User:BomBom/List of caliphs

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Caliph
خليفة
The "Standing Caliph" Gold Dinar showing Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan is one of the rare pictorial depictions of a caliph.[1]
StyleVaries by era (see section)
ResidenceMedina (first)
Istanbul (last)
Term lengthLife tenure
Inaugural holderAbu Bakr
Formation8 June 632 AD
(= 13 Rabiul-Awwal 11 AH)
Final holderAbdülmecid II
Abolished3 March 1924 AD
(= 26 Rajab 1342 AH)
SuccessionElectoral during Rashidun Caliphate, later hereditary
  • Due to the emphasis on aniconism in Islam, visual depictions of caliphs were rare. An early and short-lived attempt at numismatic portraiture occurred in the 690s, when Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan became the first caliph to mint coins bearing his name and portrait (see image on the right), although he had them withdrawn from circulation and restruck due to protests from clerics and sahaba opposed to all human imagery.[a] In addition to introducing Islamic coinage, Abd al-Malik also made Arabic the official language of the caliphate.[2][3] In contrast with all their predecessors, Ottoman caliphs had a relaxed attitude towards images, and had their portraits painted "with individual, realistic, and even unflattering detail of feature."[4] Nevertheless, it was only during the reign of Mahmud II (1808–1839) that visual depictions of Ottoman caliphs started to be displayed publicly,[5] and Ottoman coins celebrated the rulers by showing their signature (tughra) rather than their portraits.[6]
  • Abu Bakr became caliph on 8 June 632 (= 13 Rabiul-Awwal 11 AH).[7] The Grand National Assembly of Turkey abolished the caliphate on 3 March 1924 (= 26 Rajab 1342 AH).[8]
  • The longest caliphate was that of Fatimid caliph Ma'add al-Mustansir Billah, who reigned for 57 years (1036–1094), which makes him the longest-reigning ruler in Muslim history.[9]
  • [10]
Contents
Titulature
Late Caliphates: Abbasids of Cairo (1261–1517) • Ottomans (1517–1924)

Titulature[edit]

Further information: Arabic name and Ottoman titles

The last caliph, Abdülmecid II, was styled "Imperial Majesty" even though he did not hold any political power.[11]

Early Caliphates[edit]

Rashidun (632–661)[edit]

The Rashidun Caliphate (c. 654)[12]
Main article: Rashidun Caliphate
Further information: Rashidun, Family tree of Abu Bakr, Family tree of Umar, Family tree of Uthman and Family tree of Ali
Kunya
(honorific) 		Ism
(personal name) 		Nasab
(patrilineal descent) 		Laqab
(descriptive epithet) 		Reign dates
Hijri (AH) Gregorian (AD)

Umayyads of Damascus (661–750)[edit]

The Umayyad Caliphate (c. 750)[12]
Main article: Umayyad Caliphate
Further information: Umayyad family tree
Kunya
(honorific) 		Ism
(personal name) 		Nasab
(patrilineal descent) 		Laqab
(descriptive epithet) 		Reign dates
Hijri (AH) Gregorian (AD)

Abbasids of Baghdad (750–1258)[edit]

The Abbasid Caliphate (c. 850)[17]
Main article: Abbasid Caliphate
Further information: Abbasid family tree
Kunya
(honorific) 		Ism
(personal name) 		Nasab
(patrilineal descent) 		Laqab
(descriptive epithet) 		Reign dates
Hijri (AH) Gregorian (AD)

Western Caliphates[edit]

Fatimids (909–1171)[edit]

The Fatimid Caliphate (c. 969)[21]
Main article: Fatimid Caliphate
Further information: Fatimid family tree

The Fatimid dynasty endured through the reigns of 14 caliphs.[22][23][24]

