User:Benwing/Romance phonology

/x,y/ = x or y unpredictably /x/; /y/ = x or y, in different contexts

+	strong position (next to consonant or word boundary)	+!	strong position after loss of unstressed vowel
-	weak position (next to vowel)
#	word boundary	#!	word boundary after loss of unstressed vowel
é	stressed vowel	è	unstressed vowel
ẹ	high-mid vowel (/e/ or /o/)	ę	low-mid vowel (/ɛ/ or /ɔ/)
V	any vowel	Ṽ	nasal vowel
V*	some vowels modified somewhat	V**	vowels are drastically modified
Vj	vowel is modified by monophthongization of a former /Vj/ sequence (typically /aj/ > /e/ or /aj/ > /ɛ/; other results language-specific)
Vꜛ	some vowels modified somewhat, generally by raising	Vꜜ	some vowels modified somewhat, generally by lowering
/x/, /y/	either /x/ or /y/, unpredictably
/x/; /y/	/x/ or /y/ predictably, in different contexts (often indicated)
/x/~/y/	/x/ or /y/ in different dialects
/x/ - /y/	when multiple source forms listed in a single row (e.g. pl-, cl-, fl-); then /x/ for the first form, /y/ for the second, etc.
‹x› (‹y›)	usually ‹x›, occasionally ‹y›, unpredictably
‹x›;‹y›	‹x› or ‹y› predictably, in different contexts (often indicated)
s.t.	sometimes	occ.	occasionally
—	sound disappears
?	unknown
N/A	context doesn't apply
(foo)	outcome for this sound is unexpected
((foo))	outcome for this sound is unexpected because word is learned or semi-learned

Development of +(t)ty-, +(c)cy-, -cty-, -pty-

Feature	Sardinian	Romanian	Proto-Italo-Western	Italian	Proto-Western	Ibero-Romance	Portuguese	Spanish	Catalan	Gallo-Romance	Occitan	French
-ty- (often fell in with -tty-)	?	?	tś	tts	dź	dz	Old dz	Old dz	Old ð	dź	Old dz?	Old jdz(j)
-cy-	?	?	ttʃ	ttʃ	ttś	ts	Old ts	Old dz	Old ts?	ttś	Old ts?	Old ts(j)
+ty-	?	?	tś	ts	tś	ts	Old ts	Old ts	Old ts?	tś	Old ts?	Old ts(j)
+cy-	?	?	tʃ	tʃ	tś	ts	Old ts	Old ts	Old ts?	tś	Old ts?	Old ts(j)
-c(e,i)-	?	?	tʃ	tʃ	tś > dź	dz	Old dz	Old dz	Old ð	dź	Old dz?	Old jdz(j)
+d'c(e,i)-	?	?	d.tʃ	d.tʃ	ddź	ddz	Old dz	Old dz	Old ddz	ddź	?	Old dz(j)
-sc(e,i)-	?	?	śtʃ	ʃʃ	śtś	śtś	Old ts,jʃ	Old ts	Old jʃ	ś	?	Old js(j)
-sy-	?	?	ś	tʃ	ź	jz	Old jz	Old jz	Old jz	ź	?	Old jz(j)
-ssy-, -scy-, -sty-	?	?	śś	ʃʃ	ś	ʃ	Old jʃ (late j)	Old ʃ	Old jʃ (late j)	ś	?	Old js(j)
-ct-	?	?	xt	tt	jt́	jt́	Old jt	Old tʃ	Old jt?	jt́	tʃ ~ jt	Old jt(j)
-x-	?	?	xs	ss	jś	jʃ	Old jʃ	Old jʃ	Old jʃ	jś	?	Old js(j)
g(e,i)-, j-, dy-, gy-	?	?	j	dž	j	j	Old dž	Old dž(+o,u); j(+á,é,í); ∅(+V̀)	Old dž	j	dž ~ (Gasc.) j	Old dž(j)
-j-, -dy-, -gy-	?	?	j	ddž; ddž,ddź < -dy-	j	j	Old j,dž	Old j; (e,i+)∅	Old dž??	j	?	Old: j(+V̀); j(+á,ɛ́,é,í,ɔ́); dž(+ó,ú)

-(a,e,i)g(é,í)- > ∅:

• -agé-, -egí-, ?-agí- > ∅ (but sigillum > *seǵello > Cat. segell, It. suggello; Pt. sêlo; Sp. sello; Fr. sceau)
• veǵenti > It venti; > PWR *veínte > Sp. veinte, Fr. vingt, Pt. vinte, Cat. vint
• digitum > Fr. doigt, It. dito, Sp. dedo, Pt. dedo, Cat. dit but Rom. deget
• vagīna > It. guaína, Fr. gaine, Sp. vaina < vaína, Pt. bainha (ba-ínha), Cat. beina
• rēgīna > Sp. reina (OSp reína), Pt. rainha (ra-ínha), Cat. reina, Fr. reine, It. reína/regina, Rom. regină
• frigidum > It. freddo, Fr. froid < *frejdo, Sp. frío, Pt. frio, Cat. fred, Rom. frig
• rigidum > Fr. raide/roide, Pt. rijo
• triginta > It. trenti, Pt. trinta, Sp. trenta, Fr. trente, Cat. trenta
• quadraginta > It. quaranta, Fr. quarante, Sp. cuarenta (OSp quaraenta), Pt. quarenta, Cat. quaranta
• pagēse > It. paese, Sp./Pt./Cat. país, Fr. pays
• magistrus > It. maestro, Sp. maestro, Fr. maître, Pt. mestre, Rom. maestru
• rēge > It. re, Sp. rey, Pt. rei, Fr. roi, Rom. rege
• lēge > It. legge, Sp. ley, Pt. lei, Fr. loi, Rom. lege
• sagitta > It. saetta, Sp. saeta, Pt. seta, but Rom. săgeată

Development of sibilants in the Romance languages

Development of sibilants in the Romance languages

Vulgar Latin	+S	+c(e,i)	+ty- -tty- -cty- -pty-	+cy- -ccy-	-s-	-c(e,i)	-ty-	-cy-	d'c(e,i)	-sy-	+sy- -ssy- -scy- -sty-	-sc(e/i)	-x-	-ct-	#g(e/i)	#j- #dy- #gy-	-g(e/i)		-j- =gy-	=dy-
																	(a/e/i)g(É/Í)	other
Proto-Romance	s	k	tj	kj	s	k	tj	kj	d.k	sy	?	sk	ks	kt	g	j	g		j	j,dj
Sardinian (Nuor.-Logudor.)	s	k	Nu θ Lo t		s	k	Nu θ Lo t		Nu d.k	z	?	sk	ss	t	g	dz, j	g		j; +dz?
Proto-Continental	s	tʃ	tś	tʃ	s	tʃ	tś	ttʃ	d.tʃ	ś	śś	śtʃ	ks	kt	j					j,dź
Romanian	s	tʃ	ts		s?	tʃ	ts		d.tʃ	ʃ		ʃt	s	pt	dʒ					dʒ,dz
Proto-Italo-Western	s	tʃ	tś	tʃ	s	tʃ	tś	ttʃ	d.tʃ	ś	śś	śtʃ	xs	xt	j		(a,e,i)g(é,í) → ∅	j		j,dź
Italian	s	tʃ	ts	tʃ	z	tʃ	tts	ttʃ	d.tʃ	tʃ	ʃʃ		ss,ʃʃ	tt	dʒ			ddʒ		ddʒ,ddz
Proto-Western	ṣ	tś			ẓ	dź		ttś	ddź	ź	ś	śtś	jś	jt́	j			j
Old Portuguese	ṣ	ts			ẓ	dz		ts	dz	(V*)jʒ	jʃ	(V*)jʃ, ts	(V*)jʃ	(V*)jt	dʒ			dʒ, j; +ts
Modern Portuguese	s				z			s	z	(V*)jʒ	jʃ	(V*)jʃ, s	(V*)jʃ	(V*)jt	ʒ			ʒ, j; +s
Old Spanish	ṣ	ts			ẓ	dz				(V*)ṣ	ʃ	ts	(V*)ʃ	tʃ	dʒ(+o,u); j(+á,é,í); ∅(+V̀)			j; (e,i+)∅; +dz
Modern Spanish (NorthCentral Spain)	ṣ	θ			ṣ	θ				(V*)ṣ	x	θ	(V*)x	tʃ	x(+o,u); j(+á,é,í); ∅(+V̀)			j; (e,i+)∅; +θ
Modern Spanish (Andalusia, America)	s									(V*)s	h	s	(V*)h	tʃ	h(+o,u); j(+á,é,í); ∅(+V̀)			j; (e,i+)∅; +s
Old Catalan	ṣ	ts			ẓ	dz		ts	ddz	(V*)z	jʃ	(V*)jʃ	(V*)jʃ	(V*)t	dʒ			dʒ
Modern Catalan	ṣ				ẓ	∅; w+!		ṣ	dẓ	(V*)ẓ	ʃ	(V*)ʃ	(V*)ʃ	(V*)t	ʒ		ʒ
Proto-Gallo-Romance	ṣ	tś			ẓ	dź		ttś	ddź	ź	ś		jś	jt́	j		j
Proto-Northern-French	ṣ	ts(j)			ẓ	jdz(j)		tts(j)	ddz(j)	jz(j)	js(j)			jt(j)	dʒ		+dʒ; dʒ(+ó,ú); j(else, incl. +ɔ́)
Old French	ṣ	ts(j)			ẓ	jẓ(j)		ts(j)	dz(j)	jẓ(j)	jṣ(j)			jt(j)	dʒ
Modern French	s	s(j)			z	(Vj)z(j)		s(j)	z(j)	(Vj)z(j)	(Vj)s(j)			(Vj)t(j)	ʒ

Further development of French diphthongs, triphthongs

Further development of French diphthongs, triphthongs

Primitive French	Old French	Modern French	Spelling
aj	aj	ɛ	‹ai›
(ɛj > ) jɛj	i	i	‹i›
ej	ej(+n,m)	ɛ	‹ei›
ej	oj	wɛ > wa,ɛ	‹oi,ai›
oj
uj	yj	ɥi	‹ui›
(ɔj >) wɛj	(uj >) yj

Development of clusters that sometimes produce coronal palatal sounds

Development of clusters that sometimes produce coronal palatal sounds

Vulgar Latin	+c(a)	+g(a)	#cl-	#pl-	#fl-	+cl-	+pl-	+fl-	-cl-	-py-	-by-
Proto-Romance	k	g	kl	pl	fl	kl	pl	fl	kl	pj	bj
Sardinian (Nuor.-Logudor.)	k	g	?kl	?pl	?fl	?kl	?pl	?fl	?kl	?pj	?bj
Proto-Continental	k	g	kĺ	pl	fl	kĺ	pl	fl	kĺ	pj	bj
Romanian	k	g	k	pl	fl	?k	?pl	?fl	k	?pj	?bj
Proto-Italo-Western	k	g	kĺ	pĺ	fĺ	kĺ	pĺ	fĺ	kĺ	pj	bj
Italian	k	g	kj	pj	fj	kj	pj	fj	kkj	ppj	bbj
Proto-Western	k	g	kĺ	pĺ	fĺ	kĺ	pĺ	fĺ	ʎʎ	pj	pj
Old Portuguese	k	g	tʃ, pr–fr–kr (semi-learned?)			tʃ			ʎ	late jb	late jv
Old Spanish	k	g	ʎ, pl–fl–kl (semi-learned?)			tʃ			dʒ	jp	?jb
Old Catalan	k	g	kl	pl	fl	kl	pl	fl	ʎ	?	?
Proto-Gallo-Romance	k	g	kl	pl	fl	kl	pl	fl	ʎʎ	ptʃ	bdʒ
Old French	tʃ	dʒ	kl	pl	fl	kl	pl	fl	ʎ	tʃ	dʒ
Modern French	ʃ	ʒ	kl	pl	fl	kl	pl	fl	j	ʃ	ʒ

