User:Donald Trung/Great Hanoi Rat Massacre of 1902

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• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Hanoi_Rat_Massacre&oldid=1068527642  Published. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:58, 28 January 2022 (UTC)

Original draft

{{Infobox event | title = Great Hanoi Rat Massacre of 1902 | image = 1 cent - French Indo-China 1902 Art-Hanoi (Indo-Chine Française side).png | image_upright = | image_alt = | caption = A [[French Indochinese piastre|French Indochinese 1 cent coin]] from 1902, which was offered as a reward per rat's tail. | native_name = ''Cuộc đại thảm sát chuột tại Hà Nội''<br>(局大摻刹𤝞在河內)<br>''Grande massacre des rats de Hanoï'' | native_name_lang = | english_name = | duration = <!-- {{duration|h=x|m=x|s=x}} or {{time interval|date1|date2|options}} --> | date = 1902<br>([[Thành Thái]] 14 / 成泰十四年){{Efn|[[Vietnamese era name|Reign era date]] used in the [[Vietnamese calendar|Vietnamese Imperial calendar]].}} <!-- {{start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{start and end dates|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | location = [[Hanoi]], [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]], [[French Indochina]] (present day Hanoi, [[Vietnam]]) | also_known_as = The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt | type = [[Pest control|Rat extermination campaign]] | cause = [[Third plague pandemic]], expansion of the Hanoian rat population due to the expansion of Hanoi's French Quarter. | motive = To prevent a potential outbreak of the [[Bubonic Plague]] caused by the ''[[Yersinia pestis]]'' bacteria. | target = [[Rat]]s | participants = [[French Indochina#Administration|Government-General of French Indochina]], professional [[Rat-catcher|rat-catching]] services, and vigilante rat hunters | outcome = Bounty programme cancelled, other [[Non-pharmaceutical intervention (epidemiology)|anti-pandemic measures]] taken. | casualties1 = Hundreds of thousands of rats (reported between April and June 1902)<br>Unknown number of rats afterwards. | awards = 1 [[French Indochinese piastre|cent]] per rat's tail | notes = {{notelist|group=infobox}} }} The '''Great Hanoi Rat Massacre''' ([[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: ''Cuộc thảm sát chuột ở Hà Nội''; [[Chữ Nôm]]: 局摻刹𤝞於河內; [[French language|French]]: ''Massacre des rats de Hanoï'') occurred in 1902, in [[Hanoi]], [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]], [[French Indochina]] (present day Hanoi, [[Vietnam]]), when the [[France|French]] government authorities attempted to control the [[rat]] population of the city by hunting them down. As they felt that they weren't making enough progress and due to labour strikes they created a bounty programme that paid a reward of 1[[French Indochinese piastre|¢]] for each rat killed.<ref name="freak2">{{cite web|last=Dubner|first=Stephen J.|date=11 October 2012|title=The Cobra Effect: A New Freakonomics Radio Podcast.|url=http://freakonomics.com/2012/10/11/the-cobra-effect-a-new-freakonomics-radio-podcast/|accessdate=24 February 2015|publisher=Freakonomics, LLC}}</ref> To collect the bounty, people would need to provide the severed tail of a rat. Colonial officials, however, began noticing rats in Hanoi with no tails. The Vietnamese [[Rat-catcher|rat catchers]] would capture rats, sever their tails, then release them back into the sewers so that they could produce more rats.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vann|first=Michael G.|author-link=Michael G. Vann|year=2003|title=Of Rats, Rice, and Race: The Great Hanoi Rat Massacre, an Episode in French Colonial History|journal=French Colonial History|volume=4|pages=191–203|doi=10.1353/fch.2003.0027|s2cid=143028274}}</ref> The Great Hanoi Rat Massacre happened in the middle of a [[Third plague pandemic|global pandemic]] only a few years after [[Switzerland|Swiss]]-French physician and bacteriologist [[Alexandre Yersin]] linked the spread of the pandemic to rodents.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Annales de l'Institut Pasteur |volume=8|year=1894|pages= 662–667|title=La peste bubonique à Hong-Kong |trans-title=The Bubonic Plague in Hong Kong |last=Yersin |first=Alexandre |language=French |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23590#page/692/mode/1up }}</ref> Today the events are often used as an example of a [[perverse incentive]], commonly referred to as the ''Cobra Effect''.<ref name="freak2"/> The modern discoverer of this event, [[United States|American]] historian [[Michael G. Vann]] argues that the cobra example from the [[British Raj]] cannot be proven, but that the rats in Vietnam case can be proven, so the term should be chafed to the ''Rat Effect''.<ref name="freak2"/> == Background == === French plans for Hanoi === [[File:Hanoï - Rue Paul Bert.jpg|thumb|left|[[Paul Bert]] street (now Tràng Tiền Street), an example of the French renovation of Hanoi.]] [[France]] formally assumed control of Hanoi in the year 1882, occupying the city after the failure of the [[Treaty of Saigon (1874)|Treaty of Saigon]]. However, the region of [[Tonkin]] was not [[Pacification of Tonkin|fully pacified]] until as late as 1896.<ref>Thomazi, A., ''La conquête de l'Indochine'' ([[Paris]], 1934). Pages 286–287.</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIFzI-el3zgC&pg=PA135|title=Hanoi & Halong Bay|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2007|last=Downs|first=Tom|pages=203|isbn=9781741790924}}</ref> The French colonised Eastern [[Indochina]] (present day Vietnam, [[Cambodia]], and [[Laos]]) in several stages to gain backdoor access to the [[Economic history of China before 1912|wealth of China]] through its market, specifically the French sought a river route to the Chinese province of [[Yunnan]], which at the time was imagined as "[[El Dorado]] with [[silk]] instead of gold".<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020">{{cite web|url= https://madeinchinajournal.com/2020/08/20/the-great-hanoi-rat-hunt/|title= The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt: A Conversation with Michael G. Vann.|date=20 August 2020|accessdate=28 January 2022|author= Ivan Franceschini and [[Michael G. Vann]]|publisher= The Made in China Journal|language=en}}</ref> Prior to the establishment of the French protectorate of Tonkin, the city of Hanoi was a collection of 36 streets, each of these streets was devoted to a specific craft as well as several temples and pagodas spread around the settlement.<ref name="Voice-of-Vietnam-World-36-streets">{{cite web|url= https://m.vovworld.vn/en-US/culture/worshiping-hanois-craft-ancestors-115414.vov#ref-https://www.ecosia.org/|title= Worshiping Hanoi’s craft ancestors. - (VOVworld)- Hanoi’s 36 ancient guild streets have names beginning with the word “Hang” which refer to the craft or trade once associated with that street. As time has passed, the commerce in many “Hang” streets has changed, yet the temples in the Old Quarter dedicated to the ancestors of the original crafts remain an important part of Hanoi’s unique culture.|date=27 October 2012|accessdate=27 January 2022|author= To Tuan|publisher= [[Voice of Vietnam]] World ([[Government of Vietnam|Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam]])|language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, the city of Hanoi also possessed a citadel and fort, these were ironically constructed in 1803 (the year after the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] was established by the [[Gia Long]] Emperor) with the assistance of [[French military]] engineers that were trained in the Vauban tradition of fortification.