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Carbohydrates, MCG[edit]
Important functions and applications[edit]
Common sugars[edit]
Carbohydrate structures and conformations[edit]
Hemiacetals and mutarotation[edit]
- Hemiacetal formation
- alcohol + aldehyde → hemiacetal
- acid promotes forward reaction, base promotes reverse
- new chiral centre formed
- In monosaccharides, the new chiral centre is called the anomeric carbon
- Mutarotation of hemiacetals
- α and β anomers of monosaccharides interconvert
- α hemiacetal → aldehyde + alcohol → β hemiacetal
- In solution, glucose is:
- 36 % α-D-glucopyranose
- 63 % β-D-glucopyranose
- 0.003 % open chain aldehyde
- negligible proportions exist as α-D-glucofuranose and β-D-glucofuranose
Ring conformation[edit]
- For glucose, 4C1 conformation preferred to 1C4 as the former has all equatorial groups, latter has all axial
Anomeric effect[edit]
Protecting groups[edit]
For alcohols[edit]
Glycosylation reactions[edit]
External links[edit]