Kunya
(honorific) 		Ism
(personal name) 		Nasab[25]
(patrilineal descent) 		Laqab
(descriptive epithet) 		Reign dates
Hijri (AH) Gregorian (AD)
Abu Muhammad
أبو محمد 		Pro-Fatimid:[b]
Abd Allah
عبد الله 		Pro-Fatimid:[c]
ibn Husayn ibn Ahmad ibn Abdillah ibn Muhammad ibn Isma'il ibn Ja'far ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn ibn Ali (Rashidun Caliph) 		al-Mahdi Billah[26]
المهدي بالله 		297–322 909–934
Anti-Fatimid:
Ubayd Allah
عبيد الله 		Anti-Fatimid:
ibn Husayn ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn Maymun al-Kaddah[27]
Abu'l Qasim
أبو القاسم 		Muhammad
محمد 		ibn Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi al-Qa'im Bi-Amrillah[28]
القائم بأمر الله 		322–334 934–946
Abu Tahir
أبو طاهر 		Isma'il
إسماعيل‎ 		ibn Muhammad al-Qa'im al-Mansur Billah[29]
المنصور بالله 		334–341 946–953
Abu Tamim
أبو تميم 		Ma'add
معدّ 		ibn Isma'il al-Mansur al-Muizz Lideenillah[30]
المعز لدين الله 		341–365 953–975
Abu Mansur
أبو منصور 		Nizar
نزار 		ibn Ma'add al-Muizz al-Aziz Billah[31]
العزيز بالله 		365–386 975–996
Abu Ali
أبو علي 		al-Mansur
المنصور 		ibn Nizar al-Aziz al-Hakim Bi-Amrillah[32]
الحاكم بأمر الله 		386–411 996–1021
Abu'l Hasan
أبو الحسن 		Ali
علي 		ibn al-Mansur al-Hakim az-Zahir Li-I'zaz Din Allah[33]
الظاهر لإعزاز دين الله 		411–427 1021–1036
Abu Tamim
أبو تميم 		Ma'add
معدّ 		ibn Ali az-Zahir al-Mustansir Billah[34]
المستنصر بالله 		427–487 1036–1094
Abu'l Qasim
أبو القاسم 		Ahmad
أحمد 		ibn Ma'add al-Mustansir al-Musta'li Billah[35]
المستعلي بالله 		487–495 1094–1101
Abu Ali
أبو علي 		al-Mansur
المنصور 		ibn Ahmad al-Musta'li al-Amir Bi-Ahkam Allah[36]
الآمر بأحكام الله 		495–524 1101–1130
Abu'l Maymun
أبو الميمون 		Abd al-Majid
عبد المجيد 		ibn Muhammad ibn Ma'add al-Mustansir al-Hafiz Lideenillah[37]
الحافظ لدين الله 		524–526
(as regent) 		1130–1132
(as regent)
526–544
(as caliph) 		1132–1149
(as caliph)
Abu'l Mansur
أبو المنصور 		Isma'il
إسماعيل‎ 		ibn Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz az-Zafir Bi-A'da' Allah[38]
الظافر بأعداء الله 		544–549 1149–1154
Abu'l Qasim
أبو القاسم 		Isa
عيسى‎ 		ibn Isma'il az-Zafir al-Faiz Bi-Nasr Allah[39]
الفائز بنصر الله 		549–555 1154–1160
Abu Muhammad
أبو محمد 		Abd Allah
عبد الله‎ 		ibn Yusuf ibn Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz al-'Adid Lideenillah[40]
العاضد لدين الله 		555–567 1160–1171

Umayyads of Córdoba (929–1031)[edit]

The Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (c. 1000)[41]
Main article: Caliphate of Córdoba
Further information: Family tree of Muslim rulers of Al-Andalus and Umayyad family tree
Kunya
(honorific) 		Ism
(personal name) 		Nasab
(patrilineal descent) 		Laqab
(descriptive epithet) 		Reign dates
Hijri (AH) Gregorian (AD)

Almohads (1130–1269)[edit]

The Almohad Caliphate (c. 1200)[45]
Main article: Almohad Caliphate
Further information: Almohad family tree
Kunya
(honorific) 		Ism
(personal name) 		Nasab
(patrilineal descent) 		Laqab
(descriptive epithet) 		Reign dates
Hijri (AH) Gregorian (AD)
Abu Muhammad
أبو محمد 		Abd al-Mu'min[49]
عبد المؤمن 		ibn Ali ibn Alawi ibn Ya'la ibn Mawar ibn Nasr ibn Ali ibn Amir ibn Musa ibn Awnallah ibn Yahya ibn Warjayigh ibn Satfur ibn Nafur ibn Matmat ibn Hazraj ibn Qays ibn Aylan ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Ma'add ibn Adnan[d] — 524–558 1130–1163
Abu Ya'qub
أبو يعقوب 		Yusuf (I)[50]
يوسف 		ibn Abd al-Mu'min — 558–580 1163–1184
Abu Yusuf
أبو يوسف 		Ya'qub[51]
يعقوب 		ibn Yusuf (I) al-Mansur
المنصور 		580–595 1184–1199
Abu Abd Allah
أبو عبد الله 		Muhammad[52]
محمد 		ibn Ya'qub al-Mansur al-Nasir
الناصر 		595–610 1199–1213
Abu Ya'qub
أبو يعقوب 		Yusuf (II)[53]
يوسف 		ibn Muhammad al-Nasir al-Mustansir
المستنصر 		610–621 1213–1224

