecycle

The Brassy Minnow becomes sexually active at one year of age. The fish spawn (biology) during the months of April through July, depending on the location. In the more northerly range of the Brassy Minnow, the fish spawn later in the year than in the south part of their range. The spawning time occurs when the water temperature reaches sixteen to seventeen degrees Celsius. They lay their legs on the vegetation and along the bottom of the streams and ponds it inhabits. A female Brassy Minnow can lay up to 2500 eggs, depending on their size, and usually release the eggs over the course of a week. The eggs typically take 7-10 days to hatch and the larvae grow rapidly for the first months. The minnows live up to 5 years and spawn annually. The species is considered to be globally secure, and therefore does not have any conservation concerns.

References

1. Smith, L. C. The Inland Fishes of New York State. New York: The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. 1985, pp. 116, 162. 2. NatureServe 2013. Etropus microstomus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 25 February 2015.

Category:Cyprinidae