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Hallie Baugher EEOB 3310 Matt Holding 15 September 2014 Wikipedia Topic Development Annotated Bibliography How has the Chikungunya virus expanded and developed into countries outside of Africa?

Chen, R. (2013, August 29). “Chikungunya Virus 3′ Untranslated Region: Adaptation to Mosquitoes and a Population Bottleneck as Major Evolutionary Forces.” PLOS: Pathogens. Retrieved September 14, 2014. The major finding of this paper discusses adaptations to mosquitos rather than the hosts is “a major evolutionary force” of the Chikungunya virus. It discusses Chikungunya in Asia and what forms of evolution occurred there. It seemed that population bottleneck was what occurred when the virus moved from Africa to Asia.

Ching, L. (2010, October 1). “Tracing the path of Chikungunya virus-Evolution and adaptation.” ScienceDirect. Retrieved September 14, 2014. This article discusses the evolutionary path of Chikungunya. It starts with the history of the virus and continues to trace the path of the virus through different continents. This article was particularly helpful due to its large section about adaptation.

Enserink, Martin. “Chikungunya: No Longer a Third World Disease.” NewsFocus. (2007, December 21). Retrieved September 14, 2014. This article is a little dated (2007) but it has good information about the development of Chikungunya from the first outbreaks in third world countries into countries such as France. It also discusses the possible vehicles, other than mosquitos, that could possibly transmit this disease. This could be the explanation for why it is not only a problem for third world countries now.

Konstantine, T. (2013, December 1). “Multi-peaked adaptive landscape for chikungunya virus evolution predicts continued fitness optimization in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes.” NatureCommunications. Retrieved September 14, 2014. This article discusses the predicted fitness of Chikungunya for the Aedes albopictus mosquitos. It also discusses the sub lineages associated with the virus. It was helpful to read about the second step adaptive mutations and how they may have contributed to even greater fitness within the vectors.

Morens, D. (2014, September 1). “Chikungunya at the Door - Déjà Vu All Over Again?” — NEJM. Retrieved September 14, 2014. This last article was written just 10 days ago! It was very interesting because it reiterated everything I saw while I was in the Dominican Republic on a medical mission trip this summer-we lack vaccines, treatments, and knowledge of the virus. It discusses how many victims have fallen to this virus in tropical areas. There is a growing number of cases in the Americas! It is very important that we understand the evolution and growth of this disease now.