Development of resonants

Vulgar Latin	-l-	-L+!	#L-	-ll-	-ly-	-n-	-N+!	#N-	-nn-	-ny-	-nd-	-mb-
Proto-Romance	l	l	l	ll	lj	n	n	n	nn	nj	nd	mb
Sardinian (Nuor.-Logudor.)	l	l?	l	ḍḍ	?ldz	n	n	n	?nn	?ndz	nd	mb
Proto-Continental	l	l	l	ll	ʎʎ	n	n	n	nn	ɲɲ	nd	mb
Romanian	l??	l?	l??	l??	ʎ??	n??	n?	n??	n??	ɲ??	nd	mb
Proto-Italo-Western	l	l	l	ll	ʎʎ	n	n	n	nn	ɲɲ	nd	mb
Italian	l	l	l	ll	ʎʎ	n	n	n	nn	ɲɲ	nd	mb
Proto-Western	l	l	l	ll	ʎʎ	n	n	n	nn	ɲɲ	nd	mb
Old Portuguese	∅	l	l	l	ʎ	(Ṽ)∅		n	n	ɲ	nd	mb
Old Spanish	l	l	l	ʎ	dʒ	n	n	n	ɲ	ɲ	nd	m
Old Catalan	l	l	ʎ	ʎ	ʎ	n	n	n	ɲ	ɲ	n	m
Proto-Gallo-Romance	l	l	l	ll	ʎʎ	n	n	n	nn	ɲɲ	nd	mb
Gascon	l?	w	l?	r; c#! > t ~ tʃ ‹th›	ʎ	(Ṽ)∅	n; ŋ#!	n	n	ɲ	n	m
Lengadocien	l	l ~ w(+dent.) ~ w(+non-dent.)		l ~ ʎ	ʎ; l#!	n	n; ∅#!	n	n	ɲ; n#!	nd	mb
Provençal	l?	w			j	n	n; ŋ#!	n	n; ŋ#!	ɲ; ŋ#!
Alpin	ɾ	w; ɾ(+lab.)			ʎ; j#! ~ w#!	n?	n?	n?	n?	ɲ?
Auvernhat	l ~ (South.) w~g~v	w				n	(Ṽ)∅; ∅#!	n	n;(Ṽ)∅#!	ɲ; (Ṽ)∅#!
Limousin	l?	w				n	n; ∅#!	n	n	ɲ; n#!
Early Old French	l	l > w	l	l		n	(Ṽ)n	n	n	ɲ; jn#!	nd	mb
Old French	l	(ɛ > ɛa)w(+C!); l#!	l	l	ʎ	n	(Ṽ; ɛ̃,ẽ > ã; ɔ̃,õ > ũ)∅	n	n	ɲ; jn+! > (Ṽj̃)∅
Modern French	l	OF: aw > o ‹au›; ɛaw > o ‹eau›; ew > ø ‹eu›; ɔw,ow > u ‹ou›; iw > i; yw > y ‹u›	l	l	ʎ	n	OF: ã > ɑ̃ ‹an,en›; jẽ > jɛ̃ ‹ien›; ĩ > ɛ̃ ‹in›; ũ > ɔ̃ ‹on›; ỹ > œ̃ >(usu.) ɛ̃ ‹un›	n	n	ɲ ‹gn›; OF: ãj̃,ẽj̃ > ɛ̃ ‹ain,ein›; õj̃ > wɛ̃ ‹oin›; ỹj̃ > ɥɛ̃ ‹uin›

Development of Proto-Romance vowels

Proto-Romance	a closed	a open	a final	ɛ closed	ɛ open	e closed	e open	e final	ɔ closed	ɔ open	o closed	o open	o final
Sardinian (Nuor.-Logudor.)	a		ɛ		--		e	ɔ		--		o
Proto-Continental	a	a:	a	ɛ	ɛ:	e	e:	e	ɔ	ɔ:	--	--	o
Romanian	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??
Proto-Italo-Western	a	a:	a	ɛ	ɛ:	e	e:	e	ɔ	ɔ:	--	--	o
Italian	a		a	ɛ	jɛ	e		e	ɔ	wɔ	o		o
Proto-Western	a	a:	a	ɛ	ɛ:	e	e:	e	ɔ	ɔ:	o	o:	o
Proto-Ibero-Romance	a		a	ɛ		e		e	ɔ		o		o
Old Portuguese	a		a	ɛ		e		e	ɔ		o		o
Old Spanish	a		a	je		e		e	we		o		o
Old Catalan	a		a	e; ɛ		ǝ; e		∅; e (prop)	ɔ		o		∅; e (prop)
Proto-Gallo-Romance	a	a:	ɛ	ɛ:	e	e:	∅; e (prop)	ɔ	ɔ:	o	o:	∅; e (prop)
Proto-Northern-French	a	aɛ	ǝ	ɛ	iɛ	e	ei	∅; ǝ (prop)	ɔ	uɔ	o	ou	∅; ǝ (prop)
Early Old French	a	æ	ǝ	ɛ	iɛ	e	ei	∅; ǝ (prop)	ɔ	ue	o	eu	∅; ǝ (prop)
Late Old French	a	e	ǝ	e	je	e	oi	∅; ǝ (prop)	o [o,ɔ]	ø	u	ø	∅; ǝ (prop)
Modern French	a	e; ɛ	∅	e; ɛ	je; jɛ	e; ɛ	wa	∅	o; ɔ	ø; œ	u	ø; œ	∅

Development of Latin obstruents

Vulgar Latin	F-	B-	V-	-p-	-b-, -v-	-t-	-d-	-k-	-g-
Proto-Romance	f	b	β	p	β	t	d	k	g
Sardinian (Nuor.-Logudor.)	f	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??
Proto-Continental	f	b	β	p	β	t	d	k	g
Romanian	f	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??
Proto-Italo-Western	f	b	β	p	β	t	d	k	g
Italian	f	b	v	p(,v)	v	t(,d)	d	k,g	g
Proto-Western	f	b	β	b	β	d	ð	g	ɣ
Old Portuguese	f	b	v	b	v	d	∅	g	∅
European Portuguese	f	b	v	β	v	ð	∅	ɣ	∅
Brazilian Portuguese	f	b	v	b	v	d	∅	g	∅
Old Spanish	h	b	β	b	β	d	∅	g	∅
Modern Spanish	∅ (~ h); (r,l,j,w)f	b		β		ð	∅	ɣ	∅
Old Catalan	f	b	β	b	β	d	∅	g	∅
Proto-Gallo-Romance	f	b	β	b	β	d	ð	g	ɣ
Gascon	h; (r,l)∅~f	b		w		ð	ð	ɣ	?
Lengadocien	f	b		b~β		d~ð	z	g~ɣ	?
Provençal		b	v	b	v	d~∅	z	g	?
Alpin		b	v	b	v	∅	z	g	?
Auvernhat		b	v ~ (South.) b	b	v ~ (South.) b	∅	z	g	?
Limousin		b	v	b	v	d	z	g	?
Early Old French	f	b	v	v; ∅		ð		∅; (a+)j
Late Old French	f	b	v	v; ∅		∅		∅; (a+)j

Spelling and pronunciation of palatal and related sounds

The following table shows the spelling of various coronal consonants in the standard Romance languages, including the "Old" versions of the Western languages. For a given language, a particular column shows the way the corresponding sound was spelled in the old version of that language, along with the cognate spelling and pronunciation the equivalent modern language.

For example, Old Spanish /ts/ was generally spelled ‹ç› or ‹c› depending on what followed, while /dz/ was spelled ‹z›. Both sounds have merged in modern Spanish in both spelling and pronunciation, usually pronounced either /θ/ (in Northern and Central Spain) or /s/ (elsewhere), and consistently spelled ‹c› if ‹e› or ‹i› follows and ‹z› if not. The use of ‹c› or ‹z› in spelling particular words is related only to the following letter and has no relation to whether the corresponding Old Spanish word had /ts/ or /dz/.

Note that within any particular set of language stages, the sounds and spellings in a particular column are all cognate (unless specifically indicated otherwise), but the sounds are not necessarily cognate across languages. For example, Spanish beso and Portuguese beijo are cognate (both mean "kiss" and are derived from Latin basium), but the Spanish word has /s/ (Old Spanish /z/) while the Portuguese word has /ʒ/.

+ Spelling and pronunciation of palatal and related sounds	Old s/ṣ	Old z/ẓ	Old ts	Old dz	Old ddz	Old ʃ	Old tʃ	Old dʒ	Old ddʒ	Old k	Old kw	Old g	Old gw	Old j	Old ʎ	Old ɲ	Old h
Old Spanish spelling	‹s›; -‹ss›-	-‹s›-	‹ç›(a,o,u); ‹c›(e,i)	‹z›-	--	‹x›	‹ch›	‹j›; ‹g,j›(e,i)	--	‹c›; ‹qu›(e,i)	‹qu,cu›	‹g›; ‹gu›(a,o,u)	‹gu›	‹hi›,‹y›	‹ll›	‹ñ›	‹f›
Spanish spelling	‹s›		‹c›(e,i); ‹z›			‹j›					‹cu›		‹gu›; ‹gü›(e,i)				‹h›
Northern/Central Iberian Spanish	ṣ		θ		--	x	tʃ	x	--	k	kw	g [ɣ]; #[g]; (n)[g]	gw (allophones as for /g/)	ʝ [j,ʝ],#[dʒ]	ʎ~ʝ	ɲ	∅
Andalucian Spanish	s ~ θ					h	tʃ ~ ʃ	h						ʝ [j,ʝ],#[dʒ]			∅~h
Standard American Spanish	s; z @ V_[#]C+v				tʃ		ʝ [j,ʝ],#[dʒ]		∅
Argentinian Spanish						‹y›: ʒ ~ (Buenos Aires) ʃ ‹hi›: j
(Old) Portuguese spelling	‹s›; -‹ss›-	-‹s›-	‹ç›(a,o,u); ‹c›(e,i); ‹z›#	‹z›	--	‹x›	‹ch›	‹j›; ‹g,j›(e,i)	--	‹c›; ‹qu›(e,i)	‹qu,cu›	‹g›; ‹gu›(a,o,u)	‹gu›; ‹gü›(e,i)	--	‹lh›	‹nh›	--
European Portuguese	s z @V_#V ʃ @ V_# ʃ @ V_[#]C-v ʒ @ V_[#]C+v	z	s; etc. (allophones as for /s/ before)	z	--	ʃ		ʒ	--	k	kw	g [ɣ]; #[g]; (n)[g]	gw (allophones as for /g/)	--	ʎ	ɲ	--
Rio de Janeiro Portuguese												g	gw			(Ṽ)j̃
São Paulo Portuguese	s z @V_#V z @ V_[#]C+v																	g	gw	(Ṽ)j̃
Old Catalan spelling	‹s›; -‹ss›-	-‹s›-	‹ç›; ‹c›(e,i)	‹z›	‹tz›	‹x›	‹tx›; ‹ig›#	‹j›; ‹g,j›(e,i)	‹tj›; ‹tg›(e,i)	‹c›; ‹qu›(e,i)	‹qu,cu›	‹g›; ‹gu›(a,o,u)	‹gu›; ‹gü›(e,i)	--	‹ly›	‹ñ›	--
Catalan spelling				∅
Catalan	ṣ	ẓ	ṣ	ẓ	∅	dẓ	ʃ	tʃ	ʒ	dʒ	k	kw	g [ɣ]; #[g]; (n)[g]	gw (allophones as for /g/)	--	ʎ	ɲ	--
Oldest French spelling (St Eulalia) NOTE: Not all sounds cognate with Old French spelling!	‹s›; -‹ss›- /ṣ/ ‹zs› /s/	-‹s›-	‹c,tc›; ‹z,tz›#	‹z›	?	‹zs›	‹c›	‹g,j?›	?	‹c,k›; ‹k›(e,i)	--	‹g›	--	‹gi›	?	?	?
Old French spelling	‹s›; -‹ss›-	-‹s›-	‹ç›(a,o,u); ‹c›(e,i); ‹z›#	‹z›	--	--	‹ch›	‹j›(a,o,u); ‹g,j›(e,i)	--	‹c,qu›; ‹qu›(e,i)	--	‹g,gu›; ‹gu›(e,i)	--	‹ii›	‹ill›; ‹il›#	‹ign›	‹h›
French spelling			‹ç,-ss-›(a,o,u); ‹c,-ss-›(e,i); ‹x,z›#					‹j,ge›(a,o,u); ‹g,j›(e,i)						‹y›		‹gn›
Modern French	s; ∅+ z @ V_#V	z	s; ∅+	z	--	--	ʃ	ʒ	--	k	--	g	--	j		ɲ	∅

