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User:Buckshot06/Structure of the Austrian Armed Forces in 1989

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On 1 March 1978, the "Wehrgesetz 1978" became law, which encompassed the "Heeresgliederung 1978" plan to grow the Austrian Armed Forces to 384,000 (84,000 active, 300,000 militia) by the early 1990s to be able to fully employ the Austrian de:Raumverteidigung's concept. A total of 30 new Landwehrstammregimenter were to be raised. On 6 October 1987, the Austrian government enacted the "Heeresgliederung 1987", which instructed the armed forces to stop the growth of the militia at 200,000. Afterwards only the militia's infantry grew, making 1988-1989 the timeframe Austria's armed forces reached their maximum strength. On 29 May 1990 the "Wehrgesetz 1978" was cancelled and the army began to shrink, which accelerated with the Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Wehrgesetz 1990, Fassung vom 31.12.1992.

Raumverteidigung

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NATO's Central Army Group in Southern Germany was arrayed against attacks from East Germany and Czechoslovakia, with only the German Army's 10th Panzer Division available to cover the army group's Austrian flank. To strengthen the flank NATO would have deployed the French Army's II Corps, which would have required seven days for mobilization and approach. The arrival of Warsaw Pact forces in southern Bavaria within the first six days after the start of hostilities would have prompted NATO to use tactical nuclear weapons to block the enemy approach routes through Upper Austria.[1] To prevent the use of tactical nuclear weapons on Austrian territory the Austrian military developed the Raumverteidigung (Area Defense) concept, which envisioned that Austrian forces would delay, harass and decimate Warsaw Pact forces with determined, sustained and costly resistance along their expected axis of advance.[1][2][3][4][5]

Strategic considerations

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The Austrian military assumed that Warsaw Pact forces would include Czechoslovak People's Army, Hungarian People's Army, and Soviet Army units. A mixed Czechoslovak-Soviet corps of three divisions was expected to mass in the Břeclav-Brno-Znojmo region and attack through the Weinviertel north of Vienna. The expected crossing of the Danube was expected to occur between Tulln and Krems, from where the enemy forces would have turned West to reach the Sankt Pölten area. In parallel the 5th Hungarian Army, consisting of Hungarian units, Soviet Central Group of Forces and Southern Group of Forces units, and Czechoslovak units based in Slovakia was expected to strike from Sopron through the Wiener Wald towards Sankt Pölten.[3][4]

After taking Sankt Pölten the Austrian armed forces expected the combined Warsaw Pact forces to strike West to take possession of the Linz-Steyr-Wels, supported by an advance of two Czechoslovak People's Army divisions through the Mühlviertel to the North of Linz. After taking possession of the Linz basin the Warsaw Pact attack would have continued into Bavaria. The Austrian military also expected an advance by up to three Hungarian People's Army divisions, supported by Romanian People's Army units, into Styria and across the Soboth Pass and Pack Saddle towards Klagenfurt and Villach, from where the Eastern forces could turn South towards the Italian Army's 5th Army Corps or West towards the Italian 4th Alpine Army Corps.[4]

Initial dispositions

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In 1978 the Austrian Armed Forces enacted its new concept of Raumverteidigung. The Raumverteidigung divided the entire nation into Key Zones (Schlüsselzonen), Area Security Zones (Raumsicherungszonen), and Subzones (Teilzonen). Key zones were set up in those areas of the national territory, which an aggressor had to take possession of in order to achieve his military goals. Area security zones were set up to deny an aggressor the possibility to bypass key zones and prevent the massing, movement, supply, and maintenance of enemy units. Operationally the aim was to block the direct march lines through layered defenses in the key zones and to prevent an aggressor from freely using the space in the area security zones through mobile warfare. Both types of zones were to be defended by militia formations.[3][4][6][5]

The four subzones formed the Central Area in Austria's mountainous interior, which was outside of the anticipated main axis of a Warsaw Pact advance. In the event of an attack and an occupation of most of Austria, one or more the sub zones would form the national territory, which would justify the continuation of Austria as a subject of international law. The central area was therefore of essential importance and had to be defended at its entrances. The Army Command and Austrian government would have retreat to a bunker complex in St Johann im Pongau in the central area.[1] Furthermore the central area acted as main depot of Austria's war stocks. The capital Vienna would not have been defended and was therefore excluded from defense preparations.[3][4][5]