<ref name="Vietnam-Online-French-architecture-in-Hanoi">{{cite web|url= https://www.vietnamonline.com/destination/hanoi/culture/french-architectures-role.html|title= French Architecture's Roles Through Times in Hanoi.|date=2022|accessdate=27 January 2022|author= Uncredited writer(s)|publisher= Vietnam Online|language=en}}</ref> However, the French viewed Hanoi as a dirty, squalid, ramshackle collection of villages. So they sought to transform it into a French-style city worthy of being the seat of one of the colonial possessions of the [[French colonial empire|French Empire]].<ref name="Vietnam-Online-French-architecture-in-Hanoi"/> This process began with the arrival of [[List of administrators of the French protectorate of Tonkin|French administrators]] in the 1880s, namely [[Paul Bert]] in 1886, really set off the [[Francization#Asia|Gallicisation]] of the city. Large areas of Hanoi, including most of the old citadel as well many temples, were demolished to make way for the new French-style buildings that would become the core of the new city. Most notable among these new constructions were [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Hanoi|St. Joseph's Cathedral]]<ref>{{cite news|title=French impressions|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/may/25/travel/tr-hanoi25/2|date=May 25, 2008|page=2|access-date=May 29, 2013|first=Susan|last=Spano|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> and the [[Lanessan Hospital]].<ref name="Vietnam-Online-French-architecture-in-Hanoi"/> In 1897 [[Paul Doumer]] had been appointed [[List of governors-general of French Indochina|Governor-General of French Indochina]] after he was briefly the [[Minister of Finance of France|French Minister of Finance]] (1895–1896) when he tried without success to introduce an income tax.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902">{{cite web|url= https://vnexpress.net/bai-hoc-tu-cuoc-tham-sat-chuot-o-ha-noi-dau-the-ky-20-3600268.html|title= Bài học từ cuộc 'thảm sát' chuột ở Hà Nội đầu thế kỷ 20. - Treo thưởng để diệt chuột, chính quyền ngỡ ngàng khi phát hiện người dân sẵn sàng nuôi thêm chuột để kiếm tiền thưởng. - Câu chuyện đăng trên Atlas Obscura ngày 6/6 với tựa đề "Cuộc thảm sát chuột ở Hà Nội năm 1902 không diễn ra đúng kế hoạch".|date=17 June 2017|accessdate=25 January 2022|author= Linh Trương|publisher= [[VnExpress]] ([[FPT Corporation]])|language=vi}}</ref> Under his leadership, the old Hanoi would be transformed into a completely different city and the transformation went into overdrive.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> As Doumer planned on making Hanoi the new capital of the Union of Indochina he insisted that it should also look the part.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> To fulfil this plan, a [[Presidential Palace, Hanoi|new palace for the residence of the Governor-General of French Indochina]] was constructed (which serves today as Vietnam's Presidential Palace). Large parts of Hanoi were cleared to make room for the new French-style inner city that was filled broad tree-lined boulevards, [[French colonial architecture|colonial-style]] villas, and well-tended gardens.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> This new area would be known as the "French Quarter" (''Quartier Européen'' / ''Khu phố Pháp'', today's [[Ba Đình District]]), in fact because of it some visitors would describe it as "a slice of [[Paris]] on the other side of the world".<ref>"[http://en.vietnamplus.vn/Home/French-Quarter-in-Hanoi-to-be-preserved/201011/14018.vnplus French Quarter in Hanoi to be preserved]", ''VietnamPlus'', 18 Nov. 2010.<br/>Downs, Tom, ''Hanoi & Halong Bay encounter'' (2007), p. 66. " "Much of the appeal of Hanoi's French Quarter is in its colonial architecture".</ref><ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> This area of the city sharply contrasted l the cramped, narrow, and chaotic "Native Quarter", where both the indigenous [[Vietnamese people|Annamese people]] and [[Han Chinese]] people resided.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> In the year 1902 the capital city of French Indochina was moved from [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]], [[French Cochinchina|Cochinchina]] (present day Ho Chi Minh City) to Hanoi, Tonkin and it would remained so until 1945.<ref name="Hanoï-Viêtnam-Massacre-des-Rats-de-Hanoï">{{cite web|url= https://www.hanoivietnam.fr/le-massacre-des-rats-de-hanoi-en-1902/|title= Le massacre des rats de Hanoï en 1902.|date=1 March 2019|accessdate=23 January 2022|author= Alexandre Dang|publisher= Hanoivietnam.fr|language=en}}</ref> When Paul Doumer arrived in Hanoi, he launched several major infrastructure projects, such as the [[Paul Doumer Bridge]] (now called the ''Long Biên Bridge''), which spanned the 1,700 meter width of the Red River, and the Grand Palais d’Expositions which built for the [[Hanoi Exhibition]] in 1903.<ref name="Hanoï-Viêtnam-Massacre-des-Rats-de-Hanoï"/> These actions were enacted to make Hanoi a showcase for France's civilising mission in Indochina and to provide the city with the very first electricity network in Asia.<ref name="Hanoï-Viêtnam-Massacre-des-Rats-de-Hanoï"/> === French public health mission and the sewage system === Among the large projects ordered by Paul Doumer was the construction of a massive underground [[sewage system]] that would serve both as a symbol of French modernity and keep the "French Quarter" clear of any [[human waste]].<ref name="Hanoï-Viêtnam-Massacre-des-Rats-de-Hanoï"/> As [[toilet]]s were seen as "a sign of civilisation" Doumer wanted there to be flushable toilets in every French palace.<ref name="Hanoï-Viêtnam-Massacre-des-Rats-de-Hanoï"/> By the time of Paul Doumer's departure in March 1902, over 19 kilometers of sewers had been built underneath Hanoi,<ref name="Báo-Thanh-Niên-Cuộc-đại-diệt-chuột-tại-Hà-Nội-đầu-thế-kỷ-20">{{cite web|url= https://m.thanhnien.vn/cuoc-dai-diet-chuot-tai-ha-noi-dau-the-ky-20-post834472.html|title= Cuộc đại diệt chuột tại Hà Nội đầu thế kỷ 20. - Gần như chưa có cuốn sách hay tư liệu lịch sử nào đề cập đến cuộc đại diệt chuột tại Hà Nội vào những năm đầu thế kỷ 20.|quote= “Những di chứng cuộc chiến tranh mà người Mỹ gây ra với người dân VN khi ấy vẫn còn nhiều. Nhưng tôi đã được người dân nơi đây chào đón rất nồng hậu. Những nghiên cứu về VN cũng như cách để tôi hồi đáp lại những tình cảm nhận được. Ngoài ra, nhiệm vụ của tôi còn là để người Mỹ biết đến VN nhiều hơn, về lịch sử của đất nước có nền văn minh hàng ngàn năm này, chứ không phải chỉ biết đến VN qua chiến tranh”, GS Michael G.Vann chia sẻ. |date=19 March 2019|accessdate=25 January 2022|author= Ngọc An|publisher= Báo [[Thanh Niên]]|language=vi}}</ref> the largest concentration of which lay beneath the "French Quarter".<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/><ref name="Hanoï-Viêtnam-Massacre-des-Rats-de-Hanoï"/> A smaller section of the sewage system also lay underneath the "Indigenous Quarter" of the city.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> The new sewer system did help fight [[Cholera]], a disease brought to Hanoi by the French expeditionary forces coming from [[French Algeria|Algeria]].