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Paris[edit]

Adrienne Lecouvreur chose Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon's Electre and as Angélique in Molière's George Dandin.[1] She made a surprising first appearance on stage. She wore a simple, white satin Grecian robe; not a heavily elaborated gown as it was accustomed.[2] Neither did she use a heavy headdress. And her acting style was devoid of the typical artificial gestures of that time's declamatory style.[3]

In her first year (1717) she played Corneille and Racine, in particular the roles of Pulchérie (Heraclius), Monime, and Iphigénie, and Zenobie in Crébillon's play. In 1718 she played Aristie in Corneille's Sertorius and as Atalide in Bajazet.[4] In total she had 139 performances on that season; an outstanding number for a beginner, and the ighest number she would have throughout her career.[5]

Two years after her début in Paris, Michel Baron, a legendary actor at the time, came out from a 30-year retirement to star opposite to Mlle. Lecouvreur. The two actors would maintain this professional relationship, until their death, being considered the leading actor and actress of France.[6]

Strasbourg[edit]

Shortly after Baron D's death, Adrienne Lecouvreur left Luneville, signing a contract with another theatre under the protection of the Duc de Lorraine; the theatre at Strasbourg.[7]

It was a time of great success for her. In Strasbourg, she met the young Count Francois de Klinglin, son of the city's chief magistrate. After months of visiting her, they announced their engagement, but one year into their commitment, Adrienne was expecting a second child. The shame of this impending wedding made the magistrate threaten his son with disinheritance, to which he gave in, calling off the engagement and agreeing to a new one, arranged by his family.[8]

In Strasbourg, Lecouvreur was earning a considerably high income. However, while she was relying on Baron D. and subsequently Kilnglin's income beside her own, she incurred in serious debt.[9] Her engagements as an actress required her to pay for her own wardrobe and jewelry, and an actress of Adrienne's status were subject to high expectations in their adornment. [10] Humiliated after Klinglin's arranged marriage, and with two children to support, Adrienne could no longer sustain herself in Strasbourg.

In 1716, at age 24, Adrienne Lecouvreur left for Paris, and in 1717 she received a letter from the first gentleman of the King's chamber, requesting her to join the Comédie-Francaise. The letter read: "We, Steward and Controller General of the King's silverplate, pleasures, and business of the King's Chamber, order His Majesty's Players (in accordance with the order of Monseigneur the Duc d'Aumont, Peer of France and First Gentleman of the Chamber) to invite Mademoiselle Lecouvreur, immediately after the seasonal opening of their theatre, to perform in a play of her own choosing, in order to judge of any talent she may have for the theatre. Done in Paris this 27th day of March, 1717."[11]

Lead Section[edit]

Adrienne Lecouvreur (5 April 1692 – 20 March 1730) was a French actress, considered by many as the greatest of her time. Born in Damery, she first appeared professionally on the stage in Lille. After her Paris debut at the Comédie-Française in 1717, she was immensely popular with the public. Together with Michel Baron, she was credited with having developed a more natural, less stylized, type of acting.[12]

Despite the fame she gained as an actress and her innovations in her acting style, she was widely remembered for her romance with Maurice de Saxe
[13] and for her mysterious death.[14] Although there are different theories that suggest she was poisoned by her rival, Maria Karolina Sobieska, Duchess of Bouillon, scholars ave not been able to confirm it. [15]

Her story was used as an inspiration for playwrights, composers and poets. The refusal of the Catholic Church to give her a Christian burial moved her friend Voltaire to write a poem on the subject.