Geographically the country was divided into 34 areas:

  • 10 Key zones
  • 19 Area security zones
  • 1 reinforced key area designated Block Zone 33 (Sperrzone 33)
  • 4 Sub zones / Central Area

Each key zone and area security zone, and Block Zone 33 were overseen during peacetime by a Landwehrstammregiment, which were tasked with training the militia forces needed for the defense of their assigned zone.[5] The Landwehrstammregiments consisted of a staff company, training companies, a supply train, and mobilization depots. Some of the Landwehrstammregiment also trained and fielded an active Jäger battalion. In case of war the Landwehrstammregiments would have reformed as Landwehr Regiments with various types of militia battalions and companies, allowing the regiments to fight delaying actions from fortified positions as well has hit and run attacks on enemy formations trying to pass through their zone. The Landwehr regiments formed the area-bound Landwehr and fielded the following types of Landwehr units:[3][4]

  • Landwehr battalions (Landwehrbataillone) tasked with defending their zone
  • Blocking battalions and companies (Sperrbataillone and Sperrkompanien) tasked to man more than 500 bunkers and fortified positions[1]
  • Jagdkampf battalions and companies (Jagdkampfbataillone and Jagdkampfkompanien) tasked to fight behind enemy lines and disrupt enemy supply lines
  • River-blocking companies (Flusssperrkompanien) tasked with blocking river fords
  • Guard companies (Wachkompanien) tasked to guard key infrastructure
  • Guard-blocking companies (Wachsperrkompanien) tasked to guard and defend key transport infrastructure, and to prevent the enemy from capturing it
  • Stationary artillery batteries (Artilleriebatterie ortsfest) with M2 155mm howitzers in bunkers to lay suppressing fire on enemy approach routes

Operationally the country was divided initially into three operational areas (Operationsraum), which were commanded by the Army Command.[4]

The Air Division and army's support troops were under direct Army Command. In wartime the operational commands would command nine brigades, which formed the mobile Landwehr. The mobile Landwehr was the Austrian armed forces reserve, which once the intentions of the opponent were determined, could be used to counterattack enemy formations. The mobile Landwehr consisted of six light Jäger brigades, which would only be fully manned during wartime, and three Panzergrenadier brigades, equipped with main battle tanks and infantry fighting vehicles, which were fully manned at all times. The staffs of the six Jäger brigades would have been formed upon war by the armed forces military commands, which in peacetime had territorial functions in the states. The three Panzergrenadier brigades were assigned to the 1st Panzergrenadier Division and based along the Danube valley from Vienna to Linz.[3][4]

Each Austrian military command was numbered from 1 to 9, with all zones and units assigned to the command or part of the command starting with the same number. The only exception was the 9th Panzergrenadier Brigade, which carried the number of the Vorarlberg Military Command in the extreme West of the country, but was based near Vienna in the East of the country and manned by conscripts from Vienna. The Austrian military commands of the Raumverteidigung concept, their assigned number, zones and main units during peacetime were:[3]