Late Caliphates[edit]

Abbasids of Cairo (1261–1517)[edit]

The Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo (1279), where puppet Abbasid caliphs were based until 1517.[54]
Main article: Shadow Abbasid Caliphate
Further information: Abbasid family tree
Kunya
(honorific) 		Ism
(personal name) 		Nasab
(patrilineal descent) 		Laqab
(descriptive epithet) 		Reign dates
Hijri (AH) Gregorian (AD)

Ottomans (1517–1924)[edit]

The Ottoman Caliphate (c. 1600)[55]
Main article: Ottoman Caliphate
Further information: List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Dynasty, Ottoman Empire and Ottoman family tree
Kunya
(honorific) 		Ism
(personal name) 		Nasab
(patrilineal descent) 		Laqab
(descriptive epithet) 		Reign dates
Hijri (AH) Gregorian (AD)

Post-abolition[edit]

Further information: Sharifian Caliphate

See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caliphs.

Notes[edit]

a^ : Abd al-Malik's so-called "Standing Caliph" gold dinars were struck in imitation of, and in rivalry with, the Byzantine solidus, which led to tension and even war with the Byzantine Empire.[59] These dinars were the first to mention the name of the caliph,[60] and are considered "the first regalian coinage known in Islam, proclaiming [...] through word and image the primacy of the caliphal office."[61] According to historian Al-Maqrizi, the "Standing Caliph" dinars were criticized by some sahaba in Medina due to the presence of an effigy on their obverse.[62] Objections to the coins were also raised by Muslim clerics.[63] This led Abd al-Malik to institute far-reaching reforms of Islamic coinage, whereby pictorial images were replaced by texts from the Qur'an.[64] From this point on, purely epigraphic coins became the norm in the Islamic world.[63] Because Abd al-Malik ordered all "Standing Caliph" dinars to be melted down and restruck, only eight of them have survived to the present day,[59] making them extremely rare.[65]
b^ : The Isma'ili partisans of the Fatimid dynasty believe that its founder's name was Abd Allah (عبد الله), which literally means "God's slave." Anti-Fatimid Sunni and Khariji authors agree on the diminutive form Ubayd Allah (عبيد الله), which translates as "God's little slave." The diminutive form of the name is meant to be derogatory, hence its rejection by the Isma'ilis.[26]
c^ : The Fatimids traced their origin to Isma'il ibn Ja'far, himself a direct descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's daughter Fatimah (from whom the dynasty derives its name) and her husband Ali. However, the Fatimids were very reluctant to reveal the names of the so-called "hidden imams" linking the founder of the dynasty Ubayd Allah to Isma'il ibn Ja'far. This raised doubts about the authenticity of their genealogy. The enemies of the Fatimids denied their descent from Muhammad and accused them of being impostors. The Abbasid caliph Al-Qadir, whose Sunni authority was directly challenged by the Isma'ili Fatimids, even asked a number of jurists in 1011 to issue a public declaration denouncing the prophetic descent of the Fatimids. The ancestry of the Fatimids was, and continues to be, a source of controversy.[66] The table in this article presents both the pro-Fatimid and the anti-Fatimid versions of their nasab.
d^ : Abd al-Mu'min, the first Almohad caliph, was a Zenata Berber. He adopted an Arabic genealogy when he took the title of caliph. On his father's side, he claimed descent from the tribe of Qays. On his mother's side, he claimed descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad, matrilineal descent being more important among the Berbers than patrilineal.[67] The nasab of Abd al-Mu'min mentioned here is taken from 14th-century historian Lisan al-Din ibn al-Khatib's book al-Ihata fi akhbar Gharnata.[68] Since the Almohads' purported ancestor Adnan is generally considered to have lived in the 2nd century BC,[69] it is impossible that only 20 generations would have separated him from Abd al-Mu'min, who lived in the 12th century AD. The nasab given by Ibn al-Khatib is thus highly dubious. Nevertheless, it is included here since it was the official nasab adopted by the Almohads.

