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Flood Management

Kerala is vulnerable to multiple hazards with major flooding in 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 and 43% of the state prone to landslides.[1][2][3] Kerala State Disaster Management Plan outlines the need for disaster management to reduce hazard risk.[4] Disaster management strategies include four phases: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.[5]

Four phases of disaster management


Flood mitigation in Kerala is provided by structural measures, with 81 dams, reservoirs and flood embankments, and non-structural measures including flood hazard mapping and landslide zoning, but larger scale maps are needed to develop effective mitigation plans.[6][7] River discharge is monitored at 38 river gauging stations by the Central Water Commission with flood forecasts issued.[8] Kerala has 68 rain gauging stations, under the 265 recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards to sufficiently cover the state.[9]
Preparedness reduces the effects of flooding and landslides. India Meteorological Department (IMD) monitors weather and Kerala State Emergency Operations Centre (KSEOC) issue colour coded extreme weather alerts to district areas affected.[10] Kerala State Disaster Management Authority (KSDMA) provides public alerts through their website and social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, GoK Direct – Kerala and IMD Weather App).[11][12] KSEOC is working with the Geological Survey of India (2020), Kerala University and Kerala Development and Innovation Strategic Council (K-DISC) to develop a landslide early warning system.[13][14] In 2020, 14 multipurpose shelters were constructed by KSDMA with funding from the World Bank.[15][16] Civil defence systems have increased training to support search and rescue efforts, and the government has given greater autonomy to local agencies, NGOs and community groups.[17][18]
Response operations involve the implementation of disaster event preparations from the Rapid Action Force (RAF), National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and Kerala Fire and Rescue.[19][20][21][22] Following the 2020 floods, NDRF set up 6,300 relief camps with Covid-19 categorisation.[23]
Recovery restores social and economic aspects of the local community to the status quo.[24] Damage assessment and cost estimates are made prior to reconstruction with funding from the [25] (SDRF) and National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF).[26] KSDMA published a handbook on constructing flood and landslide resilient housing.[27] Further national and international assistance may be sought by the state.[28]

Latest

Flood Management[edit]

Kerala is vulnerable to multiple hazards with major flooding in 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 and 43% of the state prone to landslides.[29][30][31] Kerala State Disaster Management Plan outlines the need to reduce the risk of hazards with mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.[31][32]

Four phases of disaster management

Flood mitigation in Kerala is provided by structural and non-structural measures. Structural measures include 81 dams, reservoirs and flood embankments. Non-structural measures include flood hazard mapping and landslide zoning, but larger scale maps are needed to develop effective mitigation plans.[29][33] River discharge is monitored at 38 river gauging stations by the Central Water Commission and flood forecasting occurs in response.[34] Kerala has 68 rain gauging stations, but the Bureau of Indian Standards recommends that to sufficiently monitor rainfall, the state would require 265.[30]

Preparedness reduces the effects of flooding and landslides. IMD monitors weather and Kerala State Emergency Operations Centre (KSEOC) issue colour coded extreme weather alerts to district areas affected.[34] Kerala State Disaster Management Authority (KSDMA) provides public alerts through their website and social media platforms.[34][35] KSEOC is working with the Geological Survey of India (2020), Kerala University and Kerala Development and Innovation Strategic Council to develop a landslide early warning system.[36][37] In 2020, 14 permanent multipurpose shelters were constructed by KSDMA with funding from the World Bank.[38][39] Civil defence systems have increased training to support search and rescue efforts, and the government has given greater autonomy to local agencies, NGOs and community groups.[40][31]

Response operations involve the implementation of disaster event preparations from Rapid Action Force (RAF), National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and Kerala Fire and Rescue.[41][42][43][31] Following the 2020 floods, NDRF set up 6,300 relief camps with COVID-19 categorisation.[44]

Recovery aims to restore social and economic aspects of the local community to the status quo.[43] Damage assessment and cost estimates are made prior to reconstruction with funding from the State Disaster Response Funds and National Disaster Response Fund.[31] KSDMA published a handbook on constructing flood and landslide resilient housing.[45] Further national and international assistance may be sought by the state.[31]