  • Burgenland Military Command - No. 1, in Eisenstadt
    • 1st Jäger Brigade, in Eisenstadt
    • 11th Landwehrstammregiment, in Neusiedl (Area Security Zone 11)
    • 12th Landwehrstammregiment, in Eisenstadt (Area Security Zone 12)
    • 14th Landwehrstammregiment, in Pinkafeld (Key Zone 14)
  • Vienna Military Command - No. 2, in Vienna
    • 2nd Jäger Brigade, in Vienna (in wartime assigned to Lower Austria Military Command)
    • 21st Landwehrstammregiment, in Vienna (Area Security Zone 21 in Lower Austria)
  • Lower Austria Military Command - No. 3, in Sankt Pölten
    • 3rd Panzergrenadier Brigade, in Mautern an der Donau (based in the Area Security Zone 31)[7]
    • 9th Panzergrenadier Brigade, in Götzendorf an der Leitha (based in the Area Security Zone 21)
    • 311th Jagdkampfbataillon 311, in Allentsteig (Area Security Zone 31, in peacetime part of the 32nd Landwehrstammregiment)
    • 32nd Landwehrstammregiment, in Korneuburg (Area Security Zone 32)
    • 33rd Landwehrstammregiment, in Mautern an der Donau (Block Zone 33)
    • 34th Landwehrstammregiment, in Wöllersdorf (Key Zone 34)
    • 35th Landwehrstammregiment, in Amstetten (Key Zone 35)[8][6]
    • 36th Landwehrstammregiment (Area Security Zone 36, formation suspended with the 1987 reform)
  • Upper Austria Military Command - No. 4, in Linz
    • 4th Panzergrenadier Brigade, in Linz (covering Block Zone 45)
    • 41st Landwehrstammregiment, in Steyr (Block Zone 41)
    • 42nd Landwehrstammregiment, in Linz (Area Security Zone 42)
    • 43rd Landwehrstammregiment, in Wels (Area Security Zone 43)
    • 44th Landwehrstammregiment, in Kirchdorf an der Krems (Area Security Zone 44)
  • Styria Military Command - No. 5, in Graz
    • 5th Jäger Brigade, in Graz
    • 51st Landwehrstammregiment (Area Security Zone 51, formation suspended with the 1987 reform)
    • 52nd Landwehrstammregiment, in Feldbach (Area Security Zone 52)
    • 53rd Landwehrstammregiment, in Straß (Key Zone 53)[9]
    • 54th Landwehrstammregiment, in Graz (Key Zone 54)
    • 55th Landwehrstammregiment, in Sankt Michael (Subzone 55)
    • 56th Landwehrstammregiment (Subzone 56, formation suspended with the 1987 reform)
  • Tyrol Military Command - No. 6, in Innsbruck
    • 6th Jäger Brigade, in Innsbruck
    • 61st Landwehrstammregiment, in Kitzbühel (Area Security Zone 61)
    • 62nd Landwehrstammregiment, in Absam (Key Zone 62)
    • 63rd Landwehrstammregiment, in Landeck (Area Security Zone 63)
    • 64th Landwehrstammregiment, in Lienz (Area Security Zone 64)
    • 65th Landwehrstammregiment (Area Security Zone 65, formation suspended with the 1987 reform)
  • Carinthia Military Command - No. 7, in Klagenfurt
    • 7th Jäger Brigade, in Klagenfurt
    • 71st Landwehrstammregiment, in Wolfsberg (Key Zone 71)
    • 72nd Landwehrstammregiment, in Klagenfurt (Area Security Zone 72)
    • 73rd Landwehrstammregiment, in Villach (Key Zone 73)
    • 74th Landwehrstammregiment, in Spittal an der Drau (Area Security Zone 74)
  • Salzburg Military Command - No. 8, in Salzburg
    • 8th Jäger Brigade, in Salzburg
    • 81st Landwehrstammregiment, in Salzburg (Area Security Zone 81)
    • 82nd Landwehrstammregiment, in St Johann im Pongau (Subzone 82)
    • 83rd Landwehrstammregiment, in Tamsweg (Subzone 83)
  • Vorarlberg Military Command - No. 9, in Bregenz
    • 91st Landwehrstammregiment, in Lochau (Area Security Zone 91)

Army Command

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  • Army Command would retreat to a bunker in St Johann im Pongau to the South of Salzburg
    • Command Battalion
    • Army Signal Regiment in St Johann im Pongau
    • SIGINT Battalion
    • 1st Logistic Regiment

Vienna Military Command

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  • Vienna Military Command' in Vienna
    • Staff Battalion Wien
    • Guard Battalion
    • 21st Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Southeastern Lower Austria and Vienna (Raumsicherungszone 21)
      • Staff Company
      • 211th Landwehr Battalion
      • 213th Landwehr Battalion
      • 2x Light Infantry Companies (Jagdkampfkompanien)
      • 3x Guard Companies
      • 2x Blocking Companies
      • 1x Guard-blocking Company
      • 21st Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company