Early Years[edit]

Adrienne Lecouvreur was born on April 5, 1692 in the village of Damery in the provence of Champagne. Her father, Robert Couvreur was a hat maker who, in the hope of more lucrative opportunities, moved with his family to Paris. After the death of his wife, Marie Couvreur, Mr. Couvreur started frequenting taverns, leaving young Adrienne and her sister Marie Marguerite at their own expense.[16]
Young Adrienne found her own refuge watching rehearsals in the Comedie Francaise, and joining the rehearsals of a young, clandestine theater troupe that met in the back store of a grocer's shop on the rue Férou. The company premiered at the house of Madame de Gue, wife of a president pf Parlement. They played Corneille's Polyeucte, with Adrienne Lecouvreur playing the role of Pauline. [17] Marc Antoine Legrand, a sociétaire of the Comédie-Française was present at this performance, and, impressed by her skills, took her as a his pupil, advising her to add the prefix ""le"" to her name; a particle usually added to noble family names. [18]
At age 14, Adrienne was already on tour [19]. Her first public performances as a professional actress happened in Lille, where Mademoiselle Fonpré, who had been appointed director of the theatre, was taken aback by Lecouvreur's potential. Shortly after her début, she started getting roles of tragic queens and princesses. Her next engagements after Lille, were in Luneville, the capital of the provence of Lorraine. During this period, she had a daughter, Elisabeth-Adrienne. Her father was Philippe Le Roy, an officer who served the Duque of Lorraine.[20] She was also engaged to a man referred in her writings as "Baron D."but he died in an accident before marrying Lecouvreur.[21]

Acting Style[edit]

Adrienne Lecouvreur was one of the first actresses who favored a more natural, realistic and less declamatory style. She and actor Michel Baron sought for a style where the speech was more similar to every day’s, trying to replace the predominant chantante style of the time[22]. The playwright Pierre-François Godard de Beauchamps wrote on a letter to Mademoiselle Lecouvreur “Finally the true triumphs and the tragic furor gives way, on the Stage, to the tender, the pathetique. You have made us know and feel the beauty of simplicity and its treasures.”[23] Charles Collé mentions the direct connection that Adrienne Lecouvreur created between the audience and the role itself “She develops all the details of a role and makes us forget the actress. We see nothing but the character she represents.”[24]
Lecouvreur took this search for a more natural styles into other aspects of her work: her wardrobe. Back in that time, actresses were required to provide their own costumes for each play. Regardless of the era in which it had been written, it was customary for actresses to wear elaborate dresses that reflected the fashion of the time, and sophisticated plumed headdresses.[25] Lecouvreur, however, made her first appearance at the Comedie Francaise wearing a Greek tunic in white satin to play Crebillon’s Electre [26].

BIBLIOGRAPHY[edit]

Adrienne Lecouvreur:[edit]

  • Berlanstein, Lenard R. Daughters of Eve: A Cultural History of French Theater Women from the Old Regime to the Fin De Siècle. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2001. Print.[27]
  • "Lecouvreur, Adrienne (1692–1730)." The Feminist Encyclopedia of French Literature. Ed. Eva Martin Sartori. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999. 310-311. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 11 Feb. 2014.
    [28]
  • "Lecouvreur, Adrienne (1690–1730)." Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Ed. Anne Commire. Vol. 9. Detroit: Yorkin Publications, 2002. 266-268. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 11 Feb. 2014.
  • Richtman, Jack. Adrienne Lecouvreur: The Actress and the Age: A Biography. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: n.p., 1971. Print.[29]
  • Scott, Virginia. Women on the Stage in Early Modern France: 1540-1750. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010. Print.
    [30]
  • Scribe, Eugène, Ernest Legouvé, and Theodore Ely Hamilton. Adrienne Lecouvreur. New York: Oxford UP, American Branch;, 1917. Print.
  • Tilley, Arthur. "Tragedy at the Comédie-Française (1680-1778)." The Modern Language Review 17.4 (1922): 362-80. Web.

