User:Donald Trung/Da Shu coinage

This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article Da Shu coinage and is preserved for both historical preservation and attribution. Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:46, 17 September 2018 (UTC) .

Original draft[edit]

The '''coinage of the [[Da Shu (Song dynasty)|Great Shu Kingdom]]''' ([[Traditional Chinese]]: 大蜀貨幣 / 大蜀起義軍鑄) is the earliest known coinage produced by a [[List of peasant revolts|peasant revolt]] in the [[history of China]], the revolt lasted from 993 until 995<ref>{{cite web|url=http://german.cri.cn/other/chinageschichte/72.htm|title=Die Nördliche Song-Dynastie|accessdate=17 September 2018}}</ref> and during this period a small number of [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coins]] were produced by the peasant rebellion using the [[Chinese era name|era names]] of the rebel leader [[Li Shun]]. It was only with the strongest military efforts that the Song dynasty was able to suppress the rebellion and restore their rule over the Shu region. The coinage produced by the Da Shu Kingdom is often rather roughly produced and as the rebellion only lasted a few years not many cash coins were produced leading to them being extremely rare today.<ref name="KKNews">{{cite web|url= https://kknews.cc/collect/ogeqem.html|title= 歷史上價值最高的十枚錢幣你有嗎 - 盤點歷史上價值最高的錢幣.|date=14 May 2016|accessdate=17 September 2018|author= 由老頑童發表于收藏|publisher= KKNews.cc|language=zh-tw}}</ref> The first two inscriptions were produced for five months under King Li Shun while after his death the remaining rebels introduced a new inscription which was produced for a year until the rebellion was finally put down. == Background == Three decades after the [[Song dynasty]] was founded its government still had issues consolidating its power and rule over [[China]] and didn't properly address the most important [[social issues]] that plagued the population. The [[economy of the Song dynasty]] was in a bad shape during this period and around the country peasants were forming their own armies to rebel against the government and started killing [[Corruption|corrupt]] government officials. The largest of these peasant revolts was organised by [[tea]] farmers and landless [[tenant farmers]] (旁戶, ''páng hù'') in the Shu region (蜀, the modern day province of [[Sichuan]]) where these peasants were protesting exploitation by rich landowners of the [[Sichuan Basin]] and the Song government's [[state monopoly]] on the purchasing of tea (博買務, ''bó mǎi wù''),<ref name="BoMaiWu">{{cite web|url= https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8D%9A%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%A1/5490527?fr=aladdin|title= 博买务.|date=2018|accessdate=17 September 2018|work= [[Baidu Baike]]|language=zh-cn}}</ref> this monopoly prevented the tea farmers from obtaining a reasonable income to live off. Another contributing factor to the bad living conditions of the peasantry at the time was a severe [[drought]] that devastated the country while the Song dynasty was suffering heavy losses against both the [[Liao dynasty|Khitans]] and the [[Western Xia|Tanguts]].<ref name="PeterLorge">{{cite web|url= https://books.google.nl/books?id=9UTjCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA225&lpg=PA225&dq=song+dynasty+%22Li+Shun%22&source=bl&ots=Kknmob7GjT&sig=-eOgZwj9XJr8H2h6yNTA_cDwbVI&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=song%20dynasty%20%22Li%20Shun%22&f=false|title= The Reunification of China: Peace through War under the Song Dynasty by Peter Lorge § The rebellion of Wang Xiaopo and Li Shun (23 March 993-2 April 995).|date=26 November 2015|accessdate=17 September 2018|work= [[Google Books]] ([[Alphabet Inc.]]).|language=en}}</ref> By the year 993 the number of participants of the uprising in Sichuan had reached several hundred thousand farmers. The revolt adopted the motto "equalise the income of the rich and poor" (均貧富, ''jūn pín fù'') and under the leadership of [[Wang Xiaobo (rebel)|Wang Xiaobo]] (王小波) were able to beat the government’s military forces stationed in Sichuan and after taking over state [[granaries]] distributed the grain that was present among themselves. After Wang Xiaobo was [[killed in action]], his [[brother-in-law]] [[Li Shun]] (李顺) took over his position and managed to take the city of [[Chengdu]]. After this victory Li Shun crowned himself as the "King of [[Da Shu (Song dynasty)|Great Shu]]" (大蜀王, ''dà shǔ wáng'') in the year 994 and proclaimed the [[Chinese era name|period title]] of "Yingyun" (應運, ''yìng yùn'').<ref name="ChinaKnowledgeSongDynasty">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Song/song-event.html|title= Chinese History - Song Period Event History § The reform politics of Wang Anshi.|date=2000|accessdate=17 September 2018|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chinaknowledge]].de|language=en}}</ref><ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2016/11/16/earliest-peasant-rebellion-in-china-to-mint-coins/|title= Earliest Peasant Rebellion in China to Mint Coins.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=16 September 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> == History == From the year 994 Li Shun began the production of both [[bronze]] and [[iron]] [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coins]] with the legends Yingyun Tongbao (應運通寶) and Yingyun Yuanbao (應運元寶),<ref>Jen, David ''Chinese Cash: Identification and Price Guide'', Rebel coins "Ying Yun yuan bao" and "Ying Gan tong bao" (Coins No. 307 & 308).</ref> these inscriptions are read in a [[clockwise]] manner (旋讀, ''xuán dú'') and the type of [[Chinese calligraphy]] used on them is [[Bafen script]] (八分書, ''bā fēn shū'') which is a conservative type of [[clerical script]] (隸書, ''lì shū''). These cash coins notably resemble the [[Ancient Chinese coinage|older cash coins]] produced by the kingdoms of [[Former Shu]] and [[Later Shu]] during the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]], both of these states were situated in the same region as the Da Shu Kingdom and shared the same capital city. However as Li Shun was killed and as he only ruled over the newly proclaimed Kingdom of Da Shu for five months his former subordinates began casting both bronze and iron cash coins with the legend Yinggan Tongbao (應感通寶) after his death.