Reduction of vowel hiatus in Old Portuguese

First / Second	a	á	ɛ́	e	é	í	ɔ́	o	ó	ú
a	‹a›; ‹ã›		?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
a Examples	ma < *mala; lã < *lana	paço < *paláço; gado < ganádo	quente < *calɛ́nte; elo < *anɛ́lo	sai < *sale; cães < canes	séta < *saéta < sagitta	saír < *salír	?	mau < *malo; mãos < *manos	mór < *maór	saúde < *salúde
ɛ	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
ɛ Examples	?	--	--	hotéis < *otɛ́les; vems < *vɛ́nes	--	--	--	céu < *cɛlo	--	--
e	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
e Examples	teia < *tela; veia < *vena	gear < *gelár; cear < *cenár	giésta < *genɛ́sta	vê < vede	ver < *vedér; ter < *tenér	embigo < *embelígo; vir < *venír	?	ceio < *ceno;	?	?
i	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
i Examples	pia < *pila; farinha < *farína	afiar < *afilár	?	civís < *civíles	?	?	?	fio < *filo; vinho < *vino	?	?
ɔ	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
ɔ Examples	avó < *avɔ́la; mó < mɔ́la; boa < *bɔna	--	--	dói < dɔle	--	--	--	avô < *avɔ́lo; bom < *bɔno	--	--
o	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
o Examples	só < *sola; pessoa < *pessóna	voar < *volár; soar < *sonár	?	pões < *pones	doer < *dolér; pôr < ponér; moeda < *monéda	moinho < *molíno	cobra < *colɔ́bra	?	cor < *colór	?
u	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
u Examples	mua < *mula; lua < *lúna	luar < *lunár	?	?	?	?	?	mú < *mulo	?	?

Development of palatal(ized) consonants

Feature	Sardinian	Romanian	Proto-Italo-Western	Italian	Proto-Western	Ibero-Romance	Portuguese	Spanish	Catalan	Gallo-Romance	Occitan	French
-ty- (often fell in with -tty-)	?	?	tś	tts	dź	dz	Old dz	Old dz	Old ð	dź	Old dz?	Old jdz(j)
-cy-	?	?	ttʃ	ttʃ	ttś	ts	Old ts	Old dz	Old ts?	ttś	Old ts?	Old ts(j)
+ty-	?	?	tś	ts	tś	ts	Old ts	Old ts	Old ts?	tś	Old ts?	Old ts(j)
+cy-	?	?	tʃ	tʃ	tś	ts	Old ts	Old ts	Old ts?	tś	Old ts?	Old ts(j)
-c(e,i)-	?	?	tʃ	tʃ	tś > dź	dz	Old dz	Old dz	Old ð	dź	Old dz?	Old jdz(j)
+d'c(e,i)-	?	?	d.tʃ	d.tʃ	ddź	ddz	Old dz	Old dz	Old ddz	ddź	?	Old dz(j)
-sc(e,i)-	?	?	śtʃ	ʃʃ	śtś	śtś	Old ts,jʃ	Old ts	Old jʃ	ś	?	Old js(j)
-sy-	?	?	ś	tʃ	ź	jz	Old jz	Old jz	Old jz	ź	?	Old jz(j)
-ssy-, -scy-, -sty-	?	?	śś	ʃʃ	ś	ʃ	Old jʃ (late j)	Old ʃ	Old jʃ (late j)	ś	?	Old js(j)
-ct-	?	?	xt	tt	jt́	jt́	Old jt	Old tʃ	Old jt?	jt́	tʃ ~ jt	Old jt(j)
-x-	?	?	xs	ss	jś	jʃ	Old jʃ	Old jʃ	Old jʃ	jś	?	Old js(j)
g(e,i)-, j-, dy-, gy-	?	?	j	dž	j	j	Old dž	Old dž(+o,u); j(+á,é,í); ∅(+V̀)	Old dž	j	dž ~ (Gasc.) j	Old dž(j)
-j-, -dy-, -gy-	?	?	j	ddž; ddž,ddź < -dy-	j	j	Old j,dž	Old j; (e,i+)∅	Old dž??	j	?	Old: j(+V̀); j(+á,ɛ́,é,í,ɔ́); dž(+ó,ú)

Development of consonants in general (Western Romance only)

Feature	Brazilian Portuguese	European Portuguese	Leonese	Spanish	Andalucian Spanish	Aragonese	Catalan	Gascon	Lengadocian	Lemosin	Auvernhat	Alpine	Provençal	Franco-Provençal	French
-ty- (Medv.) (often fell in with -tty-) = tś?	dz		Leon?	dz		Arag?	dz	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	jdz(j)
-cy- (Medv.) = ttʃ > ttś?	ts		Leon?	dz		Arag?	ts	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	ts(j)
+ty- (Medv.) = tś?	ts
+cy- (Medv.) = tʃ > tś?	ts
-c(e,i)- (Medv.) = tʃ > tś?	dz		Leon?	dz		Arag?	dz	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	dz?; often w+!	jdz(j)
-sc(e,i)- (Medv.) = śtś?	ts, occ jʃ		Leon?	ts		Arag?	jʃ	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	js
-d'c(e,i)- (Medv.) = ddź?	dz		Leon?	dz		Arag?	dz	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	dz?; often w+!	jdz(j)
-sy- (Medv.) = ś > jś?	jdʒ		Leon?	jz > z		Arag?	Cat?	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	jz(j)
-ssy-, -scy-, -sty- (Medv.) = śś?	ʃj > late jʃ		Leon?	ʃj > ʃ		Arag?	?ʃj > late jʃ	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	js(j)
-ct- (Medv.) = xt > WestRom jt́?	jt		Leon?	tʃ		Arag?	jt	jt	tʃ (western jt)	tʃ	jt (southern tʃ)	jt	tʃ	jt	jt(j)
-x- (Medv.) = xs > WestRom jśś?	jʃ		Leon?	jʃ		Arag?	Cat?	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	js(j)
g(e,i)-, j-, dy-, gy- (Medv.) = j?	dʒ		Leon?	j(+V́); ∅(+V̀)		Arag?	dʒ	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	dʒ
-j-, -dy-, -gy- (Medv.)	dʒ ~ j		Leon?	j; (e,i+)∅		Arag?	dʒ	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	j
-g(e,i)- (Medv.)	dʒ		Leon?	j(+V́); ∅(+V̀)		Arag?	dʒ	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	dʒ
+c(a)-, +g(a)- (Medv.)	k - g							k	k	tʃ	tʃ	northern tʃ, else k	k	tʃ - dʒ
pl-, cl-, fl- (Medv.) = pĺ, kĺ, fĺ?	tʃ		Leon?	ʎ		pʎ - kʎ - fʎ	pl - kl - fl	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	pl - kl - fl
Medial -cl- (Medv.) = kĺ?	ʎ		Leon?	dʒ		Arag?	ʎ	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	ʎ
Medieval ts	s	s ~ ṣ	Leon?	θ	s ~ θ	Arag?	s	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	s
Medieval dz	z	z ~ ẓ	Leon?	θ	s ~ θ	Arag?	Medv. δ (> ∅; w+!)	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	z
Medieval s	s	s ~ ṣ	Leon?	ṣ	s ~ θ	Arag?	Cat?	Gasc?	Leng?	ʃ		Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	s
Medieval s + non-vowel	s ~ ʃ	ʃ	Leon?	ṣ ~ h	usu. h	Arag?	s	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	?(+C); ?∅(+#)	?(+C); ∅(#)	h > (V̄)∅ (+C); ∅(#)
Medieval z	z	z ~ ẓ	Leon?	ṣ	s ~ θ	Arag?	Cat?	Gasc?	Leng?	ʒ		Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	z
Medieval ʃ	ʃ		Leon?	x	h	Arag?	ʃ	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	—
Medieval dʒ	ʒ		Leon?	x	h	Arag?	Cat?	ʒ	dʒ	z	dz, ʒ	Alp?	dz	FProv?	ʒ
Medieval tʃ (differing sources)	ʃ	ʃ	Leon?	tʃ	tʃ, occ. ʃ	Arag?	Cat?	Gasc?	Leng?	s,ts	tʃ	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	ʃ
Source of medieval tʃ	+pl-,+kl-,+fl-		Leon?	-ct-		Arag?	Cat?	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	+c(a)
Medieval ʎ	ʎ		Leon?	j ~ ʎ (rural)	j	Arag?	Cat?	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	j
l- (Medv.)			Leon?	l		ʎ	ʎ	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	l
Medial -ll-, -nn- (Medv.)	l; n		Leon?	ʎ; ɲ				r(+V); c (+non-V) (> t,tʃ); n	?; n	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	l; n
Medial -l-, -n- + late vowel	∅ - (Ṽ)∅		Leon?	l - n				? - ∅??	? - n	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	? - n	? - (Ṽ)∅	l - n
Medial -l- + late non-vowel	w	l [ɫ]	Leon?	l	AndSpan?	Arag?	Cat?	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	∅#!; r(+cons)	l#!; Medv. w(+cons) (aw,ɛw > o; ew > ø; ɔu,ou > u)
Medial -n- + late non-vowel	(Ṽ)∅		Leon?	n#!; N+cons	AndSpan?	Arag?	n(C); ∅#	ŋ#!; N+cons	∅#!; N+cons		(Ṽ)∅	Alp?	ŋ#!; N+cons	(Ṽ)∅
Medial -nd-, -mb- (Medv.)	nd - mb		Leon?	nd - m		Arag?	n - m	n - m	nd - mb					FProv?	nd - mb
Medial -rr-	x ~ h	ʁ	Leon?	r		Arag?	Cat?	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	ʁ
Medial -r-	ɾ	ɾ	Leon?	ɾ		Arag?	Cat?	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	ʁ
-r- + non-vowel	x ~ h	ɾ	Leon?	ɾ	AndSpan?	Arag?	Cat?	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	ɾ; ∅#!	ʁ
Stressed Low-Mid e	ɛ		Leon?	je		Arag?	e	ɛ		e [e,ɛ]				FProv?	jɛ (open) ɛ (closed)
Stressed Low-Mid e before palatal (also +velar in all Occitan varieties)	e		Leon?	e		Arag?	i	jɛ						FProv?	i
Stressed High-Mid e	e		Leon?	e		Arag?	Cat?	e						FProv?	ei > wa (open); ɛ (closed)
Final -e	∅ after bare j,l,r,n,z,dz Brazilian: e > i; European: e > ɯ		Leon?	∅ after bare j,l,r,n,z,dz,d		Arag?	∅ (e as prop)							?	∅ (e as prop)
Stressed Low-Mid o	ɔ		Leon?	je; we		Arag?	e; o	ɔ						FProv?	wɔ > wɛ > ø (open) ɔ (closed)
Stressed Low-Mid o before palatal (also +velar in all Occitan varieties)	o		Leon?	o		Arag?	u	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	u > ɥ
Stressed High-Mid o	o		Leon?	o		Arag?	o	u						FProv?	ou > eu > ø (open) u (closed)
Final -o	o > u		Leon?	o	AndSpan?	Arag?	∅ (e as prop)							o ?	∅ (e as prop)
Stressed a	a													palatal+open: ɛ; else:a	open: ɛ; closed: a
Final -a	a	ɐ	Leon?	a		Arag?	a	o	o	Lem?	Auv?	o	Prov?	ɑ	e > ǝ
Stressed u	u							y
au	ou	ou > o	Leon?	o		Arag?	Cat?	au						FProv?	ɔ
ai < a + j (from palatal)	ei		Leon?	e		Arag?	Cat?	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	ɛ
Initial f-	f	f	Leon?	h > ∅; f(+l,r,w)	often still h; f(+l,r,w)	Arag?	f	h	f
bv merger	no	no	Leon?	yes	yes	Arag?	usu. yes	yes	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	no
Medial -p-	b	b [β]	Leon?	b [β]		Arag?	b [β]	b [β]	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	v; ∅ (near o,u)
Medial -t-	d	d [δ]	Leon?	d [δ]	∅	Arag?	d [δ]; t#!	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	Medv. δ > ∅
Medial -d-	∅, d	∅, d [δ]	Leon?	∅, d [δ]	∅	Arag?	Medv. dz (> ∅; w+!)	d [δ]	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	Medv. δ > ∅
Medial -k-	g	g [ɣ]	Leon?	g [ɣ]		Arag?	g [ɣ]; k#!	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	j	j(+a); ∅(+o,u)
Medial -g-	∅, g	∅, g [ɣ]	Leon?	g [ɣ]		Arag?	∅, (g [ɣ]; k#!)	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	j	j(+a); ∅(+o,u)
+qu(a)	BP?	EP?	Leon?	Span?	AndSpan?	Arag?	Cat?	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	Fr?
+qu(e,i)	BP?	EP?	Leon?	Span?	AndSpan?	Arag?	Cat?	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	Fr?
-qua, -qu(e,i)	BP?	EP?	Leon?	Span?	AndSpan?	Arag?	Cat?	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	Fr?
+gu(a)	BP?	EP?	Leon?	Span?	AndSpan?	Arag?	Cat?	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	Fr?
+gu(e,i)	BP?	EP?	Leon?	Span?	AndSpan?	Arag?	Cat?	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	Fr?
	BP?	EP?	Leon?	Span?	AndSpan?	Arag?	Cat?	Gasc?	Leng?	Lem?	Auv?	Alp?	Prov?	FProv?	Fr?