<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> This large new sewage system also brought with it a new unforseen problem from the French, rats.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/><ref name="Hanoï-Viêtnam-Massacre-des-Rats-de-Hanoï"/> In the sewers rats found no natural predators and if they would get hungry they could easily penetrate directly into the most luxurious apartments in the city through the "highway" hidden deep beneath human footsteps.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> This caused major concerns for the French both for hygienic reasons and an outbreak of the [[Bubonic Plague]] (or the "[[Black Death]]").<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/><ref name="Hanoï-Viêtnam-Massacre-des-Rats-de-Hanoï"/> Just a few years earlier in 1894 the famous [[Alexandre Yersin]] discovered the ''[[Yersinia pestis]]'' bacteria that caused the disease and his colleague [[Paul-Louis Simond]] linked it to fleas found on [[rodent]]s.<ref name="Hanoï-Viêtnam-Massacre-des-Rats-de-Hanoï"/><ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> Because of the new knowledge about how rats caused the Bubonic Plague the French colonists became very concerned with the situation and quickly wanted to remedy the situation.<ref name="Hanoï-Viêtnam-Massacre-des-Rats-de-Hanoï"/><ref name="Báo-Thanh-Niên-Cuộc-đại-diệt-chuột-tại-Hà-Nội-đầu-thế-kỷ-20"/> {{Quote box | quote ="If industrialisation changed the world for human beings, it also created new opportunities for their furry neighbours. Expanding cities and long-distance trade networks offered rats new habitats and new ways to travel distances far greater than they could with just their stubby little legs. As with humans, these technological changes resulted in a demographic explosion. I’m not sure if we breed like rats or they breed like people. It is impossible to know the exact rat population, but scientific estimates indicate that these rodents currently outnumber human beings by several billion. I find it fascinating that as humans went through an unprecedented population boom from 1800 to the present, rats, which most people consider a pest, increased in number as a direct consequence of human actions." | source = [[Michael G. Vann]] at "The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt: A Conversation with Michael G. Vann" (20 August 2020) - ''The Made in China Journal''.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> | width = 75% | align = center }} === Contemporary pandemic === {{Further|Third plague pandemic}} The [[third plague pandemic]] started in 1855 in [[Yunnan]], [[China]] during the [[Qing dynasty]] period.<ref name="Cohn-Black-Death">{{cite book | last = Cohn | first = Samuel K. | title = The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe | publisher = A Hodder Arnold | year = 2003 | url = https://archive.org/details/blackdeathtransf00samu/page/336 | isbn = 0-340-70646-5 | page = [https://archive.org/details/blackdeathtransf00samu/page/336 336] }}</ref> This episode of bubonic plague spread to all inhabited continents, and ultimately led to more than 12 million deaths in [[India]] and China<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-05-07|title=Plague deaths: Quarantine lifted after couple die of bubonic plague|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48182646|access-date=2021-08-28|quote=In the 19th Century there was a plague outbreak in China and India, which killed more than 12 million.}}</ref> (and perhaps over 15 million worldwide<ref name=":2" />), with at least 10 million killed in India alone, making it one of the [[List of epidemics|deadliest pandemics]] in history.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stenseth|first=Nils Chr|date=2008-08-08|title=Plague Through History|url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/321/5890/773|journal=Science|language=en|volume=321|issue=5890|pages=773–774|doi=10.1126/science.1161496|issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Frith|first=John|date=|title=The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics|url=https://jmvh.org/article/the-history-of-plague-part-1-the-three-great-pandemics/|journal=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|volume=20|issue=2|pages=|quote=The third pandemic waxed and waned throughout the world for the next five decades and did not end until 1959, in that time plague had caused over 15 million deaths, the majority of which were in India.|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sanburn|first=Josh|date=2010-10-26|title=Top 10 Terrible Epidemics: The Third Plague Pandemic|language=en-US|work=Time|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2027479_2027486_2027498,00.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-01-01|issn=0040-781X}}</ref> In 1898 Paul-Louis Simond was in the city of [[Karachi]], [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sind]], India where, despite limited resources, he was able to demonstrate that fleas transmit the [[bacterium]] ''Yersinia pestis'', the agent causing [[bubonic plague]], from rat to rat, and from rat to human.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> The third plague pandemic happened at the same time as the French renovation of Hanoi.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> From Yunnan it spread to [[Guangzhou]] and then to [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]. The Bubonic plague then spread from Hong Kong to the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> The [[United States military]] brought it to [[Manila]] during [[Philippine–American War|their invasion]] of the [[Philippines]] at the Asian theatre of the [[Spanish-American War]].<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> In 1899 it struck the [[Republic of Hawaii]],<ref>{{cite journal|title = Honolulu's Battle with Bubonic Plague | journal = Hawaiian Almanac and Annual | pages = 97–105 | publisher = Thos. G. Thrum, Hawaiian Gazette Co. | location = Honolulu | year = 1900 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lE8XAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA97| access-date = 17 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Kevin R. Bailey |url=https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/7694/Bailey_Kevin_thesis2007.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Plague in paradise : a study of plague on Hawaiian sugarcane plantations |website=Department of History and the Honors College of the University of Oregon |page=3 |date=June 2007 }}</ref> where in [[Honolulu]] (its capital city) the authorities chose to burn down its [[Chinatown]].