<ref name="BaiduDaShu">{{cite web|url= https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%BA%94%E6%84%9F%E9%80%9A%E5%AE%9D|title= 应感通宝.|date=2018|accessdate=17 September 2018|work= [[Baidu Baike]]|language=zh-cn}}</ref> These cash coins continued to be produced for around a year until the uprising was finally suppressed by the forces of the Song dynasty in the year 995.<ref name="primaltrek"/> The workmanship of the casting of Da Shu coinage is quite rough, the reverse sides of these cash coins is usually flat and blank, and the colour of copper-alloy coins tend to be whitish. All Da Shu cash coins are cast in the size of the 1 ''[[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]]'' denomination (小平錢).<ref>New Chinese Ancient Coins Catalogue 2004. Author: Huaguang Pu. Published in August 2004. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] written in [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref> As the logistics of transporting the coinage across the Shu region proved troublesome and as Li Shun barely held much territory outside of Chengdu these cash coins only circulated in a very small area.<ref name="123RenRen">{{cite web|url= http://www.123renren.net/article/e83b3204-cc5e-4d5f-ab2f-e13d79a42d97.htm|title= 最早的义军钱——“应运元宝”与“应感通宝”.|date=2016|accessdate=17 September 2018|author= Tuijian (推荐本文)|publisher= 123renren.net|language=zh-cn}}</ref> == List of cash coins issued by the Da Shu Kingdom == {{See also|List of Chinese cash coins by inscription}} List of cash coins issued by the Great Shu Kingdom:{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=159}}<ref name="PCHome">{{cite web|url= http://mypaper.m.pchome.com.tw/rich_coin/post/1321662611|title= 北宋錢幣（Northern Song Dynasty　960~1127）.|date=18 November 2010|accessdate=17 September 2018|author= 古錢天地|publisher= PChome.com.tw|language=zh-tw}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Inscription !! [[Traditional Chinese]] !! [[Simplified Chinese]] !! King !! Image |- | Yingyun Tongbao || 應運通寶 || 应运通宝 || [[Li Shun]] (李顺) || |- | Yingyun Yuanbao || 應運元寶 || 应运元宝 || Li Shun (李顺) || |- | Yinggan Tongbao || 應感通寶 || 应感通宝 || None || |} == Surviving specimens == As the cash coins of the Da Shu Kingdom weren't produced in great numbers and not many of them have survived, they are extremely rare today and are listed among "China’s 50 Rarest Ancient Coins" (歷代古錢五十珍, ''lì dài gǔ qián wǔ shí zhēn'').<ref name="BaiduTop50">{{cite web|url= https://wk.baidu.com/view/9040c335b9f3f90f77c61b25?pcf=2|title= 历代古钱五十珍.|date=5 March 2016|accessdate=17 September 2018|work= [[Baidu Baike]]|language=zh-cn}}</ref> A number of them are on display in various [[museum]]s in China or are in the hands of [[Coin collecting|private collectors]]. In the year 2015 a Yinggan Tongbao cash coin with a diameter of 23.7 millimeters sold for [[United States dollar|$]] 54,000 ([[Chinese renminbi|¥]] 368,000) at an auction in China.<ref name="primaltrek"/> The private coin collector Sun Ding (孫鼎) donated a Yingyun Yuanbao to the [[Shanghai Museum]] in the [[twentieth century]], this cash coin is reportedly made from bronze and has a weight of 2.9 grams.<ref>中華珍泉追踪錄。Page = 184. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]])</ref> Another bronze Yingyun Yuanbao cash coin is the possession of the [[National Museum of China]] this particular coin has a diameter of 23 millimeters, however unlike the one in the Shanghai Museum this one weighs 3.9 grams. Unique to this coin is that unlike other cash coins produced by the Da Shu regime is that this coin has a dot (星, "star") and a crescent (月, "moon") on its reverse side (月孕星版, ''yuè yùn xīng bǎn'') which are similar to the symbols found on other cash coins as well as [[Chinese numismatic charm|Chinese charms and amulets]].<ref>[[National Museum of China]] - [http://www.chnmuseum.cn/Default.aspx?TabId=212&AntiqueLanguageID=5797&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 应运元宝 - 点击图片查看大图 - 宋 - 北宋 - 直径2.3厘米，重3.9克]。Retrieved: 17 September 2018. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] written in [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref> This was long thought to be the only Da Shu coin with these symbols but in January 2016 a Yingyun Tongbao cash coin was excavated in [[Hubei]] that also featured a dot and crescent on its reverse, but as this particular cash coin is 26 millimeters in diameter it's actually believed to be a "pattern coin" or "trial coin" (試樣, ''shì yàng'') or perhaps a "[[mother coin]]" (鐵母, ''tiě mǔ'').<ref name="ChinaShoucangJournal">{{cite web|url= http://www.cangcn.com/a/gd/2016/0129/685.html|title= 应运通宝 - 月孕星版.|date=29 January 2016|accessdate=16 November 2016|work= “China Shoucang Journal” (收藏).|language=zh-cn}}</ref> Additionally the National Museum of China is in possession of an iron Yingyun Tongbao that has the same diameter but weighs 3.7 grams as its composed of different metal,<ref>[[National Museum of China]] - [http://www.chnmuseum.cn/tabid/212/Default.aspx?AntiqueLanguageID=5810 应运通宝铁钱 - 点击图片查看大图 - 宋 - 南宋 - 直径2.3厘米，重3.7克]。Retrieved: 17 September 2018. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] written in [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref> and a bronze Yinggan Tongbao with a diameter of 23 millimeters that weighs 3.2 grams.<ref>[[National Museum of China]] - [http://www.chnmuseum.cn/Default.aspx?TabId=212&AntiqueLanguageID=5798&page=5 应感通宝 - 点击图片查看大图 - 宋 - 北宋 - 直径2.3厘米，重3.2克]。Retrieved: 17 September 2018. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] written in [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref> The [[Sichuan Museum]] is in possession of an iron Yinggan Tongbao cash coin with a diameter of 23 millimeters.<ref name="primaltrek"/> == See also == * [[Southern Song dynasty coinage]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). ''Cast Chinese Coins''. [[Trafford]], [[United Kingdom]]: Trafford Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1412054669}}. == External links == * [https://www.zeno.ru/showgallery.php?cat=3955 Images of Da Shu and other Northern Song dynasty era rebel coinages] (Zeno Oriental Coins Database). {{Chinese currency and coinage}} [[:Category:Coins of China]] [[:Category:Currencies of China]] [[:Category:Chinese numismatics]] .