+	strong position (next to consonant or word boundary)	+!	strong position after loss of unstressed vowel
-	weak position (next to vowel)
#	word boundary	#!	word boundary after loss of unstressed vowel
é	stressed vowel	è	unstressed vowel
ẹ	high-mid vowel (e or o)	ę	low-mid vowel (ɛ or ɔ)
‹xy›	‹x› and ‹y› are different spellings for same sound
‹x›,‹y›	either ‹x› or ‹y›, unpredictably
‹x› (‹y›)	usually ‹x›, occasionally ‹y›, unpredictably
‹x›;‹y›	‹x› or ‹y› predictably, in different contexts (often indicated)
s.t.	sometimes	occ.	occasionally
—	sound disappears
?	unknown
NA	context doesn't apply
(foo)	outcome for this sound is unexpected
((foo))	outcome for this sound is unexpected because word is learned or semi-learned

Example words with development shown, occasional sound development shown

See also: Romance verbs

Development of Romance consonants

Latin	Portuguese	Spanish	Catalan	Old Occitan	French	Romansh (Sursilvan, etc.)	Italian	Romanian	Sardinian
t, d
vita "life"	vida	vida /bida/	vida	vida	vie /vi/	vita	vita	vită "cattle"	bida (Nu bita)
cantātu "sung"	cantado	cantado	cantat	cantat	chanté /ʃɑ̃te/	?	cantato	cÎntat	cantadu (Nu cantatu)
cantāta "sung (fem.)"	cantada	cantada	cantata	cantata	chantée /ʃɑ̃te/	?	cantata	cÎntadă	cantada (Nu cantata)
audīre "to hear"	ouvir < *ou-ir	oír	?	auzir	ouïr /wiʀ/	udir	udire	auzi	((audíre)) "approve"
vidēre "to see"	ver	ver /ber/ < OSp veer	vęure < vidĕre	vezer	voir /vwaʀ/	vesair /vezajr/	vedere	vedea	bíere (Nu bídere)
pede "foot"	pé	pie	pę	pęu	pied /pje/ (OF pié)	pe /pe/	piede	piez	pe(i) (Nu pede)
cōda "tail" < cauda	((cauda))	(cola) < *coda	cua	coa	queue /kø/	cua /kua/	coda	coadă	coa (Nu coda)
k,g (+a,o,u)
capu "head, end" < caput	cabo	cabo	cap	?	chef /ʃɛf/ < OF chief	chau /tɕaw/	capo	cap	cabu (Nu capu) "end of skein"
causa "thing"	cousa	cosa	cosa	?	chose /ʃoz/	chaussa /tɕawssa/	cosa	cauză "cause"	((cosa))
cambiāre "change, exchange"	cambiar	cambiar	canviar	?	changer /ʃɑ̃ʒe/	(s)tgamiar /(s)tɕamjar/; SR (s)cumiar /(s)kumjar/;PU (s-)chamger /(s-)tɕamdʑer/ < ex-cambiāre	cambiare	(s)chimba < ex-cambiāre	((cammiare?))
vacca "cow"	vaca	vaca	vaca	?	vache /vaʃ/	vatga /vatɕa/	vacca	vacă	baca
gaudiu, gaudia "joy, enjoyment"	(gọzo) < Sp	gozo	gaudi	?	joie /ʒwa/	(giudida) /dʑudida/ < ?	godére "to enjoy" < gaudēre	?	godiu, gosu?; bodíre, godíre "to enjoy" < gaudēre
gallīna "hen"	galinha	gallina	gallina	?	OF geline	giaglina /dʑaʎina/	gallina	găină	gadhina "young hen"
pacāre "to pay"	pagar	pagar	pagar	pagar	payer /peje/	pajar /pajar/	pagare	?	pacàre
amīcu "friend"	amigo	amigo	amic	amic	ami /ami/	ami /ami/	amico	amic	amicu
plāga "wound"	chaga	llaga	plaga	plaga	plaie /plɛ/	plaja /plaja/	piaga	plagă	praga
lēgāle "loyal"	leal	leal	lleial	leiale	loyal /lwajal/	?	(leale) < OF	(loial) < Fr	((legale)) "legal"
qu,gu
+qu(a)	‹qu› kw; ‹qu›,‹c› < quà	‹cu›; ‹cu›,‹c› < quà	?	?	‹quc› k	?	‹qu› kw	‹p›	‹b›
+qu(e,i)	‹qu› k	‹qu› k	?	?	‹qu› k	?	#‹ch› k; (C)‹qu› kw	?	‹b›, ‹ch› k
-qu	‹gu› g; ‹gu› gw < qua		?	?	‹iv›	?	‹gu› gw	‹p›	‹bb›
+gu(a)	‹gu› gw	‹gu› gw	‹gu› gw	?	‹gu› g	?	‹gu› gw	‹b›	‹b›
+gu(e,i)	‹gu› g	‹gu› g	‹gu› g	?	‹gu› g; ‹g›#	?	‹gu› gw	g; dʒ(e,i)	‹b›
quattro "four" < quattuor	quatro	cuatro	quatre	?	quatre /katʀ/	quattre /kwattre/	quattro	patru	bátor(o) < quattuor
quaerere "seek, ask"	querer	querer	?	?	OF querre	-curir /-kurir/ (SR,ST)	chiedere	ceri	chèrrere "want, need"
quid "what"	que	que	que	?	que /kǝ/, quoi /kwa/	tge /tɕe/	che	ce	chi
quōmodo "how"	como	como < OSp cuomo	com	?	comme /kɔm/	co /ko/	come	cum	comènte?
aqua "water"	água	agua	aigua	?	eau /o/ < OF aive	aua /awa/	acqua	apă	abba
sequente "following"	seguinte	siguiente	seguint	?	suivant /sɥivɑ̃/ < OF sivant	SR/ST/SM sequent /sekwent/ (s.l.), PU/VA seguaint /segwajnt/	seguente	?	sichíre "to follow" < sequīre (Lg sighíre??)
lingua "tongue"	lingua	lengua	llengua	?	langue /lɑ̃g/	lieunga /ljewnga/	lingua	limbă	limba
sangue "blood"	sangue	sangre < sanguine	sang	?	sang /sɑ̃/	sang /sank/	sangue	sânge	sàmbine < sanguine
p,b,f,v
caballu "horse"	cavalo	caballo	cavall	?	cheval /ʃǝval/	chaval /tɕaval/	cavallo	cal	cabàdhu
vīvere "to live"	viver	vivir	viure?	viure?	vivre /vivʀ/	viver /viver/	vivere	via	bívere
l
bella "beautiful (fem.)"	bela	bella	bella	?	belle /bɛl/	bella /bella/	bella	?	bédha
caballu "horse"	cavalo	caballo	cavall	?	cheval /ʃǝval/	chaval /tɕaval/	cavallo	cal	cabàdha
istēlla "star" < stēlla	estrẹla	estrella	estrella	?	étoile /etwal/ < stēla	staila /stajla/	stella	stea	istédhu < istēllu
sĕlla "seat, saddle"	sela	silla	?	?	selle /sɛl/	sella /sella/	sella	şa	sèdha
gallīna "hen"	galinha	gallina	gallina	?	OF geline	giaglina /dʑaʎina/	gallina	găină	gadhína "young hen"
lacte "milk"	leite	leche	llet	lait	lait /lɛ/	latg /latɕ/	latte	lapte	làte
līnu "flax, linen"	linho	lino	li	?	lin /lɛ̃/	glin /ʎin/	lino	in	línu
lūna "moon"	lua	luna	lluna	?	lune /lyn/	glina /ʎina/	luna	lună	lúna
colōre "color"	cọr	color	color	?	couleur /kulɶʀ/	colur /colur/	colore	culoare	colòre, cabòri???
caelu "sky"	ceu	cielo	cel	?	ciel /sjɛl/	tschiel /tʃiel/	cielo	cer	chelu
sōlu "alone"	só < sōla	solo	sol	?	seul /sɶl/	sulet /sulet/ < sōlettu	solo	?	sólu, sou?
alteru "other"	outro	otro	altre	?	autre /otʀ/	auter /awter/	altro	alte	?
fīliu "son"	filho	hijo	fill	filh, fil	(fils /fis/); OF fil	figl /fiʎ/	figlio	fiu	?
folia "leaf"	folha	hoja	full < foliu	fǫlha	feuille /fɶj/	fegl /feʎ/ < foliu	foglia	foaie	?
muliēre "woman"	mulher	mujer	muller	?	OF moillier	PU/VA muglier /muʎier/	moglie < mulier	muiere	mutzere
cl,pl,fl,gl,bl
clave "key"	chave	llave	clau	?	clef /kle/	clav /klaf/	chiave	cheie	?
plēnu "full"	cheio	lleno	ple	?	plein /plɛ̃/	plain /plajn/	pieno	plin	?
flamma "flame"	chama	llama	?	?	flamme /flɑm,flam/	flomma /flomma/	fiamma	Ar flamă	?
oclu "eye" < oculu	olho	ojo	ull	?	oeil /ɶj/	egl /eʎ/	occhio	ochi	?
oricla "ear" < auricula	orelha	oreja	orella	?	oreille /ɔʀɛj/	ureglia /ureʎa/	orecchio	ureche	?
blancu "white"	branco	blanco	?	?	blanc /blɑ̃/	?	bianco	?	?
n
bonu "good"	bom	bueno	bo	?	bon /bɔ̃/	bun /bun/	buono	bun	?
pane "bread"	pão	pan	pa	?	pain /pɛ̃/	paun /pawn/	pane	pâine	?
plēnu "full"	cheio	lleno	ple	?	plein /plɛ̃/	plain /plajn/	pieno	plin	?
vīnu "wine"	vinho	vino	vi	?	vin /vɛ̃/	vin /vin/	vino	vin	?
lūna "moon"	lua	luna	lluna	?	lune /lyn/	glina /ʎina/	luna	lună	?
venīre "to come"	vir	venir	venir	?	venir /vǝniʀ/	vegnir /veɲir/	venire	veni	?
canna "reed"	cana	caña	canya	?	canne /kan/	?	canna	(cană) "can" < Ger. < Lat.	?
annu "year"	ano	año	any	?	an /ɑ̃/	onn /onn/	anno	an	?
signu, signa "sign"	senha	seña	?	?	seing /sɛ̃/	ensaina /ensajna/ (PT segn /seɲ/)	segno	semn	sinnu or sinna???
balneu "bath"	banho	baño	bany	?	bain /bɛ̃/	bogn /boɲ/	bagno	baie	?
vīnea "vineyard"	vinha	viña	vinya	?	vigne /viɲ/	?	vigna	vie	bindza?? (cf. bendzo < venio)
r
area "surface, threshing floor"	eira	era	era	?	aire /ɛʀ/	?	aia	arie	?
operāriu "worker"	obreiro	obrero	obrer	?	ouvrier /uvʀie/	?	operaio	?	?
caldāria "cauldron"	caldeira	caldera	caldera	?	chaudière /ʃodjɛʀ/	?	caldaia	căldare	?
coriu "leather"	coiro, couro	cuero	cuir	?	cuir /kɥiʀ/	(tgirom /tɕirom/; SR curom /kurom/) < ?	cuoio	?	?
(sal) muria "brine, pickle"	salmoira, salmoura	salmuera	salmorra	?	saumure /somyʀ/ < *salmuire	?	moia	saramură	?
c (+e,i)
centu "hundred"	cento	ciento	cent	?	cent /sɑ̃/	tschient /tʃient/	cento	?	?
cēra "wax"	cera	cera	cera	?	cire /siʀ/	tschaira /tʃajra/	cera	ceară	?
caelu "sky"	ceu	cielo	cel	?	ciel /sjɛl/	tschiel /tʃiel/	cielo	cer	chelu
dulce "sweet"	doce	dulce	dolç	?	douce /dus/	dultsch /dultʃ/	dolce	dulce	?
vicīnu "neighbor"	vezinho	vecino	veí	?	voisin /vwazɛ̃/	vischin /viʃin/	vicino	vecin	?
placēre "pleasure"	prazer	placer	plaer	?	plaisir /plɛziʀ/	plaschair /plaʃajr/	piacere	plăcere	?
vōce "voice"	voz	voz	veu	?	voix /vwa/	vusch /vuʃ/	voce	voce	?
dece "ten"	dez	diez	deu	?	dix /dis/	diesch /dieʃ/	dieci	zece	?
pace "peace"	paz	paz	pau	?	paix /pɛ/	pasch /paʃ/	pace	pace	?
g (+e,i)
rēgīna "queen"	rainha	reina < *reína	reina	?	reine /ʀɛn/ < *reíne	regina /redʑina/ (VA raïna /raina/)	reina	regină	?
lēge "law"	lei	ley	llei	?	loi /lwa/	(lescha /leʃa/ or /leʒa/?; PT/VA ledscha /ledʒa/) < ?	legge	lege	?
digitu "finger"	dedo	dedo	dit	?	doigt /dwa/ < OF deit	det /det/	dito	deget	?
sagitta "arrow"	seta	saeta	sageta (semi-learned?)	?	?	?	saetta	săgeată	?
vīgintī > *vigintī "twenty"	vinte	veinte	vint	?	vingt /vɛ̃/ < OF vint	ventg /ventɕ/	venti	?	?
frigidu "cold" (> PIW fréjedo,fréjdo)	frio	frío < *fríjedo < *fréjedo	fred < *fréjdo	?	froid /fʀwa/	fraid /frajd/	freddo	frig	?
cogitāre > *cugitāre "to think, take care"	cuidar	cuidar	cuidar	?	OF cuidier	SR quitar /kwitar/	((cogitare))	cugeta	?
fūgīre "to flee"	fugir	huír	fugir	?	fuir /fɥiʀ/	fugir /fudʑir/	fuggire	fugi	?
magis "more, but"	mais "more", mas "but"	más "more", mas "but"	més	?	mais /mɛ/	ma /ma/ "but", mai /maj/ "never"	ma "but", mai "never"	mai	?
magistru "master, teacher"	mestre	maestro, maestre	mestre	?	maître /mɛtʀ/	maister /majster/	maestro	(maestru) < It.	?
j,dy,gy
jam "already"	ja	ya	ja	?	(dé-)ja /deʒa/	gia /dʑa/	gia	(deja) < Fr.	?
jen(u)āriu, jan(u)āriu "January"	janeiro	enero	gener	?	janvier /ʒɑ̃vje/	schaner /ʒaner/?	gennaio	gerar	zannarju
jacēre "to lie"	jazer	yacer (OSp azer)	jeure	?	gésir /ʒeziʀ/	giaschair /dʑaʃajr/	giacere	zăcea	((giachire??))
gemma "bud, gem"	gema	yema "tip of finger"	((gemma))	?	gemme /ʒɛm/	?	gemma	(gemă) < Fr.	ghema?
gingīva, gincīva "gum"	gengiva	encía	geniva	?	gencive /ʒɑ̃siv/	?	gengiva	gingie	ghinghía (Nu ghinghíba?)
jocu "game"	jọgo	juego	joc	?	jeu /ʒø/	gieu /dʑjew/, SR giug /dʑuk/	giuoco	joc	zocu?
juvene "young"	jovem	joven	jove	?	jeune /ʒœn/	giuven /dʑuven/	giovane	june	((zòbanu))
deorsum "down"	?	OSp (a)yuso	?	?	OF jus	giu /dʑu/	giù	jos	jossu, zossu
maju "May"	maio	mayo	maig	?	mai /mɛ/	matg /matɕ/	maggio	mai	maju
hodie "today"	hoje	hoy	(a)vui	?	-hui /ɥi/	oz /ots/	oggi	azi	oje, oe?
mediu "middle"	meio	((medio))	mig	?	mi /mi/	mez /mets/	mezzo	miez	mesu? mezu?
radiu "spoke, ray, radius"	raio	rayo	raig	?	rayon < radiōne /ʀɛjɔ̃/	?	raggio, razzo	rază < radia	ratza
hordeu "barley"	?	?	(ordi)	?	orge /ɔʀʒ/	ierdi /ierdi/ (PT üerdi /yerdi/?)	orzo	orz	?
corrigia "strap, belt"	correia	correa	corretja	?	courroie /kuʀwa/	?	coreggia	curea	?
ty,cy
puteu "well"	poço	pozo	pou	?	puits /pɥi/	?	pozzo	puţ	putzu?
trīstitia "sadness"	tristeza	tristeza	tristesa	?	tristesse /tʀistɛs/	?	tristezza	tristeţe	?
martiu "March"	março	marzo < OSp março	març	?	mars /maʀs/ < OF marz	mars /mars/ (ST/PT/VA/ marz /marts/)	marzo	marţ	martzu
spērāntia "hope"	esperança	esperanza < OSp esperança	esperança	?	espérance /ɛspeʀɑ̃s/	speranza /sperantsa/	speranza	(speranţa) < It.	?
altiāre "lift"	alçar	alzar < OSp alçar	alçar	?	hausser /ose/	auzar /awtsar/	alzare	în-ălţá	altzare
calciāre "put on"	calçar	calzar < OSp calçar	calçar	?	chausser /ʃose/	chalzer /tɕawtser/ < calciārium	calciare, calzare	în-călţá	?
uncia "ounce, inch"	onça	onza	?	?	once /ɔ̃s/	unza /untsa/	oncia	?	untza
pettia "piece"	peça	pieza	peça	?	pièce /pjɛs/	?	pezzo < pettiu	?	peta (Nu peθa) "meat"
facia, facie "face"	face	haz	faç	?	face /fas/	fatscha /fatʃa/	faccia	faţă	fatza
faciō "I do"	faço	(hago) < facō	?	?	fais /fɛ/	fatsch /fatʃ/	faccio	?	fatzu?
bra(c)chiu "arm"	braço	brazo	braç	?	bras /bʀa/ < OF braz	bratsch /bratʃ/	braccio	braţ	bratzu
captiāre "hunt, catch"	caçar	cazar	caçar?	?	chasser /ʃase/ < OF chacier	chatschar /tɕatʃar/	cacciare, cazzare	a-căţá	catzare?
directiāre "straighten, prepare"	a-dereçar	a-derezar	?	?	dresser /dʀɛse/ < OF drecier	?	d(i)rizzare	?	deretare?
ct
factum "made"	feito	hecho	?	?	fait /fɛ/	fatg /fatɕ/	fatto	fapt??	fatu
octō "eight"	oito	ocho	vuit	?	huit /ɥit/	otg /otɕ/ (PU och /otɕ/?, VA ot /ot/)	otto	opt	oto
lacte "milk"	leite	leche	llet	lait	lait /lɛ/	latg /latɕ/ (PU, VA lat /lat/)	latte	lapte	late
sy,scy,sty,sc(+e,i),x,ps
axe "axle, axis"	eixo < axu	eje	eix	?	essieu /esjø/ < axellu	ischigl /iʃiʎ/ < axellu (PU/VA aschigl)	asse	(osie) < Slavic	asse
(dē+)laxāre "to loosen, to let"	deixar	dejar	deixar	?	laisser /lɛse/	laschar /laʃar/	lassare "loosen", lasciare "let"	lăsá	lassare
exāmen "swarm"	enxame	enjambre	eixam	?	essaim /esɛ̃/	-tgam /tɕam/	sciame	?	?
sex "six"	seis	seis	sis	?	six /sis/	sis /sis/	sei	şase	ses
pisce "fish"	peixe	pez	peix	?	OF pois	pesch /peʃ/	pesce	peşte	pische
cognoscere "to know"	conhecer	conocer	conèixer	?	connaître /kɔnɛtʀ/ (connaissons /kɔnɛsɔ̃/ < cognoscēmus)	conuscher /conuʃer/	conoscere	cunoaşte	connòschere
caseu "cheese"	queijo	queso	?	?	?	chaschiel /tɕaʃel/ < casiellum	cacio	caş	casu
basiāre "to kiss"	beijar	besar	?	baizar	baiser /bɛze/	bitschar /bitʃar/ (VA bütschar /bytʃar/)	baciare	(bezeá) < Fr	basare
bassiāre "to lower"	baixar	bajar	baixar	?	baisser /bɛse/	s-bassar /s-bassar/ < bassāre	?	?	?
fasci "bundle"	feixe	haz	feixe	?	faix /fɛ/	fasch /faʃ/	fascio	?	?
fascia "bundle of sticks, strip"	faixa	(faja, borrowed?)	faixa	?	OF faisse	?	fascia	faşă "bud, bandage"	fasca?
asciata "hoe"	enxada	azada	aixada	?	?	?	?	?	?
angustia "anguish"	((angústia))	((angustia))	angoixa	?	angoisse /ɑ̃gwas/	?	angoscia	?	((angustía))
ipse, ipsum "that" (orig. "self")	esse, isso	ese, eso	eixe	?	?	(?sez) < ?	esso	?	?
gypsum "plaster"	gesso	yeso	guix	?	((gypse /ʒips/))	?	gesso	?	?

Other words for Romansh:

• For ll: sella "seat" > sella; anellu "ring" > anè (pl. anels); pelle "skin" > pel; stēlla "star" > staila; caballu "horse" > chaval; vitellu "calf" > vadè (pl. vadels); cipulla "onion" > tschagula; medulla "marrow" > magugl; capillu "hair" > chavel
• For cc: vacca "cow" > vatga; saccu "sac" > satg; siccāre "to dry" > setgar; bucca "mouth" > bucca (but cf. Puter vacha, sach, secher, buocha)
• For pp:
• For tt: gutta "drop" > gut; plattu "flat" > plat, fem. platta; gattu/gatta "cat" > giat/giatta; mittere > metter "to put"
• For c: fōcu "fire" > fieu; secūritāte > segirtad (PT sgürezza); porcu > portg; porcellu > purschè (pl. purschels); acūtu "sharp" > giz (PT agüz, fem. agüzza); cūra > tgira; corpus > corp; curtu > curt; colōre > colur
• For ti: bestia > biestga
• For b: tabula > tavla "roadsign"
• For nn: annu "year" > onn; pinna "feather" > penna "pen"
• For mm: flamma "flame" > flomma
• For ss: passu "step" > pass; massa "mass" > massa; grossu "thick" > gross
• For rr: terra "earth" > terra
• For

Development of Romance consonants

The following table shows the main outcomes of Proto-Romance vowels and consonants in the various Romance languages.