<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> Before the Bubonic plague hit the American city of [[San Francisco]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Elizabeth T. |date=May–June 1978 |title=Plague in the Continental United States, 1900–76 |journal=Public Health Reports |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=297–301 |pmc=1431896 |pmid=349602}}</ref> its municipal authorities decided to enact a [[quarantine]] policy for [[Chinatown, San Francisco|its Chinatown]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gassaway |first=James M. |date=November 29, 1898 |title=False report of plague in San Francisco |journal=Public Health Reports |volume=13 |issue=51 |pages=1503 |jstor=41453167}}</ref><ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> During the quarantine the municipal authorities discussed enacting a "Honolulu Solution" to prevent the disease from affecting the rest of the city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Albert Pierce |title=Under Hawaiian Skies |url=https://archive.org/details/underhawaiiansk00taylgoog |year=1922 |publisher=Advertiser Publishing Company |location=Honolulu |page=[https://archive.org/details/underhawaiiansk00taylgoog/page/n501 387]}}</ref><ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> The global situation became serious for Hanoi when French residents reported an infestation of rats in the French Quarter.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> It seems that [[brown rat]]s in Hanoi arrived on ships and trains that came from China where the pandemic started.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> This invasive species of rats quickly discovered that the new sewers were an ideal ecosystem and quickly took over Hanoi's urban infrastructure, with reports coming out that people had spotted rats climbing up the outflow pipes and later even out of the toilets in French houses.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> The realisation that these might be plague-carrying cats created a panic among health officials leading to their response to attempt to eradicate the rat infestation before the city would succumb to the pandemic.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> == Social environment and French government policy at the time == As the demand for silk waned as the French completed their railway between [[Kunming]], Yunnan and Hanoi, but this opened up a new market for [[opium]].<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> Yunnan was a major producer of opium and the French wanted to use the line of Yunnan to [[Haiphong]] to supply the [[Shanghai French Concession|French Concession]] in [[Shanghai]].<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> Paul Doumer turned French Indochina into a [[narco-state]] and uplifted French Indochina's revenue from being consistently making losses to being profitable.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> But this also made the colony economically interdependent with the Chinese Empire.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> This turned Chinese goods, Chinese merchants, and Chinese labourers into "the life blood" of the Union of Indochina.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> Because of the colony's dependence on the Chinese market French colonists commonly claimed that neither they nor the natives were in charge of it as the Chinese effectively controlled it, while others referred to the Chinese negatively as "the [[Jewish people|Jews]] of Asia".<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> During [[Napoleon III]]'s [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]] France was an authoritarian [[Technocracy|technocratic state]], but after the Second Empire fell the new [[Third French Republic|Third Republic]] embraced [[Progressivism]] and the technocrats who had a free reign during the Empire were frustrated by the new democratic constraints placed upon them.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> Many of these technocrats were drawn by [[French colonial empire]], where they could engage in widespread [[social experiment]]s without the fear of opposition or negative public opinion as they could use the military to enforce their policies.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> In Hanoi this translated to a complete renewal of the city based on French modernity.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> The French ''Quartier Européen'' was located right next to the old 36 streets of Hanoi, in the perspective of the French the 36 streets were an old and dirty place.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội">{{cite web|url= https://vneconomics.com/cuoc-tan-sat-chuot-vi-dai-o-ha-noi/|title= Cuộc tàn sát chuột vĩ đại ở Hà Nội.|date=16 February 2021|accessdate=25 January 2022|author= GS Nguyễn Văn Tuấn (Prof. Nguyễn Văn Tuấn)|publisher= VNEconomics Academy - Kiến thức kinh tế - Học viện Blockchain & Tiền mã hóa|language=vi}}</ref> The Native Quarter had many lakes and ponds, the roads were mostly dirt roads, when it rained it became muddy, and the houses were shabby with mostly thatched roofs.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> By contrast, the ''Quartier Européen'' area had wide roads, green trees, and white spacious villas.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> Roughly 90% of the population of Hanoi lived in the Old Quarter which made up only ⅓rd of its surface area, while the ''Quartier Européen'' and an administrative and military district to the west held only 10% of the city's population and made up the other ⅔ of the city.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> This resulted in Hanoi being an examplar "colonial dual city" where the colonial elites enjoyed a spacious luxurious lifestyles compared to the colonised natives who were all cramped into pre-colonial [[slum]]s.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> During the early period of French rule in the Union of Indochina, colonial officials knew almost nothing about the tropical diseases they would encounter.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> When epidemics of [[Smallpox]], [[diarrhea]], [[Dengue fever]], [[Syphilis]], etc. would break out they could do nothing but erect barriers between them and the natives.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> The French regarded their colonial empire as a ''[[Civilizing mission|Mission Civilisatrice]]'' and justified the urban renovations of Hanoi as an act to "combat disease".<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> While during the 1890s Hanoi was being equipped with modern sewers using the latest technology and the city received its own [[freshwater]] system, the access to these resources was quite strictly divided between racial lines as the system only served the [[White people|White]] parts of town while very little [[Asian people|Asians]] actually had access to the benefits of the city’s new urban infrastructure.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> While the newly built French-style villas contained both running water systems and modern flush toilets, most of the Vietnamese and Chinese residents of the city who resided in the Old Quarter had to collect water from public fountains.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> The human waste commonly found in these public fountains were removed by pre-dawn night-soil collectors.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> Rather than having any proper sewers the Old Quarter only contained gutter drains.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> On 8 January 1902, Yersin was accredited to be the first Headmaster of [[Hanoi Medical University|Indochina Medical College]] by the Governor-General of French Indochina, future president of France Paul Doumer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phần 1: Thời kỳ thuộc Pháp (1902–1945) |trans-title=Part 1: French colonial period (1902–1945) |url=https://hmu.edu.vn/LichSu/Lichsu-P1.htm |work= [[Hanoi Medical University]] |year=2001 |access-date=15 December 2015 |language=Vietnamese}}</ref> Yersin as well as a number of other medical experts in Hanoi were concerned about the bubonic plague arriving there from [[southern China]] on the newly established steamship lines.