Recommendations:[edit]
  1. ^ Srija, P; Nithin, G; Chaithanya, V; Sushma Swaraj, M; Sridevi, M. "A Case Study on Kerala Floods" (PDF). Inpressco. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  2. ^ Guptan, Mahesh. "A sea change in weather pattern behind excess rains, frequent cyclones threatening Kerala". OnManorama. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  3. ^ "Kerala State Disaster Management Plan 2016" (PDF). Kerala State Disaster Management Authority Department of Revenue and Disaster Management Government of Kerala. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  4. ^ "Kerala State Disaster Management Plan 2016" (PDF). Kerala State Disaster Management Authority Department of Revenue and Disaster Management Government of Kerala. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  5. ^ Srija, P; Nithin, G; Chaithanya, V; Sushma Swaraj, M; Sridevi, M. "A Case Study on Kerala Floods" (PDF). Inpressco. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  6. ^ Srija, P; Nithin, G; Chaithanya, V; Sushma Swaraj, M; Sridevi, M. "A Case Study on Kerala Floods" (PDF). Inpressco. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  7. ^ S. K., Sudhi (21 October 2021). "Analysis | Kerala yet to get its basics right on tackling natural disasters". The Hindu. The Hindu. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  8. ^ "Kerala State Disaster Management Authority". KSDMA. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  9. ^ Guptan, Mahesh. "A sea change in weather pattern behind excess rains, frequent cyclones threatening Kerala". OnManorama. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  10. ^ "Kerala State Disaster Management Authority". KSDMA.
  11. ^ "Kerala State Disaster Management Authority". KSDMA. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  12. ^ Krishnakumar, G. (23 October 2021). "Kerala flash floods were due to excessive rainfall, says expert". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  13. ^ "Landslide Early Warning – Kerala State Disaster Management Authority". KSDMA. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  14. ^ DelhiAugust 18, Sibu Tripathi New. "India is developing landslide early warning system: How does it work and why it's a challenging task". India Today. Retrieved 26 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ "Three multipurpose shelters before monsoon". The Hindu. 29 February 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  16. ^ "NCRMP – Kerala – Kerala State Disaster Management Authority". KSDMA. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  17. ^ "Analysis | Kerala yet to get its basics right on tackling natural disasters". The Hindu. 21 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  18. ^ "Kerala State Disaster Management Plan 2016" (PDF). Kerala State Disaster Management Authority Department of Revenue and Disaster Management Government of Kerala. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  19. ^ "Department of Fire and Rescue Services | Kannur District , Government of kerala | India". Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  20. ^ Raman, Giji K. (8 August 2020). "Kerala rains 2020 | Search for bodies resumes at site of Idukki landslide". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  21. ^ Srija, P; Nithin, G; Chaithanya, V; Sushma Swaraj, M; Sridevi, M. "A Case Study on Kerala Floods" (PDF). Inpressco. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  22. ^ "Kerala State Disaster Management Plan 2016" (PDF). Kerala State Disaster Management Authority Department of Revenue and Disaster Management Government of Kerala. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  23. ^ "2018 vs 2020: How Kerala was Better Prepared for The Floods & Saved Lives". The Better India. 10 August 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  24. ^ Srija, P; Nithin, G; Chaithanya, V; Sushma Swaraj, M; Sridevi, M. "A Case Study on Kerala Floods" (PDF). Inpressco. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  25. ^ State Disaster Response Funds
  26. ^ "Kerala State Disaster Management Policy" (PDF). KSDMA. Government of Kerala. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  27. ^ "Flood-resistant housing attracts attention in Kerala". Mongabay-India. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  28. ^ "Kerala State Disaster Management Policy" (PDF). KSDMA. Government of Kerala. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  29. ^ a b c d Srija, P.; Nithin, G.; Chaithanya, V.; Sushma, S.; Sridevi, M. (2021-08-15). "A Case Study on Kerala Floods" (PDF). International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology (9): 26–31. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  30. ^ a b Guptan, Mahesh. "A sea change in weather pattern behind excess rains, frequent cyclones threatening Kerala". OnManorama. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  31. ^ a b c d e f "Kerala State Disaster Management Plan 2016" (PDF). Kerala State Disaster Management Authority Department of Revenue and Disaster Management Government of Kerala. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  32. ^ Wilson, Duncan T.; Hawe, Glenn I.; Coates, Graham; Crouch, Roger S. (1 November 2013). "A multi-objective combinatorial model of casualty processing in major incident response". European Journal of Operational Research. 230 (3): 643–655. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2013.04.040. ISSN 0377-2217.
  33. ^ S. K., Sudhi (21 October 2021). "Analysis | Kerala yet to get its basics right on tackling natural disasters". The Hindu. The Hindu. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  34. ^ a b c "Kerala State Disaster Management Authority". KSDMA. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  35. ^ Krishnakumar, G. (23 October 2021). "Kerala flash floods were due to excessive rainfall, says expert". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  36. ^ "Landslide Early Warning – Kerala State Disaster Management Authority". KSDMA. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  37. ^ DelhiAugust 18, Sibu Tripathi New. "India is developing landslide early warning system: How does it work and why it's a challenging task". India Today. Retrieved 26 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ "Three multipurpose shelters before monsoon". The Hindu. 29 February 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  39. ^ "NCRMP – Kerala – Kerala State Disaster Management Authority". KSDMA. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  40. ^ "Analysis | Kerala yet to get its basics right on tackling natural disasters". The Hindu. 21 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  41. ^ "Department of Fire and Rescue Services | Kannur District , Government of kerala | India". Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  42. ^ Cite error: The named reference :24 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  43. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference :11 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  44. ^ Cite error: The named reference :04 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  45. ^ "Flood-resistant housing attracts attention in Kerala". Mongabay-India. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  46. ^ Hussain, Shebina (2020-12-15). "Planning Challenges and Implications of Sponge City Concept in Managing Urban Floods in Kerala" (PDF). International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science. 8 (12): 29–35. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  47. ^ Hussain, Shebina (2020-12-15). "Planning Challenges and Implications of Sponge City Concept in Managing Urban Floods in Kerala" (PDF). International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science. 8 (12): 29–35. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  48. ^ Murali, Janaki (23 August 2018). "Kerala, After The Flood: Tendency to back development despite warning from ecologists creates ground for future disasters-India News , Firstpost". Firstpost. First Post. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
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