Notes:

• C- means after a non-vowel (word-initially or after a consonant), and before a vowel. Note that in the clusters of the form Cr which can occur word-initially (/br,pr,fr,dr,tr,gr,cr/), the C in question behaves in almost all respects like it is followed by a vowel. For example, Proto-Romance /matre/ "mother" > Spanish [maðre], with lenition of /t/ exactly as would occur between vowels, and /matre/ > Early Old French /meðrǝ/ (later Old French /merǝ/, modern /mɛʀ/), with similar lenition of /t/ (again, which normally only occurs between vowels) and raising of /a/ > /e/ (which only occurs in open syllables, which are normally syllables followed by only a single consonant).
• -C- means between vowels. This normally applies before any language-specific vowel deletions happened, but after the Proto-Romance intertonic vowel deletions (which produced clusters like /kl/, e.g. Appendix Probi oricla < auricula "(little) ear").
• -C means after a vowel (word-finally or before a consonant). Word-final outcomes of this sort generally occurred after deletion of final short vowels. In particular, Catalan, Occitan, and Old French deleted all unstressed final vowels except Proto-Romance /a/ (from Latin a,ā). This deletion affected both absolutely final vowels (including vowels before final -m in Latin, which had been lost by this time), and final vowels before final -s. The only exception was when deletion would result in a consonant cluster that could not appear in a syllable coda, e.g. /tr/; in this case, a prop vowel (/e/ or /ǝ/) would appear. In these three languages, newly final obstruents were devoiced, e.g. /b d g dʒ v ð z ʒ/ > /p t k tʃ f θ s ʃ/. Later on, many of these final consonants were deleted in French; subsequent to this, final /ǝ/ (from final /a/ or the prop vowel) disappeared, but the newly final consonants resulting from this were not devoiced or otherwise changed, and should be treated as medial consonants.
• The above three are given in the order C-, -C-, -C. If one is omitted, the previous one applies. For example, t-, -[ð]- means that [ð] occurs after a vowel regardless of what follows.
• Something like a(…u) means "a if /u/ occurs in the next syllable".
• Something like a(n) means "a if /n/ immediately follows".
• Something like (n)a means "a if /n/ immediately precedes".
• NES = northern European Spanish; AS = American Spanish; Nu = Nuorese Sardinian; Lo = Logudorese Sardinian.

Development of Romance consonants

Latin	Brazilian Portuguese	European Portuguese	Spanish	Catalan	Old Occitan	French	Romansh (Sursilvan, etc.),	Italian	Romanian	Sardinian
-tt-	-t-, -[tʃ](i)-	-t-	-t-	-t-	-t-	-t-	-t-	-tt-	-tt-	-tt-
t	t-, tʃ(i)-, -d-, -[dʒ](i)-	t-, -[ð]-	t-, -[ð]-	t-, -d-, -t	t-, -d-, -t	t-, -∅-	t-, -d-	t, -t/d-	t, ts(i)	t, Lo -ð-
d	d-, [dʒ](i)-, -∅/d-, -∅/[dʒ](i)-	d, -∅/[ð]-	d, -∅/[ð]-	d, -∅-, -u	d, -z-(V́), -∅-(V̀)	d, -∅-	d, -?-	d	d, z(i)	d, Lo -∅-, Nu -ð-
-ss-	-s-		-s-	-s-	-s-	-s-, -∅	-s-?	-ss-	-ss-?	-ss-
s	s-, -z-, -s/ʃ	s-, -z-, -ʃ	s	s, -z-, -s	s, -z-, -s	s-, -z-, -∅	s, -z-?	s, -z-, -s+, -∅#	s, ʃ(i)	s
-pp-	-p-		-p-	-p-	-p-	-p-	-p-	-pp-	-pp-	-pp-
p	p, -b-	p, -[β]-	p, -[β]-	p, -b-, -p	p, -b-, -p	p, -v/∅-, -f/∅	p, -b-	p, -p/v-	p?	p, Lo -β-
b	b, -v-		b, -[β]-	b, -[β]-, -u	b, -v/∅-, -u	b, -v/∅-, -f/∅	b, -v-?	b, -v-	b, -∅-	b, Lo -∅-, Nu -β-
f	f, -v-		∅-, f(r,l,w,j)-, -β-	f, -v-	f, -v- ?	f, -v/∅-, -f/∅	f?	f, -v-?	f, -∅-?	f, Lo -∅-, Nu -β-??
v	v		b, -[β]-	b-, -[β]-, -u	v, -v/∅-, -u	v, -v/∅-, -f/∅	v	v	v, -∅-	v, Lo -∅-, Nu -β-
c(a,o,u)	k, -g-	k, -[ɣ]-	k, -[ɣ]-	k, -[ɣ]-, -k	k, -g-, -k	k, ʃ(a), -∅-, (a)-{I}j-	k-, c(a)-, -?-	k, -k/g-	k	k, Lo -ɣ-
c(e,i)	s, -z-, -s		ES θ, AS s	s, -z-, -s	s, -z-, -s	s, -{I}z-, -{I}	tʃ, -?-	tʃ	tʃ	k, Lo -ɣ-
g(a,o,u)	g, -∅/g-	g, -∅/[ɣ]-	g, -∅/[ɣ]-	g, -?-	g, -?-	g, ʒ(a), -∅-, (a)-{I}j-	g, ɟ(a), -?-	g	g	g, Lo -∅-, Nu -ɣ-
g(e,i)	ʒ, -j+		j(á,é,í)-, ∅(à,è,ì)-, x-, -j-	ʒ, -j+, -tʃ	ʒ, -j+	ʒ, -j+	dʒ, -?	dʒ, -ddʒ-	ʒ?	g, Lo -∅-, Nu -ɣ-
(a,e,i)g(e,i)	-∅-		-∅-	-ʒ-, -j+	?	-∅-, -j+	?	-∅-	ʒ	Lo -∅-, Nu -ɣ-
qu(a,o,u)	kʷ/k, -gʷ/g-	kʷ/k, -[ɣʷ]/[ɣ]-	kʷ/k, -[ɣʷ]/[ɣ]-	kʷ/k, -[ɣʷ]/[ɣ]-	kʷ/k, -gʷ/g-?	k, -{I}v-	?	kʷ	p	b, -bb-
qu(e,i)	k, -g-	k, -[ɣ]-	k, -[ɣ]-	k, -g-	k, -g-		?	k-, kʷ	?-, p	b/k-, -bb-
gu(a,o)	gʷ/g		gʷ/g	gʷ/g	?	g	g?	gʷ	b	b
gu(e,i)	g		g	g	?		?		g; dʒ(e,i)
l	l-, -∅-, -w	l, -∅-	l	ʎ-, l	l	l, [U]+	l, ʎ(i,u)	l	l, ∅(i)	?
-ll-	-l-, -w	-l-	-j-, NES -ʎ-	-ʎ-	?	-l-	?	-ll-	?	-ɖɖ-
r	x-, -ɾ-, -x	ʀ-, -ɾ-	r-, -ɾ-			ʀ	?	r	r	r
-rr-	-h-	-ʀ-	-r-	-r-	-r-?	-ʀ-	?	-rr-	-rr-	-rr-
n	n, -∅-, -{N}		n	n, -∅	n, -n/∅	n, -{N}	n, ɲ(i)?	n	n	n
-nn-	-n-		-ɲ-	-ɲ-	-n-?	-n-, -{N}	-n-?	-nn-	-nn-	-nn-
m	m, -{N}		m	m?	m?	m, -{N}	m	m	m	m
-mm-	-m-		-m-	-m-	-m-	-m-	-m-?	-mm-	-mm-	-mm-
-ly-	-ʎ-		-x-	-ʎ-	-ʎ-	-j- (< /ʎ/)	?	-ʎʎ-	-j- (< /ʎ/)	-dz-
-ny-	ɲ		ɲ	ɲ	ɲ	ɲ; -ɛ̃ ‹in›	?	ɲ	-j-	-ndz-
-gn-									-mn-	-nn-
-ry-	-jr/wr-		-{I}r-	-{I}r-	-?-, -jer/er- < -ary-	-{I}r-, -jer- < -ary-	?	-j/r-	?	?
j, dy, gy	ʒ-, -ʒ/j-		j(á,é,í)-, ∅(à,è,ì)-, x-, -j-	ʒ-, -ʒ/dʒ-, -tʃ	‹j›; ‹i›#!	ʒ-, -{I}-	?	dʒ-, -ddʒ/ddz-	?	<j>, <dz>
ty	s-, -z-, -s		ES θ, AS s	s-, -∅-, -w	?	s-, -{I}z-, -{I}	?	ts-, -tts-	ts	Nu θ, Lo t
cy	s		ES θ, AS s	s	?	s, -∅	?	tʃ, -ttʃ-	ts	Nu θ, Lo t
sy	ʃ-, -jʒ-		x-, {I}s	ʃ-, -{I}z-	?-, -jz-	s-, -{I}z-	?	ʃ-, -tʃ-	ʃ	?, -z-
-ssy-, -scy-, -sty-	-jʃ-		-x-	-{I}ʃ-	-?-	-{I}s-	-?-	-ʃʃ-	-ʃ-	-?-
-ct-	-jt-		-tʃ-	-jt-	‹itch›	-{I}t-	?	-tt-	-pt-	?
cl	ʃ-, -ʎ-		j-, NES ʎ-, +tʃ-, -x-	kl, -ʎ-	kl, -ʎ-	kl-, +(k)l-, -j- (< -ʎ-)	?	kj-, -kkj-	?, -k(j)-	?
fl-				fl-	fl-	fl-	?	fj-	?	?
pl	ʃ-, -bl-		j-, NES ʎ-, +tʃ-, -βl-	pl, -βl-	pl, -bl- ??	pl, -bl-	?	pj-, -ppj-	?	?
gl	gr-, -ʎ-		gl-, -x-	gl, -ʎ-	gl-, -ʎ-	gl-, -j- (< -ʎ-)	?	gj-, -ggj-	?, -g(j)-	?
-sc(e,i)	-jʃ/s-		ES -θ-, AS -s-	-{I}ʃ-	?	-{I}s-	?	-ʃʃ-	?	?
-x-	-jʃ-		-{I}x-	?	-‹is›-	-{I}s-	?	-ss-	?	-ss-