I Army Corps

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I Army Corps Area of Operations

1st Panzergrenadier Division

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1st Panzergrenadier Division Structure

Burgenland Military Command

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  • Burgenland Military Command in Eisenstadt tasked with delaying invading Warsaw Pact forces
    • Staff Battalion Burgenland
    • 1st Jäger (Infantry) Brigade (Wartime mobilization unit) in Eisenstadt
    • 11th Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Northern Burgenland (Raumsicherungszone 11)
      • Staff Company
      • 111th Blocking Battalion (Sperrbataillon 111) defending the Brucker Pforte
      • 112th Blocking Battalion (Sperrbataillon 112) defending the Brucker Pforte
      • 114th Landwehr Battalion
      • 2x Engineer Companies
      • Logistic Company
    • 12th Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Central Burgenland (Raumsicherungszone 12)
      • Staff Company
      • 121st Light Infantry Battalion (Jagdkampfbataillon 121) tasked with harassing enemy supply lines
      • 122nd Blocking Battalion (Sperrbataillon 122) defending the Wiener Neustädter Pforte
      • Guard Company
      • 12th Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company
    • 141st Landwehr Battalion defending the Semmering Pass ( 141 (Schlüsselzone 14)

Niederösterreich Military Command

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  • Niederösterreich Military Command in Sankt Pölten tasked with defending Lower Austria
    • Staff Battalion Niederösterreich
    • 2nd Jäger (Infantry) Brigade (Wartime mobilization unit) in Vienna
    • 32nd Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Northheastern Lower Austria (Raumsicherungszone 32)
      • Staff Company
      • 311th Light Infantry Battalion (Jagdkampfbataillon 311)
      • 321st Light Infantry Battalion (Jagdkampfbataillon 321)
      • 322nd Light Infantry Battalion (Jagdkampfbataillon 322)
      • 2x Guard Companies
      • 32nd Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company
    • 33rd Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment
      • Staff Company
      • 331st Blocking Battalion (Sperrbataillon 331)
      • 332nd Blocking Battalion (Sperrbataillon 332)
      • 333rd Blocking Battalion (Sperrbataillon 333)
      • 2x Guard-blocking Companies
      • River-blocking Company Tullnerfeld
      • River-blocking Company Tullnerfeld-East
      • 33rd Anti-tank Company
      • 33rd Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company
    • 34th Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment
      • Staff Company
      • 123rd Light Infantry Battalion (Jagdkampfbataillon 123)
      • 342nd Landwehr Battalion
      • 343rd Landwehr Battalion
      • 3x Guard Companies
      • 2x Blocking Companies
      • 2x Blocking Platoons
      • 34th Anti-tank Company
      • 34th Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company
    • 35th Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment
      • Staff Company
      • 351st Blocking Battalion (Sperrbataillon 351)
      • 352nd Blocking Battalion (Sperrbataillon 352)
      • 354th Blocking Battalion (Sperrbataillon 354)
      • 355th Blocking Battalion (Sperrbataillon 355)
      • 3x Guard-blocking Companies
      • River-blocking Company Strengberg
      • Fortification Artillery Battery Amstetten (M2 155mm howitzers)
      • Fortification Artillery Battery Euratsfeld (M2 155mm howitzers)
      • 3x Blocking Platoons
      • 35th Anti-tank Company
      • 35th Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company
      • Signal Platoon

