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User:Cornsnek/sandbox/Matlatzinca language

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Matlatzinca
EthnicityMatlatzinca
Geographic
distribution		State of Mexico, Michoacán
Linguistic classificationOto-Manguean

The Matlatzinca languages are a group of Otomanguean languages spoken in western-central Mexico,[1][2] closely related to Ocuiltec. They are classified into two major agrupations: Matlatzinca proper and Pirinda. Once spoken across the Toluca Valley and eastern Michoacán respectively, all but one have become dormant in the present.[3]

Early descriptions of Pirinda were written in the early colonial period, and at least one other sketch was written about another variant in 1938.[4]

Modern Matlatzinca[edit]

San Francisco Matlatzinca
Fot'una[5]
RegionSan Francisco Oxtotilpan
Native speakers
1245 (2020)[6]
Oto-Manguean
Language codes
ISO 639-3mat
Glottologsanf1262

Fot'una, designated as San Francisco Matlatzinca in most academic sources, is the only language of the group known to have survived, though it is moribund. Once spoken in a large swath of territory west of the Toluca valley, it is now reduced to a single locality, San Francisco Oxtotilpan.[3] In 2020 Matlatzinca was spoken by around 1,200 people. At any one time, about half the population is in the village of San Francisco Oxtotilpan and half away in Mexico City.[6][7]

Pirinda[edit]

Pirinda (also Pirinta) is the name for the varieties of Matlatzinca spoken along eastern and northeastern Michoacán, divided into two clusters: Charense, the variety in the Cuitzeo basin and Guayangareo valley,[8][9] and Huétama, around the eponumous locality.[10] The name may be an areal rather than genetic grouping, as though they can be traced back to a single point of origin, certain settlements are known to have harboured different social groups.

History[edit]

Beginning in the 15th century, tensions rose between the Purépecha Empire and the emergent Triple Alliance as both states' desires for trade and territorial control had begun to conflict with one another. By 1476, these culminated in Axayacatl's invasion of the Valley of Toluca that Tsïtsïspandakwarhi had conquered the prior decade.[11] Meeting little resistance, the army continued west until being met by Tsïtsïspandakwarhi's own forces in Taximaroa, resulting in a humilliating defeat for the Triple Alliance, forcing them to flee all the way to their heartland.[12] Axayacatl later returned in 1478 to retake the Valley, and ordered the destruction of the city of Tollocan,[13] causing waves of Matlatzinca refugees to arrive at the Irechecua.

Tsïtsïspandakwarhi granted land first to the former nobility, which became the city of Charo-Matalcingo, and the surrounding area was given to the commoners. Huétamo and Cutzeo[10] also became a recipient of this migration, as did the more distant Patámbaro.[14]

Charense[edit]

Charense
Extinct1932[4]
Oto-Manguean
Language codes
ISO 639-3–

add word list etc

Huétama[edit]

Huétama has no known surviving records, and only its namesake, Hue tamu (four are coming), is supposed to come from the specific variety.

Unattested forms[edit]

References exist to either Matlatzinca or similar-sounding names spoken in nearby areas of Guerrero and down to the Balsas river, in the form of matlame, and in Morelos, specifically Cuauhnahuac/Cuernavaca, though the latter one was likely a form of Tlahuica and is called such by the last report of it.[5] Temazcaltepec similarly had speakers of Matlatzinca.[15]

Similarly, Azcapotzalco, Tlacopan and Coyoacán are mentioned as harbouring speakers of guata, another name for the Matlatzinca. Three Matlatzinca people from the first city are known by name[who?], and it is possible that the Tepaneca were both Matlatzinca and Nahua in some capacity; these are, however, more likely to be migrants, as Tepaneca might have simply been a hyperonym for all people inside the subject to Azcapotzalco and later Tlacopan, referring to the ruling class of Nahua-Tepaneca and to the province of Tepanecapan.

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Hernández, Roberto Escalante; Hernández, Marciano (1999). Matlatzinca de San Francisco Oxtotilpan, Estado de México. Archivo de Lenguas Indígenas de México (in Spanish). Vol. 23. El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Lingüísticos y Literarios. p. 1999. ISBN 968-12-0902-8.
  2. ^ Cazes, Daniel (1971), "La lengua Maclasinca de Nsampaanchu, San Francisco Oxtotilpan", Journal de la Société des Américanistes, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 191–232
  3. ^ a b "Matlatzinca", Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas (PDF), Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indigenas, 14 January 2008, p. 105 – via Diario Oficial de la Federación
  4. ^ a b Soustelle, Jacques (1994) [1938]. "XII: El Matlatzinca (pirinda) y el Ocuilteca". La familia lingüística Otomí-Pame de México Central (in Spanish). Fondo de Cultura Económica. pp. 303–329. ISBN 968-16-4116-7.
  5. ^ a b Pascacio Montijo, Edna Teresita (2017), El Vocabulario matlatzinca de Fray Andrés de Castro. Estudio filológico, características fonológicas y análisis morfológico de la flexión nominal y verbal
  6. ^ a b "Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020". Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020. Instituto Nacional de Geografía, Estadística e Informática. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021.
  7. ^ Palancar, Enrique L (2016), Oto-Pamean
  8. ^ Vargas Uribe, Guillermo, Población y Poblamiento de Yotátiro/Santa María/Santa María de la Asunción/Santa María de Los Altos/Santa María de Guido (PDF)
  9. ^ Moreno Gallego, Pedro (1987) [1 September 1579]. "Relación General de Necotlan". In Acuña, René (ed.). Relaciones Geográficas del Siglo XVI: Michoacán (published March 2016).
  10. ^ a b Díaz Borrero, Bartolomé (1987) [1 November 1579]. "Relación de Sirándaro". In Acuña, René (ed.). Relaciones Geográficas del Siglo XVI: Michoacán (published March 2016).
  11. ^ Pollard, Helen Perlstein (1993). Taríacuri's Legacy: The Prehispanic Tarascan State. The Civilization of the American Indian series. Vol. 209. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2497-1. OCLC 26801144.
  12. ^ Smith, Michael E.; Tomaszewski, Brian M. (2010), "Polities, territory and historical change in Postclassic Matlatzinco (Toluca Valley, central Mexico)" (PDF), Journal of Historical Geography, 37 (1): 22–39, doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2010.06.001
  13. ^ de Alcalá, Jerónimo (2000) [c. 1540], "De los señores que hubo después de muertos Hirepan y Tangáxoan y Hiquíngaje", Relación de Michoacán (in Spanish), Moisés Francisco Mendoza (coord.), Palaeography by Clotilde Martínez Ibáñez & Carmen Molina Ruiz
  14. ^ Delfín Guillaumin, Marta Eugenia (2011), "Los pirindas de Michoacán: ¿inicio de un proceso de etnogénesis?" (PDF), Cuicuilco, vol. 12, no. 50, pp. 145–158
  15. ^ Carrasco Pizana, Pedro (1975) [1950], "Distribución de los idiomas otomianos en Mesoamérica en el siglo XVI" (PDF), Los Otomíes: Cultura e historia prehispánica de los pueblos mesoamericanos de habla otomiana (published 2021-04-12)
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