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> As the source of the plague was in Yunnan, the French vilified China and [[Chinese people]].<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> == First attempts to control the rat population == [[File:2008-09-11 Dead baby rat.jpg|thumb|right|An example of a dead rat.]] During the beginning of the campaign in April 1902 the [[French Indochina#Administration|Government-General of French Indochina]] hired professional Vietnamese [[rat-catcher]]s, these would descend into the sewers to hunt the rats down, and be paid for each rat that they had eliminated.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> {{Quote box | quote ="One had to enter the dark and cramped sewer system, make one’s way through [[human waste]] in various forms of decay, and hunt down a relatively fierce wild animal which could be carrying [[fleas]] with the [[bubonic plague]] or other contagious diseases. This is not even to mention the probable existence of numerous other dangerous animals, such as [[snake]]s, [[spider]]s, and other creatures, that make this author’s skin crawl with anxiety." | source = [[Michael G. Vann]] at "The Cobra Effect: A New Freakonomics Radio Podcast". | width = 75% | align = center }} In the last week of April it was reported that the rat-catchers had killed 7,985 rats, in early May they started gaining more experience and the [[death toll]] was higher than 4,000 rats a day.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> By the end of May the numbers were even higher.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> On 30 May alone, they reported having killed 15,041 rats.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> In June, daily kill counts topped 10,000, and on June 21, they reported having killed as many as 20,112 rats in a single day.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> The success of these professional rat-catchers immediately caused a reduction of deaths caused by diseases carried by the rodents <ref name="Báo-Thanh-Niên-Cuộc-đại-diệt-chuột-tại-Hà-Nội-đầu-thế-kỷ-20"/> Despite the high number of rats killed being reported the French realised that the professional pest control services that they weren't weren't making a dent in the rat population as the rats could quickly reproduce,<ref name="Báo-Thanh-Niên-Cuộc-đại-diệt-chuột-tại-Hà-Nội-đầu-thế-kỷ-20"/> so they sought alternative measures to try and reduce the rat population in the city.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> The people hired to hunt the rats in the sewers began getting displeased with their situation.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> They saw their complex and dangerous working environment surrounded by all kinds of waste, human excrement, uncleanliness, and having to deal with dangerous animals like snakes and centipedes, while they were paid very little for their work relative to the effort they invested.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> In July 1902, Dr. Serez reported to his superiors that he was having problems with the locals during the rat eradication campaign, as they started to [[Strike action|go on strike]] demanding to have their wages increased.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> The ''VNEconomics Academy of [[Blockchain]] and [[Cryptocurrency|Cryptocurrencies]]'' reports that Professor Nguyễn Văn Tuấn claimed that by 1904, the authorities increased the commission for every rat killed to 4 cents.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> Nguyễn Văn Tuấn further noted that during the campaign a total of 55,000,000 rats were reported as being killed.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> While the French colonial empire saw itself as a modern [[Technocracy|technocratic administration]] and administered its colonies based on rigid record-keeping and statistics as well as a vast collection of data, the data collected by the technocrats was often unreliable.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> All data collected by the French such as the city’s population figures, the number of plague cases to the daily count of dead rats were just best guesses.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> So the number of reported rats killed likely didn't reflect the actual number of rats that were killed.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> == Hiring vigilantes and the unintended consequences == As the French authorities found that the extermination process wasn't going fast enough they proceeded to [[Contingency plan|Plan B]], offering any enterprising local the opportunity to get in on the hunt for rats.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> To incentivise this the French set a bounty of 1 cent per rat.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> To not be overrun with rat corpses the civilians only had to submit submit a rat’s tail to the municipal offices.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> The French thought that this was a good idea because they had a policy of trying to encourage entrepreneurialism in Vietnam.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> Initially the new plan appeared to be worked as devised as large numbers of tails were being brought in.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> But then an [[unintended consequence]] emerged.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> The enterprising Vietnamese that were hired to kill the rats soon realised that killing a rat would only make future rewards less likely.<ref name="CryptoInvestingInsider-Hanoi-Rat-Massacre">{{cite web|url= https://cryptoinvestinginsider.com/blog/how-the-hanoi-rat-massacre-informs-crypto-economic-system-design/|title= How the Hanoi Rat Massacre Informs Crypto-Economic System Design.|date=2020|accessdate=25 January 2022|author= Jeremy Epstein|publisher= CryptoInvestingInsider|language=en}}</ref> After all, they needed the rats to breed more rats with tails as these would become a future source of income.<ref name="CryptoInvestingInsider-Hanoi-Rat-Massacre"/> The French soon started noticing living and healthy rats running around without their tails.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> The rat hunters amputated their tails and then let them escape so they could breed and create more offspring with tails to then repeat the process.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> Furthermore, there were also reports that some Vietnamese people were deliberately smuggling in rats from outside Hanoi into the city.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> The final straw for this plan was when French health inspectors discovered rat farming operations popping up in the countryside on the outskirts of Hanoi, that were breeding rats solely for their tails as some sort of "tail creation factories".<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/><ref name="CryptoInvestingInsider-Hanoi-Rat-Massacre"/> As the French policies had failed to accomplish its objectives, in fact having made the rat problem even worse in Hanoi, they cancelled the bounty programme.