Steiermark Military Command

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  • Steiermark Military Command in Graz tasked with defending Styria
    • Staff Battalion Steiermark
    • 5th Jäger (Infantry) Brigade (Wartime mobilization unit) in Graz
    • 51st Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Southeastern Styria and Southern Burgenland (Raumsicherungszone 51)
      • Staff Company
      • 511th Light Infantry Battalion (Jagdkampfbataillon 511)
      • 2x Blocking Companies
      • Guard Company
      • 51st Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company
    • 52nd Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Southern Styria (Raumsicherungszone 52)
      • Staff Company
      • 521st Light Infantry Battalion (Jagdkampfbataillon 521)
      • 522nd Blocking Battalion (Sperrbataillon 522)
      • 3x Blocking Companies
      • Guard Company
      • 52nd Anti-tank Company
      • 52nd Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company
    • 53rd Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Southwestern Styria
      • Staff Company
      • 532nd Landwehr Battalion
      • 533rd Landwehr Battalion
      • 3x Blocking Companies
      • 53rd Anti-tank Company
      • 53rd Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company
    • 54th Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Central Styria
      • Staff Company
      • 541st Landwehr Battalion
      • 542nd Landwehr Battalion
      • 543rd Blocking Battalion (Sperrbataillon 543)
      • 54th Anti-tank Company
      • 54th Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company
    • 55th Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Northwestern Styria
      • Staff Company
      • 551st Blocking Battalion (Sperrbataillon 551)
      • 2x Landwehr Companies
      • 2x Blocking Companies
      • 3x Guard Companies
      • 55th Anti-tank Company
      • 55th Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company

II Army Corps

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II Army Corps Area of Operations

Oberösterreich Military Command

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  • Oberösterreich Military Command in Hörsching tasked with defending Upper Austria
    • Staff Battalion Oberösterreich
    • 41st Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment
      • Staff Company
      • 411th Blocking Battalion (Sperrbataillon 411)
      • 412th Light Infantry Battalion (Jagdkampfbataillon 412)
      • 41st Blocking Company
      • Guard Company
      • Guard-blocking Company
      • River-blocking Company Mauthausen
      • River-blocking Company Linz
      • Fortification Artillery Battery Ruprechtshofen (M2 155mm howitzers)
      • 41st Anti-tank Company
      • 41st Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company
    • 42nd Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Northern Upper Austria (Raumsicherungszone 42)
      • Staff Company
      • 421st Blocking Battalion (Sperrbataillon 421)
      • 422nd Blocking Battalion (Sperrbataillon 422)
      • 423rd Light Infantry Battalion (Jagdkampfbataillon 423)
      • River-blocking Company Brandstatt
      • Fortification Artillery Battery Rutzing (M2 155mm howitzers)
      • 42nd Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company
    • 44th Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Central Upper Austria
      • Staff Company
      • Light Infantry Company (Jagdkampfkompanie)
      • 5x Blocking Companies
      • 2x Guard Companies
      • 44th Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company

Tirol Military Command

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  • Tirol Military Command in Innsbruck tasked with defending Tyrol
    • Staff Battalion Tirol
    • 6th Jäger (Infantry) Brigade (Wartime mobilization unit) in Innsbruck
    • 61st Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Northeastern Tyrol (Raumsicherungszone 61)
      • Staff Company
      • 611th Light Infantry Battalion (Jagdkampfbataillon 611)
      • 2x Blocking Companies
      • 61st Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company
    • 62nd Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Innsbruck (Schlüsselzone 62)
      • Staff Company
      • 621st Blocking Battalion (Sperrbataillon 621)
      • 622nd Landwehr Battalion
      • 624th Blocking Battalion (Sperrbataillon 624)
      • Blocking Company
      • Guard-blocking Company
      • Guard Company
      • 62nd Anti-tank Company
      • 62nd Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company
    • 63rd Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Western Tyrol (Raumsicherungszone 63)
      • Staff Company
      • 631st Light Infantry Battalion (Jagdkampfbataillon 631)
      • 632nd Landwehr Battalion
      • 2x Blocking Companies
      • 63rd Pack Animal Company
      • 63rd Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company
    • 64th Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Eastern Tyrol (Raumsicherungszone 64)
      • Staff Company
      • 641st Light Infantry Battalion (Jagdkampfbataillon 641)
      • Blocking Company
      • Guard Company
      • 64th Pack Animal Company
      • 64th Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company