Beaumarchais:[edit]

  • Grendel, Frédéric. Beaumarchais: The Man Who Was Figaro. New York: T.Y. Crowell, 1977. Print.
  • Ratermanis, J. B., and W. R. Irwin. The Comic Style of Beaumarchais. Seattle: University of Washington, 1961. Print
  • Unger, Harlow G. Improbable Patriot: The Secret History of Monsieur De Beaumarchais, the French Playwright Who Saved the American Revolution. Hanover: University of New England, 2011. Print.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Tilley, Arthur (Oct., 1922). "Tragedy at the Comédie-Française (1680-1778)". The Modern Language Review. 17 (4). doi:10.2307/3714277. JSTOR 3714277. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ Richtman, Jack (1971). Adrienne Lecouvreur: the Actress and the Age. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.
  3. ^ Scott, Virginia (2010). Women on the Stage in Early Modern France:1540-1750. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  4. ^ Tilley, Arthur (Oct., 1922). "Tragedy at the Comédie-Française (1680-1778)". The Modern Language Review. 17 (4). doi:10.2307/3714277. JSTOR 3714277. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ Richtman, Jack (1971). Adrienne Lecouvreur: the Actress and the Age. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.
  6. ^ Richtman, Jack (1971). Adrienne Lecouvreur: the Actress and the Age. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.
  7. ^ Richtman, Jack (1971). Adrienne Lecouvreur: the Actress and the Age. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.
  8. ^ Richtman, Jack (1971). Adrienne Lecouvreur: the Actress and the Age. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.
  9. ^ Richtman, Jack (1971). Adrienne Lecouvreur: the Actress and the Age. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.
  10. ^ Scott, Virginia (2010). Women on the Stage in Early Modern France:1540-1750. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  11. ^ Richtman, Jack (1971). Adrienne Lecouvreur: the Actress and the Age. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.
  12. ^ "Adrienne Lecouvreur". Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition. Columbia University Press. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  13. ^ Scott, Virginia (2010). Women on the Stage in Early Modern France:1540-1750. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  14. ^ Probably from poison which was used almost in epidemic proportions during her era. See the chapter on the "Slow Poisoners" within Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds by Charles Mackay (pp. 565–592).
  15. ^ Commire, Anne. "Lecouvreur, Adrienne (1690–1730)". Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages. Detroit: Yorkin Publications. Retrieved 4 April 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Richtman, Jack (1971). Adrienne Lecouvreur: the Actress and the Age. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.
  17. ^ Scott, Virginia (2010). Women on the Stage in Early Modern France:1540-1750. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  18. ^ Richtman, Jack (1971). Adrienne Lecouvreur: the Actress and the Age. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.
  19. ^ Commire, Anne. "Lecouvreur, Adrienne (1690–1730)". Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages. Detroit: Yorkin Publications. Retrieved 4 April 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Richtman, Jack (1971). Adrienne Lecouvreur: the Actress and the Age. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.
  21. ^ Commire, Anne. "Lecouvreur, Adrienne (1690–1730)". Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages. Detroit: Yorkin Publications. Retrieved 4 April 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Scott, Virginia (2010). Women on the Stage in Early Modern France:1540-1750. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  23. ^ Allainval, Abbé d' (1870). Lettre a Mylord *** sur Baron et la demoiselle Lecouvreur. Paris: L. Willem.
  24. ^ Collé, Charles (1868). Journal et Mémoires sur les Hommes de lettres, les ouvrages dramatiques, et les événements les plus mémorables du regne de Louis XV. Paris: Firmin-Didot.
  25. ^ Scott, Virginia (2010). Women on the Stage in Early Modern France:1540-1750. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  26. ^ Richtman, Jack (1971). Adrienne Lecouvreur: the Actress and the Age. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.
  27. ^ Berlanstein, Lenard R. (2001). Daughters of Eve: A Cultural History of French Theater Women from the Old Regime to the Fin de Siecle. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  28. ^ Sartori, Eva Martin (1999). "Lecouvreur, Adrienne (1692-1730)". The Feminist Encyclopedia of French Literature. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 310–311.
  29. ^ Richtman, Jack (1971). Adrienne Lecouvreur: the Actress and the Age. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.
  30. ^ Scott, Virginia (2010). Women on the Stage in Early Modern France:1540-1750. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
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