<ref name="Báo-Thanh-Niên-Cuộc-đại-diệt-chuột-tại-Hà-Nội-đầu-thế-kỷ-20"/> == Aftermath == After the failed campaign ended, the rats, now more numerous than ever, continued frolicking underneath the city and the French had resigned to have to live with them.<ref name="Sống-đẹp-Đỗ-Thu-Nga-November-2021">{{cite web|url= https://songdep.com.vn/350-chien-dich-diet-chuot-o-ha-noi-dau-tk-20-va-that-bai-cua-nguoi-phap-d7647.html|title= Pháp đã từng "sốc nặng' khi phát động chiến dịch diệt chuột Hà Nội đầu thế kỳ 20. - Người Pháp thuê người dân bản địa diệt chuột, số lượng có giảm đi. Song chuột sinh sản nhanh khiến họ quyết định trao thưởng cho ai mang được đuối chuột đến. Song nào họ lại bị sốc hi người dân sẵn sàng nuôi chuột để kiếm thêm tiền.|date=10 November 2021|accessdate=25 January 2022|author= Đỗ Thu Nga|publisher= Sống đẹp|language=vi}}</ref> Former Governor-General Paul Doumer wanted to organise the [[Hanoi Exhibition]] (an international colonial exposition) as an occasion to flaunt the city of Hanoi as a civilised and sanitary, presenting it as a victory of the French government.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> The Hanoi Exhibition ran from 1902 until 1903 and during its time many goods and cargo from all over the world poured into Hanoi, this added to Hanoi's burden of disease because foreign rats brought pathogenic germs along with the cargo.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> By 1903 the Bubonic plague had infected 159 people; Of these, 110 died.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> Most of the victims were native Vietnamese people, while only 6 French colonists were infected, of which 2 died.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> Among the reasons why the death toll was higher among the Vietnamese was because they kept their sick family members a secret out of a fear that if the authorities would find out about them that they would come to check and interfere.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> The Bubonic plague would continue to spread for the coming years.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> In the year 1906, an outbreak in Tonkin negatively affected the Tonkinese economy.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> Because of the [[economic downturn]] caused by the pandemic a lot of people from the Tonkinese countryside fled to Hanoi, where many migrants became homeless [[beggar]]s.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> Between the years 1906 and 1908, French health officials officially recorded 263 deaths from the Bubonic plague.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/><ref name="Sống-đẹp-Đỗ-Thu-Nga-November-2021"/> As a result the authorities decided to take other [[Non-pharmaceutical intervention (epidemiology)|anti-pandemic measures]] and stricter hygiene control in the 36 streets of the "Native Quarter".<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> The French authorities realised that they could only contain the pandemic through very intense and often invasive public health measures designed to stop it from spreading further once it has been identified.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> These measures included quarantining the sick in lazarettes, burning the belongings and often the homes of those who were found to be infected, and seizing corpses.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> These more stricter measures were successful in reducing the further spread of the pandemic within the city.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/><ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> The French would remain enforcing these measures after the pandemic as the natives didn't have the [[personal hygiene]] habits that the French desired them to acquire.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> This reflected the racial politics of the time, as similar attitudes existed in places like [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Swanson|first=Maynard W.|date=July 1977|title=The Sanitation Syndrome: Bubonic Plague and Urban Native Policy in the Cape Colony, 1900–19091|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/sanitation-syndrome-bubonic-plague-and-urban-native-policy-in-the-cape-colony-190019091/6D7EEF9FEA053F609877EE3056BAE1CB|journal=The Journal of African History|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=387–410|doi=10.1017/S0021853700027328|pmid=11632219|issn=1469-5138}}</ref> [[British Raj|India]],<ref name="Plague-and-Politics-in-Bengal">{{Cite journal|last=Chatterjee|first=Srilata|title=Plague and Politics in Bengal 1896 to 1898|date=2005|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145931|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=66|pages=1194–1201|jstor=44145931|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> the [[United States]],<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Anti-Chinese Discrimination in Twentieth Century America: Perceptions of Chinese Americans During the Third Bubonic Plague Pandemic in San Francisco, 1900-1908|url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_olink/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=ysu1299600446|publisher=Youngstown State University|date=2010|language=en|first=Belinda A.|last=Vavlas}}</ref> and [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Benedict|first=Carol|date=1988|title=Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth-Century China|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/189268|journal=Modern China|volume=14|issue=2|pages=107–155|doi=10.1177/009770048801400201|jstor=189268|pmid=11620272|issn=0097-7004}}</ref> However, these measures weren't very popular and angered the local population.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> In 1998, the Vietnamese authorities closed restaurants selling [[cat meat]], which was marketed as "little [[tiger]] (''tiểu hổ'') meat", because they thought that if the cat population decreased, rats would invade the rice fields.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> Showcasing a similar mentality to the French almost a century earlier.<ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội"/> == Scholarship and works about the event == === ''Of Rats, Rice, and Race: The Great Hanoi Rat Massacre, an Episode in French Colonial History'' === In 1995, [[United States|American]] historian [[Michael G. Vann]] was researching for his doctoral dissertation on the city of Hanoi during [[French Indochina|French protectorate period]] in the overseas archives (''Centre des Archives Section d’Outre-Mer'') in [[Aix-en-Provence]], [[Bouches-du-Rhône]].<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> During his research there he stumbled across one of the more bizarre primary sources that a historian is ever likely to find.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> Buried deep within the overseas archives Vann found a folder that labelled "Destruction of Hazardous Animals: Rats" concerning [[pest control]].<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> The archived file was a haphazard collection of records from the French government of Indochina detailing the number of rats that were killed on each day and the amount of money that the French had awarded to the rat hunters.