Redirects[edit]

#REDIRECT [[Da Shu coinage]]

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Standard reference templates[edit]

September 2018.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2018|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=31 March 2013|accessdate= September 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2016/11/16/earliest-peasant-rebellion-in-china-to-mint-coins/|title= Earliest Peasant Rebellion in China to Mint Coins.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=16 September 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="ChinaKnowledgeSongDynasty">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Song/song-event.html|title= Chinese History - Song Period Event History § The reform politics of Wang Anshi.|date=2000|accessdate=17 September 2018|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chibaknowledge]]|language=en}}</ref>

Better sources for "List of Chinese cash coins by inscription"

<ref>Jen, David ''Chinese Cash: Identification and Price Guide'', Rebel coins "Ying Yun yuan bao" and "Ying Gan tong bao" (Coins No. 307 & 308).</ref><ref name="PrimaltrekDaShu">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2016/11/16/earliest-peasant-rebellion-in-china-to-mint-coins/|title= Earliest Peasant Rebellion in China to Mint Coins.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=16 September 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ChinaKnowledgeSongDynasty">{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Song/song-event.html|title= Chinese History - Song Period Event History § The reform politics of Wang Anshi.|date=2000|accessdate=17 September 2018|author= Ulrich Theobald|publisher= [[Chibaknowledge]]|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="KKNewsYanState">{{cite web|url= https://kknews.cc/zh-hk/culture/6lqn9q.html|title= 戰國時期燕國貨幣——布幣和圜錢.|date=19 August 2016|accessdate=17 September 2018|author= 由歷史故事匯發表于文化|publisher= KKNews.cc|language=zh-tw}}</ref>

Why this exists[edit]

User:Donald Trung/Da Shu coinage/Why I was inspired to (attempt to) write "Da Shu coinage". Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 09:24, 18 September 2018 (UTC)