Kärnten Military Command

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  • Kärnten Military Command in Klagenfurt tasked with defending Carinthia
    • Staff Battalion Kärnten
    • 7th Jäger (Infantry) Brigade (Wartime mobilization unit) in Klagenfurt
    • 71st Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment
      • Staff Company
      • 711th Landwehr Battalion
      • 712th Landwehr Battalion
      • 715th Blocking Battalion (Sperrbataillon 715)
      • 3x Blocking Companies
      • 1x Guard-blocking Company
      • Fortification Artillery Battery Haberberg (M2 155mm howitzers)
      • 71st Anti-tank Company
      • 71st Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company
    • 72nd Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Northern Carinthia (Raumsicherungszone 72)
      • Staff Company
      • 721st Landwehr Battalion
      • 2x Blocking Companies
      • Guard-blocking Company
      • Guard Company
      • 72nd Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company
    • 73rd Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Southern Carinthia (Raumsicherungszone 73)
      • Staff Company
      • 731st Landwehr Battalion
      • 732nd Landwehr Battalion
      • Guard-blocking Company
      • 2x Guard Companies
      • 2x Blocking Companies
      • 73rd Pack Animal Company
      • 73rd Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company

Salzburg Military Command

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  • Salzburg Military Command in Salzburg tasked with defending Salzburg
    • Staff Battalion Kärnten
    • 8th Jäger (Infantry) Brigade (Wartime mobilization unit) in Salzburg
    • 81st Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Northern Salzburg (Raumsicherungszone 81)
      • Staff Company
      • 2x Light Infantry Companies (2x Jagdkampfkompanien)
      • 3x Blocking Companies
      • 2x Guard Companies
      • 81st Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company
    • 82nd Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Southeastern Salzburg (Raumsicherungszone 82)
      • Staff Company
      • 821st Landwehr Battalion
      • 3x Blocking Companies
      • 2x Guard Companies
      • 82nd Anti-tank Company
      • 82nd Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company
    • 83rd Landwehr (Territorial Army) Regiment in Southwestern Salzburg (Raumsicherungszone 83)
      • Staff Platoon
      • Guard Company
      • 2x Blocking Companies
      • 83rd Engineer Company
      • Logistic Company

Vorarlberg Military Command

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Air Division

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See also

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Bibliographical notes

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  • The book about 50 years of Austria's Armed Forces published by the Landesverteidigungsakademie (Defense University, ISBN 3-902455-03-9) from page 671 to 697 looks at the "Strukturentwicklung des Bundesheeres von der „Wende“ 1989/90 bis zum Jahr 2003", choosing 1989/90 as one of the key years for the structural development of the Austrian Armed Forces. (Other years relevant 1962/63 Bundesheerreform, 1978 Raumverteidigung, 2003/04 Heeresreform).
  • Aspects of Heeresgliederung 1978, Heeresgliederung 1987 and Raumverteidigung ([1], [2], [3], [4], etc.),
  • doctoral theses about these topics (i.e).
  • Die Geschichte der 9. Panzergrenadierbrigade in Wort und Bild von 1955 bis 1995 [5]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Theuretsbacher, Wilhelm. "Im Kalten Krieg drohte Österreich atomare Vernichtung". Kurier. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  2. ^ Seledec, Walter. "Das Bundesheer im Kalten Krieg". ORF - Austrian National TV. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Rauchensteiner, Manfried (2010). Zwischen den Blöcken: NATO, Warschauer Pakt und Österreich. Vienna: Böhlau Verlag. pp. 135–192, 325–386, 557–614. ISBN 978-3-205-78469-2.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Lampersberger, Thomas. "Der Weg zur Raumverteidigung 3". Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d Steiger, Andreas. "Feuertaufe für die Raumverteidigung - RVÜ79". Truppendienst. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  6. ^ a b Gerold Keusch, Rudolf Halbartschlager. "Das entscheidende Gelände der Raumverteidigung 1". Truppendienst. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  7. ^ "Die Geschichte der 3. Panzergernadierbrigade" (PDF). Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  8. ^ Häusler. "Geländebefahrbarkeit der Schlüsselzone 35" (PDF). Geologischen Bundesanstalt. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  9. ^ 160 Jahre Garnison Straß (PDF). Bundesministeriums für Landesverteidigung und Sport. pp. 42–45. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  10. ^ "3. Panzergrenadierbrigade Die "Dritte" ist bald Geschichte".
  11. ^ https://www.noen.at/horn/politiker-sollen-horner-kaserne-retten-top-4307308
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