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Gold dinar with a standing caliph". British Museum. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  2. ^ Falk 1985, p. 351
  3. ^ Zakaria 1989, p. 314
  4. ^ Lewis 1988, p. 154
  5. ^ Landau 2004, p. 105
  6. ^ Quataert 2005, p. 94
  7. ^ Crow & Moussavi 2005, p. 43
  8. ^ Waardenburg 2002, p. 250
  9. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 7, p. 729
  10. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 4, pp. 937–953
  11. ^ Montgomery-Massingberd 1980, p. 236
  12. ^ a b Freeman-Grenville & Munro-Hay 2006, p. 41
  13. ^ a b Lane-Poole 1894, pp. 9–11
  14. ^ Bosworth 2004, pp. 1–2
  15. ^ Bosworth 2004, pp. 3–5
  16. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 10, pp. 840–847
  17. ^ Freeman-Grenville & Munro-Hay 2006, p. 43
  18. ^ Lane-Poole 1894, pp. 12–15
  19. ^ a b Bosworth 2004, pp. 6–10
  20. ^ a b Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 1, pp. 15–23
  21. ^ Freeman-Grenville & Munro-Hay 2006, p. 70
  22. ^ Lane-Poole 1894, pp. 70–73
  23. ^ Bosworth 2004, pp. 63–65
  24. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 2, pp. 850–862
  25. ^ Daftary 1992, pp. 551–552
  26. ^ a b Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 5, pp. 1242–1244
  27. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 2, p. 850
  28. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 4, pp. 458–460
  29. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 6, pp. 434–435
  30. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 7, pp. 485–489
  31. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 1, pp. 823–825
  32. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3, pp. 76–82
  33. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 11, pp. 391–392
  34. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 7, pp. 729–732
  35. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 7, p. 725
  36. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 1, p. 440
  37. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3, pp. 54–55
  38. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 11, pp. 382–383
  39. ^ Daftary 1992, pp. 270–271
  40. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 1, pp. 196–197
  41. ^ Freeman-Grenville & Munro-Hay 2006, p. 68
  42. ^ Lane-Poole 1894, pp. 21–22
  43. ^ Bosworth 2004, pp. 11–13
  44. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 10, pp. 847–853
  45. ^ Freeman-Grenville & Munro-Hay 2006, p. 92
  46. ^ Lane-Poole 1894, pp. 45–48
  47. ^ Bosworth 2004, pp. 39–40
  48. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 7, pp. 801–807
  49. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 1, pp. 78–80
  50. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 1, pp. 160–162
  51. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 1, pp. 165–166
  52. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 7, p. 989
  53. ^ pp. 76–81 (archive, Almostansir Billah google)
  54. ^ Freeman-Grenville & Munro-Hay 2006, p. 103
  55. ^ Freeman-Grenville & Munro-Hay 2006, p. 261
  56. ^ Lane-Poole 1894, pp. 186–197
  57. ^ Bosworth 2004, pp. 239–242
  58. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 8, pp. 190–231
  59. ^ a b Ali 1999, p. 48
  60. ^ Album & Goodwin 2002, p. 74
  61. ^ Treadwell 2005, p. 10
  62. ^ "Dinar of Abdul Malik the Standing Caliph Struck in Homs" (PowerPoint). Numismatics Society of the Arab and Islamic World. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  63. ^ a b "Gold coin of Abd al-Malik". British Museum. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  64. ^ Porter, Venetia. "Gold coin of Abd al-Malik". BBC Online. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  65. ^ Friedberg & Friedberg 2009, p. 82
  66. ^ Daftary 1992, pp. 108–109
  67. ^ Fierro 2009, p. 23
  68. ^ Norris 1982, p. 258
  69. ^ Hughes 1885, p. 19

Bibliography[edit]

Primary sources[edit]

Arabic Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Secondary sources[edit]

Caliphate
خِلافة‎
Main caliphates
Parallel caliphates
 Islam portal
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