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> The archives included about a hundred of identical forms that would list the number of rats that were reportedly killed between April 1902 and July 1902 in the first and second arrondissements (districts) of Hanoi.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> Vann noted that while the dossiers recorded hundreds of thousands of rats being killed the numbers inexplicably started to decline, with first a few thousand, then a few hundred, and then only a few dozen before reporting no rat deaths at all on the last page.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> Vann stated that there was no indication what caused the decline in reported rat deaths anywhere in the dossier.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> Michael G. Vann would continue to search for more information in the ''Centre des Archives Section d’Outre-Mer'' in Aix-en-Provence and various collections in [[Paris]].<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> In the year 1997, Michael G. Vann went to Vietnam to do archival research on the rat massacre for more information on the topic.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/><ref name="Báo-Thanh-Niên-Cuộc-đại-diệt-chuột-tại-Hà-Nội-đầu-thế-kỷ-20"/> While researching the archives, he attempted to reach into the top drawer of a card catalogue that was dedicated to pre-1954 French-language files, and then suddenly felt the sensation of a rat walking over his hand.<ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902"/> Vann originally published ''Of Rats, Rice, and Race: The Great Hanoi Rat Massacre, an Episode in French Colonial History'' in a journal in 2003.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> For years he assumed that only "a few dozen colleagues read the piece and kind of forgot about it" until he was approached by the producers of a [[podcast]] show called ''[[Freakonomics Radio]]'' through a phone call that took place in 2012.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> The producers of ''Freakonomics Radio'' asked Vann if he would attend the podcast to illustrate the economic principle of [[perverse incentives]], a concept he was unfamiliar with at the time.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> After the interview he learned that his article on the Great Hanoi Rat Massacre was being cited by a substantial number economists and business journalists.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> === ''The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt: Empire, Disease, and Modernity in French Colonial Vietnam'' === In 2018 Micheal G. Vann and comic book artist [[Liz Clarke (comics)|Liz Clarke]] published the book ''The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt: Empire, Disease, and Modernity in French Colonial Vietnam'' ([[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: ''Cuộc đại thảm sát chuột tại Hà Nội: Đế chế, Dịch bệnh và Sự Hiện đại ở VN thời Pháp thuộc'') through the [[Oxford University Press]].<ref name="Báo-Thanh-Niên-Cuộc-đại-diệt-chuột-tại-Hà-Nội-đầu-thế-kỷ-20"/> The book is a hybrid scholarly volume and [[graphic novel]] (long-form [[comic book]]).<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> While the bulk of the information contained within the book is the form of an academic work authored by Vann, there are hundreds of pages in comic book format, which were drawn up by Clarke.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> In an interview with PV [[Thanh Niên]] Vann said "This book is like a love letter I want to send to Hanoi" (''Cuốn sách này cũng giống như bức thư tình tôi muốn gửi tới Hà Nội'') talking about the hospitality that he received when he visited the city back in 1997.<ref name="Báo-Thanh-Niên-Cuộc-đại-diệt-chuột-tại-Hà-Nội-đầu-thế-kỷ-20"/> Among his motivations for writing the book he noted that it was a part of his mission is to let [[American people|Americans]] know more about the country of city Vietnam, to educate them more about the history of this country with "thousands of years of civilisation", rather than only knowing about it through the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="Báo-Thanh-Niên-Cuộc-đại-diệt-chuột-tại-Hà-Nội-đầu-thế-kỷ-20"/> Ivan Franceschini of the ''Made in China Journal'' describes the work as being a praiseworthy case study in the history of [[imperialism]], noting that the book delves deep into the racialised economic inequalities of empire.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> Franceschini further notes that it explores the idea of colonisation as a form of modernisation, while also discussing the creation of a [[Great Divergence|radical power differential between "the West and the rest"]] created by [[industrial capitalism]].<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> Vann describes his choice to make half the book in comic book format as way to reach a larger audience as he noted "that Oxford had this series that takes unusual and quirky historical research and puts it into comic form" and he found the Great Hanoi Rat Massacre to also be a "quirky story".<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> Furthermore, Michael G. Vann felt that the topics discussed in the book would be presented in a better way if they were in an illustrated format as he wanted to visually showcase the differences between the Vietnamese and French neighbourhoods of Hanoi.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> For researching the topic Vann went on multiple trips to Hanoi between 1997 and 2014.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> Michael G. Vann says that the rats themselves are one of the [[main character]]s in his book, describing them as the "totem animal of modernity".<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> While he took inspiration from [[Art Spiegelman]]'s ''[[Maus]]'' for the rats, he refused to [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphise]] them.<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> Vann also included themes in the book about [[racism]] (including [[sinophobia]]) and after learning that Dr. [[Sun Yat-Sen]] resided in Hanoi during the time of these events he included him in the book, both because he wanted to illustrate sinophobia and because he was also a graduate of the [[ʻIolani School]] in [[Honolulu]].<ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020"/> == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * Logan, William Stewart. ''Hanoi, Biography of a City'', [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]: [[University of Washington Press]], 2000. * [[Michael G. Vann|Vann, Michael G.]]: ''The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt: Empire, Disease And Modernity In French Colonial Vietnam'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2018. {{Nguyễn dynasty topics}} {{French Indochina}} [[:Category:History of Hanoi]] [[:Category:French Indochina]] [[:Category:Pest control campaigns]] [[:Category:Health in Vietnam]] [[:Category:Third plague pandemic]]

Sources to use

• https://www.academia.edu/40460609/The_Great_Hanoi_Rat_Hunt_Empire_Disease_and_Modernity_in_French_Colonial_Vietnam
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
    •  Need a subscription to read. --Donald Trung (talk) 23:40, 25 January 2022 (UTC) .