Development of Romance consonants with intermixed examples

See also: Romance verbs

x! istēlla "star" < stēlla

Development of Romance consonants

Latin	Portuguese	Spanish	Catalan	Old Occitan	French	Romansh (Sursilvan, etc.)	Italian	Romanian	Sardinian
-t-	‹d›	‹d›	‹d›; ‹t›#!		—	?	‹t› (‹d›)	‹t›; ‹ţ›(ęi)	‹d› ð (Nu ‹t›)
-d-	— (‹d›)	—, ‹d›	—; ‹u›+!	‹z›(V́); —(V̀)	—	?	‹d›	‹d›; ‹z›(ęi)	— (Nu ‹d› ð)
vita "life"	vida	vida	vida	vida	vie /vi/	vita	vita	vită "cattle"	bida (Nu bita)
cantātu "sung"	cantado	cantado	cantat	cantat	chanté /ʃɑ̃te/	?	cantato	cÎntat	cantadu (Nu cantatu)
cantāta "sung (fem.)"	cantada	cantada	cantata	cantata	chantée /ʃɑ̃te/	?	cantata	cÎntadă	cantada (Nu cantata)
audīre "to hear"	ouvir < *ou-ir	oír	?	auzir	ouir /wiʀ/	udir	udire	auzi	((audíre)) "approve"
vidēre "to see"	ver	ver < OSp veer	vęure < vidĕre	vezer	voir /vwaʀ/	vesair	vedere	vedea	bíere (Nu bídere)
pede "foot"	pé	pie	pę	pęu	pied /pje/ (OF pié)	pe	piede	piez	pe(i) (Nu pede)
cōda "tail" < cauda	((cauda))	(cola) < *coda	cua	coa	queue /kø/	cua	coda	coadă	coa (Nu coda)
+c(a)	‹c›				‹ch› ʃ	c	‹c›		k
+g(a)	‹g›				‹j› ʒ	ɟ	‹g›		g, Lu #b
-c(aou)-	‹c›, ‹g›	‹g›	‹g›; ‹c›#!		—; ‹iy›	?	‹c›, ‹g›	?	‹g› ɣ (Nu ‹c› k)
-g(aou)-	—, ‹g›		— (‹g›); ‹i›			?	‹g›	?	— (Nu ‹g› ɣ)
capu "head, end" < caput	cabo	cabo	cap	?	chef /ʃɛf/ < OF chief	chau	capo	cap	cabu (Nu capu) "end of skein"
causa "thing"	cousa	cosa	cosa	?	chose	chaussa	cosa	cauză "cause"	((cosa))
cambiāre "change, exchange"	cambiar	cambiar	canviar	?	changer /ʃɑ̃ʒe/	(s)tgamiar; SR (s)cumiar;PU (s-)chamger < ex-cambiāre	cambiare	(s)chimba < ex-cambiāre	((cammiare?))
vacca "cow"	vaca	vaca	vaca	?	vache /vaʃ/	vatga	vacca	vacă	baca
gaudiu, gaudia "joy, enjoyment"	(gọzo) < Sp	gozo	gaudi	?	joie /ʒwa/	(giudida) < ?	godére "to enjoy" < gaudēre	?	godiu, gosu?; bodíre, godíre "to enjoy" < gaudēre
gallīna "hen"	galinha	gallina	gallina	?	OF geline	giaglina	gallina	găină	gadhina "young hen"
pacāre "to pay"	pagar	pagar	pagar	pagar	payer /peje/	pajar	pagare	?	pacàre
amīcu "friend"	amigo	amigo	amic	amic	ami /ami/	ami	amico	amic	amicu
plāga "wound"	chaga	llaga	plaga	plaga	plaie /plɛ/	plaja	piaga	plagă	praga
lēgāle "loyal"	leal	leal	lleial	leiale	loyal /lwajal/	?	(leale) < OF	(loial) < Fr	((legale)) "legal"
+qu(a)	‹qu› kw; ‹qu›,‹c› < quà	‹cu›; ‹cu›,‹c› < quà	?	?	‹quc› k	?	‹qu› kw	‹p›	‹b›
+qu(e,i)	‹qu› k	‹qu› k	?	?	‹qu› k	?	#‹ch› k; (C)‹qu› kw	?	‹b›, ‹ch› k
-qu	‹gu› g; ‹gu› gw < qua		?	?	‹iv›	?	‹gu› gw	‹p›	‹bb›
+gu(a)	‹gu› gw	‹gu› gw	‹gu› gw	?	‹gu› g	?	‹gu› gw	‹b›	‹b›
+gu(e,i)	‹gu› g	‹gu› g	‹gu› g	?	‹gu› g; ‹g›#	?	‹gu› gw	g; dʒ(e,i)	‹b›
quattro "four" < quattuor	quatro	cuatro	quatre	?	quatre /katʀ/	quattre	quattro	patru	bátor(o) < quattuor
quaerere "seek, ask"	querer	querer	?	?	OF querre	-curir (SR,ST)	chiedere	ceri	chèrrere "want, need"
quid "what"	que	que	que	?	que /kǝ/, quoi /kwa/	tge /ce/	che	ce	chi
quōmodo "how"	como	como < OSp cuomo	com	?	comme /kɔm/	co	come	cum	comènte?
aqua "water"	água	agua	aigua	?	eau /o/ < OF aive	aua	acqua	apă	abba
sequente "following"	seguinte	siguiente	seguint	?	suivant /sɥivɑ̃/ < OF sivant	SR/ST/SM sequent (s.l.), PU/VA seguaint	seguente	?	sichíre "to follow" < sequīre (Lg sighíre??)
lingua "tongue"	lingua	lengua	llengua	?	langue /lɑ̃g/	lieunga	lingua	limbă	limba
sangue "blood"	sangue	sangre < sanguine	sang	?	sang /sɑ̃/	sang	sangue	sânge	sàmbine < sanguine
-p-	‹b›	‹b›	‹b›; ‹p›#!		‹v›; ‹f›#!; s.t. (ou)—; s.t. —(ou)	?	‹p›, ‹v›	‹p›	‹b› β (Nu ‹p›)
-b-, -v-	‹v›	‹bv›	‹v›; ‹u›+!	‹v›; ‹u›+!; (ou)—; —(ou)		?	‹v›	—	?
caballu "horse"	cavalo	caballo	cavall	?	cheval /ʃǝval/	chaval	cavallo	cal	cabàdhu
vīvere "to live"	viver	vivir	viure?	viure?	vivre /vivʀ/	viver	vivere	via	bívere
#l	‹l›	‹l›	‹ll›	?	‹l›	?	‹l›	‹l›; —(ęi)	?
-l-	—	‹l›	‹l›	?	‹l›	?	‹l›	?	?
-l+, -l+!	‹l›	‹l›	‹l›	?	‹u›; ‹l›#	‹l›; ‹gl›(iu)	‹l›	?	?
-ll-	‹l›	‹ll› j	‹ll›	?	‹l›	?	‹ll›	?	‹dh› ɖɖ
-ly-	‹lh›	‹j› x	‹ll›	‹lh›	‹ill›; ‹il›#! j	?	‹gli›	‹i›	‹tz› dz
bella "beautiful (fem.)"	bela	bella	bella	?	belle /bɛl/	bella	bella	?	bédha
caballu "horse"	cavalo	caballo	cavall	?	cheval /ʃǝval/	chaval	cavallo	cal	cabàdha
estrẹla	estrella	estrella	?	étoile /etwal/ < stēla	staila	stella	stea	istédhu < istēllu
sĕlla "seat, saddle"	sela	silla	?	?	selle /sɛl/	sella	sella	şa	sèdha
gallīna "hen"	galinha	gallina	gallina	?	OF geline	giaglina	gallina	găină	gadhína "young hen"
lacte "milk"	leite	leche	llet	lait	lait	latg	latte	lapte	làte
līnu "flax, linen"	linho	lino	li	?	lin /lɛ̃/	glin	lino	in	línu
lūna "moon"	lua	luna	lluna	?	lune /lyn/	glina	luna	lună	lúna
colōre "color"	cọr	color	color	?	couleur /kulɶʀ/	colur	colore	culoare	colòre, cabòri???
caelu "sky"	ceu	cielo	cel	?	ciel /sjɛl/	tschiel	cielo	cer	chelu
sōlu "alone"	só < sōla	solo	sol	?	seul /sɶl/	sulet < sōlettu	solo	?	sólu, sou?
alteru "other"	outro	otro	altre	?	autre /otʀ/	auter	altro	alte	?
fīliu "son"	filho	hijo	fill	filh, fil	(fils /fis/); OF fil	figl	figlio	fiu	?
folia "leaf"	folha	hoja	full < foliu	fǫlha	feuille /fɶj/	fegl < foliu	foglia	foaie	?
muliēre "woman"	mulher	mujer	muller	?	OF moillier	PU/VA muglier	moglie < mulier	muiere	mutzere
#clflpl	‹ch›	‹ll›	‹cl›;‹fl›;‹pl›			?	‹chi›;‹fi›;‹pi›	?	?
-cl-, -gl-	‹lh›	‹j›	‹ll›	‹lh›	‹ill›; ‹il›#!	?	‹cchi›; ‹gghi›	‹chi›, ‹che›; ‹ghi›, ‹ghe›	?
+bl-	‹lh›	‹j›	‹ll›	‹lh›	‹ill›; ‹il›#!	?	‹cchi›; ‹gghi›	‹chi›, ‹che›; ‹ghi›, ‹ghe›	?
clave "key"	chave	llave	clau	?	clef /kle/	clav	chiave	cheie	?
plēnu "full"	cheio	lleno	ple	?	plein /plɛ̃/	plain	pieno	plin	?
flamma "flame"	chama	llama	?	?	flamme /flam/	flomma	fiamma	Ar flamă	?
oclu "eye" < oculu	olho	ojo	ull	?	oeil /ɶj/	egl	occhio	ochi	?
oricla "ear" < auricula	orelha	oreja	orella	?	oreille /ɔʀɛj/	ureglia	orecchio	ureche	?
blancu "white"	branco	blanco	?	?	blanc /blɑ̃/	?	bianco	?	?
-n-	—	‹n›	‹n›	?	‹n›	?	‹n›	?	?
-n+, -n+!	‹n›; ‹m›#!	‹n›	‹n›; —#!	‹n›; ‹n›#!, —#!	‹n›	?	‹n›	?	?
-nn-	‹n›	‹ñ›	‹ny›	?	‹n›	?	‹nn›	?	?
-ny-, -gn-	‹nh›	‹ñ›	‹ny›	‹nh›	‹gn›; ‹in›#!	?	‹gn›	‹i› < ny; ‹mn› < gn	ndz < ny; nn < gn
bonu "good"	bom	bueno	bo	?	bon /bɔ̃/	bun	buono	bun	?
pane "bread"	pão	pan	pa	?	pain /pɛ̃/	paun	pane	pâine	?
plēnu "full"	cheio	lleno	ple	?	plein /plɛ̃/	plain	pieno	plin	?
vīnu "wine"	vinho	vino	vi	?	vin /vɛ̃/	vin	vino	vin	?
lūna "moon"	lua	luna	lluna	?	lune /lyn/	glina	luna	lună	?
venīre "to come"	vir	venir	venir	?	venir /vǝniʀ/	vegnir	venire	veni	?
canna "reed"	cana	caña	canya	?	canne /kan/	?	canna	(cană) "can" < Ger. < Lat.	?
annu "year"	ano	año	any	?	an /ɑ̃/	onn	anno	an	?
signu, signa "sign"	senha	seña	?	?	seing /sɛ̃/	ensaina (PT segn)	segno	semn	sinnu or sinna???
balneu "bath"	banho	baño	bany	?	bain /bɛ̃/	bogn	bagno	baie	?
vīnea "vineyard"	vinha	viña	vinya	?	vigne /viɲ/	?	vigna	vie	bindza?? (cf. bendzo < venio)
-ary-	‹eir›	‹er›	‹er›	‹er›,‹ier›	‹ier›	?	‹ai›	?	?
