User:Captain Occam/outsideusa

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Data from Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen's IQ and Global Inequality (ISBN 1593680252)

According to Richard Lynn and others, racial differences in IQ scores are observed around the world.[1][2] A commonly-cited review by Richard Lynn lists IQ scores for East Asians (105), Europeans (99), Inuit (91), Southeast Asians and Amerindians (87 each), Pacific Islanders (85), South Asians/North Africans (84), Non-Bushmen sub-Saharan Africans (67), Australian Aborigines (62) and Bushmen (54).[3][4][2][5][1]

This data is generally considered less accurate than data from the United States and Europe, in part because of the inherent difficulty of comparing IQ scores between cultures.[6][7] For example, several researchers have argued that cultural differences limit the appropriateness of standard IQ tests in non-industrialized communities.[8][9] In the mid-1970s, for example, the Soviet psychologist Alexander Luria concluded that it was impossible to devise an IQ test to assess peasant communities in Russia because taxonomy was alien to their way of reasoning.[10]

Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen have also argued in IQ and the Wealth of Nations that national IQs resulting from racial differences are among the primary causes of differences in national income and other societal factors. Both this book[11] and Lynn’s other research about international IQ differences have been sharply criticized by other authors such as Nicholas Mackintosh, who has accused Lynn of manipulation of data, and raised doubts about the reliability of his findings.[12][13] Other researchers have agreed with Lynn about the correlation between national IQ scores and these social factors, but have disagreed with Lynn’s suggestion that differences national IQ directly cause differences in these factors, as well as his proposal that national IQs are determined primarily by the genetics of their populations.[14][15][16][17]

Surveying the literature, Jelte Wicherts remarked that:

It is important to note that an observed IQ score does not necessarily equal a particular level of general intelligence or g (Bartholomew, 2004), as it is necessary to consider the issue of validity in interpreting an observed score as an indication of the position on a latent variable such as g. Several authors have questioned whether the IQ scores of Africans are valid and comparable to scores in western samples in terms of g ([Barnett and Williams, 2004], [Ervik, 2003], [Hunt and Carlson, 2007], [Hunt and Sternberg, 2006] and [Lane, 1994]). Some (e.g., Berry, 1974) reject the very possibility of obtaining a valid measure of g in Africa with western IQ tests, while others (e.g., [Herrnstein and Murray, 1994], [Lynn, 2006] and [Rushton and Jensen, 2005]) consider it relatively unproblematic. The psychometric issue of measurement invariance ([Mellenbergh, 1989] and [Millsap and Everson, 1993]) is crucial to the comparability of test scores across cultural groups in terms of latent variables, such as g. Alas, the number of studies addressing measurement invariance is small.[18]

  1. ^ a b Lynn, R. and Vanhanen, T. (2002). IQ and the wealth of nations. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-97510-X
  2. ^ a b Lynn, R. (2006). Race Differences in Intelligence: An Evolutionary Analysis. Washington Summit Books. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/1593680201]|1593680201]]]. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  3. ^ Herrnstein, Richard J. (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-914673-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Lynn, R. (1991). "Race Differences in Intelligence: A Global Perspective" (PDF). Mankind Quarterly. 31 (3): 255–296. doi:10.46469/mq.1991.31.3.5.
  5. ^ Rushton, P. (2006). "Lynn Richard, Race Differences in Intelligence: an Evolutionary Analysis, Washington Summit Books, Augusta, GA (2005) ISBN 1-59368-020-1 318 pp., US$34.95". Personality and Individual Differences. 40 (4): 853–855. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.10.004.
  6. ^ E. Hunt & W. Wittmann (January–February 2008). "National intelligence and national prosperity". Intelligence. 36 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.11.002.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  7. ^ K. Richardson (2004). "Book Review: IQ and the Wealth of Nations". Heredity. 92 (4): 359–360. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800418.
  8. ^ Irvine, S.H. (1983), "Where intelligence tests fail", Nature, 302 (5907): 371, doi:10.1038/302371b0
  9. ^ Human Abilities in Culture, Cambridge University Press, 1988, ISBN 0521344824 {{citation}}: Invalid |display-editors=Berry (help), a collection of articles by several authors discussing the limits of assessment by intelligence tests in different communities in the world. In particular, in "Testing Bushmen in the Central Kalahari", pages 453-486, Helmut Reuning describes the difficulties in devising and administering tests for Kalahari bushmen.
  10. ^ Mackintosh, N.J. (1998), IQ and Human Intelligence, Oxford University Press, pp. 180–182, ISBN 019852367X
  11. ^ Thomas Volken, "The Impact of National IQ on Income and Growth."
  12. ^ In Mackintosh 2006, p. 94, Mackintosh questioned Lynn's inference that Kalahari bushmen, with an allegedly average measured IQ of 54, have a mental age equivalent to an average European 8-year-old; and that an 8 year old European child would have no difficulty learning the skills required for surviving in the same desert environment. Mackintosh writes, "Can anyone seriously accept Lynn's conclusion that the majority of San Bushmen, whose average IQ is 54, are mentally retarded? Lynn sees no problem: an adult with an IQ of 54 has the mental age of an 8-year-old European, and 8-year-old European children would have no difficulty learning the skills needed to survive in the Kalahari desert"
  13. ^ Mackintosh, N.J. (2007), "Book review – Race differences in intelligence: An evolutionary hypothesis", Intelligence, 35: 94–96, doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.08.001 a:"Much labour has gone into this book. But I fear it is the sort of book that gives IQ testing a bad name. As a source of references, it will be useful to some. As a source of information, it should be treated with some suspicion. On the other hand, Lynn's preconceptions are so plain, and so pungently expressed, that many readers will be suspicious from the outset." b:"A more egregious example is provided by his treatment of the Eyferth (1961) study of two groups of illegitimate children fathered by (mostly) American black and white servicemen and brought up by their (carefully matched) German mothers. Eyferth reported an average IQ of 96.5 for the mixed race children and of 97.2 for the whites. Lynn reduces the former number to 94 to compensate for use of an old test, and compares it, not with the score of the white sample, but with an average IQ of 100 for German children. He is thus able to conclude that the IQ of these mixed race children is half way between that of Americans and Africans. He derives the same conclusion from the Weinberg, Scarr, and Waldman (1992) transracial adoption study since, at the 10-year follow-up, the mixed race children had an average IQ of 94, mid-way between the 102 of the white children and the 89 of the black children. He omits to mention one of the more salient features of this follow-up, namely, that there had been substantial attrition in the white sample—with a loss of those children with lower IQ scores, resulting in an overestimate of the white group's IQ by some 6 points."
  14. ^ Charlie L. Reeve year = 2009. "Expanding the g-nexus: Further evidence regarding the relations among national IQ, religiosity and national health outcomes". Intelligence. 37: 495–505. {{cite journal}}: Missing pipe in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Earl Hunt and Werner Wittmann year = 2008. "National intelligence and national prosperity". Intelligence. 36: 1–9. {{cite journal}}: Missing pipe in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Hanushek, Eric A. and Woessmann, Ludger, The Role of Education Quality for Economic Growth (February 1, 2007). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4122. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=960379
  17. ^ Jones, Garett, and Schneider, Joel W (June 2005). "Intelligence, Human Capital, and Economic Growth: a Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (BACE) Approach" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Wicherts, J. M.; Dolan, C. V.; Van Der Maas, H. L. J. (2010). "A systematic literature review of the average IQ of sub-Saharan Africans☆". Intelligence. 38: 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2009.05.002.
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