-ry-	‹ir›, ‹ur›	‹r›	?	?	‹ir›	?	‹i›	?	?
area "surface, threshing floor"	eira	era	era	?	aire /ɛʀ/	?	aia	arie	?
operāriu "worker"	obreiro	obrero	obrer	?	ouvrier /uvʀie/	?	operaio	?	?
caldāria "cauldron"	caldeira	caldera	caldera	?	chaudière /ʃodjɛʀ/	?	caldaia	căldare	?
coriu "leather"	coiro, couro	cuero	cuir	?	cuir /kɥiʀ/	(tgirom; SR curom) < ?	cuoio	?	?
(sal) muria "brine, pickle"	salmoira, salmoura	salmuera	salmorra	?	saumure /soɛʀ/ < *salmuire	?	moia	saramură	?
+c(e,i)	‹c› s	‹c› θ	‹c› s	‹c› s	‹c› s	tʃ	‹c› tʃ	‹c› tʃ	‹ch› k
+c(e,i)+!	‹z› s	‹z› θ	‹ç› s	?	‹s›	?	NA	NA?	?
-c(e,i)	‹z› z	‹c›	—	?	‹is›	?	‹c›	k	?
-c(e,i)+!	‹z›	‹z›	‹u›	?	‹î›; ‹ix›#!	?	NA	NA	?
centu "hundred"	cento	ciento	cent	?	cent	tschient	cento	?	?
cēra "wax"	cera	cera	cera	?	cire	tschaira	cera	ceară	?
caelu "sky"	ceu	cielo	cel	?	ciel	tschiel	cielo	cer	chelu
dulce "sweet"	doce	dulce	dolç	?	douce	dultsch	dolce	dulce	?
vicīnu "neighbor"	vezinho	vecino	veí	?	voisin	vischin	vicino	vecin	?
placēre "pleasure"	prazer	placer	plaer	?	plaisir	plaschair	piacere	plăcere	?
vōce "voice"	voz	voz	veu	?	voix	vusch	voce	voce	?
dece "ten"	dez	diez	deu	?	dix	diesch	dieci	zece	?
pace "peace"	paz	paz	pau	?	paix	pasch	pace	pace	?
+g(e,i)	‹g› ʒ	‹y› < #g(éí); — < #g(èì); ‹g› x	‹gj› ʒ, ‹ig›# dʒ	?	‹gge› ʒ	dʒ	‹ggi› dʒ	?	g
-g(e,i)	—	—	—	—	—	—	‹gg›, —	—	—
-g(e,i)+!	‹i›	‹iy›	?	?	‹i›	?	?	?	?
rēgīna "queen"	rainha	reina < reína	reina	?	reine < reíne	regina (VA raïna)	reina	regină	?
lēge "law"	lei	ley	llei	?	loi	(lescha; PT/VA ledscha) < ?	legge	lege	?
digitu "finger"	dedo	dedo	dit	?	doigt dwa < OF deit	det	dito	deget	?
sagitta "arrow"	seta	saeta	sageta (semi-learned?)	?	?	?	saetta	săgeată	?
vīgintī > *vigintī "twenty"	vinte	veinte	vint	?	vingt < OF vint	ventg	venti	?	?
frigidu "cold" (> PIW fréjedo,fréjdo)	frio	frío < *fríjedo < *fréjedo	fred < *fréjdo	?	froid	fraid	freddo	frig	?
cogitāre > *cugitāre "to think, take care"	cuidar	cuidar	cuidar	?	OF cuidier	SR quitar	((cogitare))	cugeta	?
fūgīre "to flee"	fugir	huír	fugir	?	fuir	fugir	fuggire	fugi	?
magis "more, but"	mais "more", mas "but"	más "more", mas "but"	més	?	mais	ma "but", "mai" never	ma "but", mai "never"	mai	?
magistru "master, teacher"	mestre	maestro, maestre	mestre	?	maître	maister	maestro	(maestru) < It.	?
j-, dy-, -gy-	#‹j›; ‹j›, ‹i›	‹y›; ‹j› < #j(u,o); (e,i)—; (e,i)—	‹tj› dʒ; ‹ig›#! tʃ	‹j›; ‹i›#!	‹i›	?	‹ggi› dʒ	?	<j>, <dz>
j-, -dy-, -gy- +!	‹j›; ‹i›	‹y›; (e,i)—	‹tj› dʒ; ‹ig›# tʃ	?	‹i›	?	‹ggi› dʒ	?	?
jam "already"	ja	ya	ja	?	(dé-)ja	gia	gia	(deja) < Fr.	?
jen(u)āriu, jan(u)āriu "January"	janeiro	enero	gener	?	janvier	schaner	gennaio	gerar	zannarju
jacēre "to lie"	jazer	yacer (OSp azer)	jeure	?	gésir	giaschair	giacere	zăcea	((giachire??))
gemma "bud, gem"	gema	yema "tip of finger"	((gemma))	?	gemme	?	gemma	(gemă) < Fr.	ghema?
gingīva, gincīva "gum"	gengiva	encía	geniva	?	gencive	?	gengiva	gingie	ghinghía (Nu ghinghíba?)
jocu "game"	jọgo	juego	joc	?	jeu	gieu, SR giug	giuoco	joc	zocu?
juvene "young"	jovem	joven	jove	?	jeune	giuven	giovane	june	((zòbanu))
deorsum "down"	?	OSp (a)yuso	?	?	OF jus	giu	giù	jos	jossu, zossu
maju "May"	maio	mayo	maig	?	mai	matg	maggio	mai	maju
hodie "today"	hoje	hoy	(a)vui	?	-hui	oz	oggi	azi	oje, oe?
mediu "middle"	meio	((medio))	mig	?	mi	mez	mezzo	miez	mesu? mezu?
radiu "spoke, ray, radius"	raio	rayo	raig	?	rayon < radiōne	?	raggio, razzo	rază < radia	ratza
hordeu "barley"	?	?	(ordi)	?	orge	ierdi (PT üerdi)	orzo	orz	?
corrigia "strap, belt"	correia	correa	corretja	?	courroie	?	coreggia	curea	?
-ty- (often fell in with -tty-)	‹z›	‹z›	?	?	‹is›	?	‹zz›	?	?
+ty-, +cy-	‹ç›	‹z›	?	?	‹c›, (u)‹ss›, ‹s›#	?	‹ci› < cy; ‹z› < ty	?	?
-tty-, -(c)cy-, -cty-, -pty-	‹ç›	‹z›	‹ç›	?	‹c›, ‹ss›, ‹s›#	?	‹cci›	?	?
puteu "well"	poço	pozo	pou	?	puits	?	pozzo	puţ	putzu?
trīstitia "sadness"	tristeza	tristeza	tristesa	?	tristesse	?	tristezza	tristeţe	?
martiu "March"	março	marzo < OSp março	març	?	mars < OF marz	mars (ST/PT/VA/ marz)	marzo	marţ	martzu
spērāntia "hope"	esperança	esperanza < OSp esperança	esperança	?	espérance	speranza	speranza	(speranţa) < It.	?
altiāre "lift"	alçar	alzar < OSp alçar	alçar	?	hausser	auzar	alzare	în-ălţá	altzare
calciāre "put on"	calçar	calzar < OSp calçar	calçar	?	chausser	chalzer < calciārium	calciare, calzare	în-călţá	?
uncia "ounce, inch"	onça	onza	?	?	once	unza	oncia	?	untza
pettia "piece"	peça	pieza	peça	?	pièce	?	pezzo < pettiu	?	peta (Nu peθa) "meat"
facia, facie "face"	face	haz	faç	?	face	fatscha	faccia	faţă	fatza
faciō "I do"	faço	(hago) < facō	?	?	fais	fatsch	faccio	?	fatzu?
bra(c)chiu "arm"	braço	brazo	braç	?	bras < OF braz	bratsch	braccio	braţ	bratzu
captiāre "hunt, catch"	caçar	cazar	caçar?	?	chasser < OF chacier	chatschar	cacciare, cazzare	a-căţá	catzare?
directiāre "straighten, prepare"	a-dereçar	a-derezar	?	?	dresser < OF drecier	?	d(i)rizzare	?	deretare?
-ct-	‹it›	‹ch› tʃ	‹it›	‹itch›	‹it›	?	‹tt›	‹pt›	?
factum "made"	feito	hecho	?	?	fait	fatg	fatto	fapt??	fatu
octō "eight"	oito	ocho	vuit	?	huit	otg (PU och, VA ot)	otto	opt	oto
lacte "milk"	leite	leche	llet	lait	lait	latg (PU, VA lat)	latte	lapte	late
-sy-	‹ij›	(a > e)‹s›	?	‹isiz›	‹is›	?	‹ci›	?	?
-ssy-, -scy-, -sty-	(ae)‹ix›; ‹x›	‹j›	‹ix›	?	‹iss›, ‹is›#	?	‹sci›	?	?
-sc(e,i)	(a > e)‹ix›, ‹sc›	‹c›	‹éix› < asc, ęsc; ‹èix› < ẹsc; ‹ix›	?	‹iss›, ‹is›#	?	‹sc›	?	?
-x-	(a > e)‹ix›	(a > e)‹j›	?	‹is›	‹iss›, ‹is›#	?	‹ss›	?	‹ss›
axe "axle, axis"	eixo < axu	eje	eix	?	essieu < axellu	ischigl < axellu (PU/VA aschigl)	asse	(osie) < Slavic	asse
(dē+)laxāre "to loosen, to let"	deixar	dejar	deixar	?	laisser	laschar	lassare "loosen", lasciare "let"	lăsá	lassare
exāmen "swarm"	enxame	enjambre	eixam	?	essaim	-tgam	sciame	?	?
sex "six"	seis	seis	sis	?	six	sis	sei	şase	ses
pisce "fish"	peixe	pez	peix	?	OF pois	pesch	pesce	peşte	pische
cognoscere "to know"	conhecer	conocer	conèixer	?	connaître (connaissons < cognoscēmus)	conuscher	conoscere	cunoaşte	connòschere
caseu "cheese"	queijo	queso	?	?	?	chaschiel < casiellum	cacio	caş	casu
basiāre "to kiss"	beijar	besar	?	baizar	baiser	bitschar (VA bütschar)	baciare	(bezeá) < Fr	basare
bassiāre "to lower"	baixar	bajar	baixar	?	baisser	s-bassar < bassāre	?	?	?
fasci "bundle"	feixe	haz	feixe	?	faix	fasch	fascio	?	?
fascia "bundle of sticks, strip"	faixa	(faja, borrowed?)	faixa	?	OF faisse	?	fascia	faşă "bud, bandage"	fasca?
asciata "hoe"	enxada	azada	aixada	?	?	?	?	?	?
angustia "anguish"	((angústia))	((angustia))	angoixa	?	angoisse	?	angoscia	?	((angustía))
ipse, ipsum "that" (orig. "self")	esse, isso	ese, eso	eixe	?	?	(?sez) < ?	esso	?	?
gypsum "plaster"	gesso	yeso	guix	?	((gypse))	?	gesso	?	?
?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
-zzzz-	‹ij›	(a > e)‹s›	?	‹isiz›	‹is›	?	‹ci›	?	?
?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?

In Spanish, (V_j) means that a j appeared before a consonant, but was later absorbed by the preceding vowel: aj or ej → ‹e›, ij → ‹i›, oj or uj → ‹ue›.

Demonstrative pronouns and locative demonstratives

Demonstratives

Demonstrative pronouns and locative demonstratives

Proto-Romance	Portuguese	Spanish	Catalan	French	Italian	Romanian
hoc	—	—	ho	OF o	—	o (fem. acc.)
ecce-hoc / acce-hoc	—	—	açò	ce < OF ço	—	—
eccu-hoc / accu-hoc	—	—	—	—	—	—
hīc, a-hic	—	—	—	—	—	ací (var. of aíci)
ecce-hīc / acce-hīc	—	—	ací	ci, ici	—	—
eccu-hīc / accu-hīc	aqui	aquí	aquí	—	qui	aíci
hāc	—	—	—	—	—	—
ecce-hāc / acce-hāc	—	—	- ça	—	—	—
eccu-hāc / accu-hāc	cá	acá	—	—	—	—
illīc, a-illīc	ali	allí	allí	li	—	—
ecce-illīc / acce-illīc	—	—	—	—	—	—
eccu-illīc / accu-illīc	—	—	—	—	—	—
illāc	la	allá	allà, -llà	la	la	la
ecce-illāc / acce-illāc	—	—	—	—	—	—
eccu-illāc / accu-illāc	—	—	—	—	—	—
ille, a-ille	ele	él, el	—	il, OF li	egli	el, ăl-a
ecce-ille / acce-ille	—	—	—	OF cil	—	—
eccu-ille / accu-ille	—	aquel	—	—	—	—
illum	o, lo	lo	lo	le	il, lo	-l, îl
ecce-illum / acce-illum	—	—	—	OF cel	—	acel(a)
eccu-illum / accu-illum	—	—	aquell	—	quello	—
illud	—	lo	—	—	—	—
ecce-illud / acce-illud	—	—	—	—	—	—
eccu-illud / accu-illud	aquilo	aquello	—	—	—	—
iste, a-iste	este	este	—	—	—	ăst-a
ecce-iste / acce-iste	—	—	—	OF cist	—	—
eccu-iste / accu-iste	—	—	—	—	—	—
istum	—	—	—	—	—	—
ecce-istum / acce-istum	—	—	—	ce/cet, OF cest	—	acest(a)
eccu-istum / accu-istum	—	—	aquest	—	questo	—
istud	isto	esto	—	—	—	—
ecce-istud / acce-istud	—	—	—	—	—	—
eccu-istud / accu-istud	—	—	—	—	—	—
ipse	esse	ese	—	—	—	—
ecce-ipse / acce-ipse	—	—	—	—	—	—
eccu-ipse / accu-ipse	—	—	—	—	—	—
ipsum	—	—	es, so	—	—	—
ecce-ipsum / acce-ipsum	—	—	—	—	—	—
eccu-ipsum / accu-ipsum	—	—	aqueix	—	—	—
*ipsud	isso	isto	—	—	—	—
ecce-*ipsud / acce-*ipsud	—	—	—	—	—	—
eccu-*ipsud / accu-*ipsud	—	—	—	—	—	—
sīc	sim	sí	si	si	si	şi
a-sīc (eccum-sīc)	assim	así	així	ainsi	—	aşa
ibi, a-ibi	aí	ahí, OSp y	hi	y	vi, ivi	—
inde, a-inde	—	OSp end(e)	en	en	ne	—
ubi	—	OSp o	—	où	OIt ove	—
unde, a-unde	onde, aonde	OSp ond(e)	on	—	—	unde
de-ubi	—	OSp do	—	d'où	dove	—
de-unde	donde	donde	—	—	—	—