• https://cryptoinvestinginsider.com/blog/how-the-hanoi-rat-massacre-informs-crypto-economic-system-design/
  • <ref name="CryptoInvestingInsider-Hanoi-Rat-Massacre">{{cite web|url= https://cryptoinvestinginsider.com/blog/how-the-hanoi-rat-massacre-informs-crypto-economic-system-design/|title= How the Hanoi Rat Massacre Informs Crypto-Economic System Design.|date=2020|accessdate=25 January 2022|author= Jeremy Epstein|publisher= CryptoInvestingInsider|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:59, 25 January 2022 (UTC) .

• https://vnexpress.net/bai-hoc-tu-cuoc-tham-sat-chuot-o-ha-noi-dau-the-ky-20-3600268.html
  • <ref name="VNExpress-thảm-sát-chuột-ở-Hà-Nội-1902">{{cite web|url= https://vnexpress.net/bai-hoc-tu-cuoc-tham-sat-chuot-o-ha-noi-dau-the-ky-20-3600268.html|title= Bài học từ cuộc 'thảm sát' chuột ở Hà Nội đầu thế kỷ 20. - Treo thưởng để diệt chuột, chính quyền ngỡ ngàng khi phát hiện người dân sẵn sàng nuôi thêm chuột để kiếm tiền thưởng. - Câu chuyện đăng trên Atlas Obscura ngày 6/6 với tựa đề "Cuộc thảm sát chuột ở Hà Nội năm 1902 không diễn ra đúng kế hoạch".|date=17 June 2017|accessdate=25 January 2022|author= Linh Trương|publisher= [[VnExpress|VNExpress]] ([[FPT Corporation]])|language=vi}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 15:00, 25 January 2022 (UTC) .

• https://vneconomics.com/cuoc-tan-sat-chuot-vi-dai-o-ha-noi/
  • <ref name="VNEconomics-Academy-Cuộc-tàn-sát-chuột-vĩ-đại-ở-Hà-Nội">{{cite web|url= https://vneconomics.com/cuoc-tan-sat-chuot-vi-dai-o-ha-noi/|title= Cuộc tàn sát chuột vĩ đại ở Hà Nội.|date=16 February 2021|accessdate=25 January 2022|author= GS Nguyễn Văn Tuấn (Prof. Nguyễn Văn Tuấn)|publisher= VNEconomics Academy - Kiến thức kinh tế - Học viện Blockchain & Tiền mã hóa|language=vi}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 15:31, 27 January 2022 (UTC) .

• https://songdep.com.vn/350-chien-dich-diet-chuot-o-ha-noi-dau-tk-20-va-that-bai-cua-nguoi-phap-d7647.html
  • <ref name="Sống-đẹp-Đỗ-Thu-Nga-November-2021">{{cite web|url= https://songdep.com.vn/350-chien-dich-diet-chuot-o-ha-noi-dau-tk-20-va-that-bai-cua-nguoi-phap-d7647.html|title= Pháp đã từng "sốc nặng' khi phát động chiến dịch diệt chuột Hà Nội đầu thế kỳ 20. - Người Pháp thuê người dân bản địa diệt chuột, số lượng có giảm đi. Song chuột sinh sản nhanh khiến họ quyết định trao thưởng cho ai mang được đuối chuột đến. Song nào họ lại bị sốc hi người dân sẵn sàng nuôi chuột để kiếm thêm tiền.|date=10 November 2021|accessdate=25 January 2022|author= Đỗ Thu Nga|publisher= Sống đẹp|language=vi}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:36, 25 January 2022 (UTC) .

• https://m.thanhnien.vn/cuoc-dai-diet-chuot-tai-ha-noi-dau-the-ky-20-post834472.html
  • <ref name="Báo-Thanh-Niên-Cuộc-đại-diệt-chuột-tại-Hà-Nội-đầu-thế-kỷ-20">{{cite web|url= https://m.thanhnien.vn/cuoc-dai-diet-chuot-tai-ha-noi-dau-the-ky-20-post834472.html|title= Cuộc đại diệt chuột tại Hà Nội đầu thế kỷ 20. - Gần như chưa có cuốn sách hay tư liệu lịch sử nào đề cập đến cuộc đại diệt chuột tại Hà Nội vào những năm đầu thế kỷ 20.|quote= “Những di chứng cuộc chiến tranh mà người Mỹ gây ra với người dân VN khi ấy vẫn còn nhiều. Nhưng tôi đã được người dân nơi đây chào đón rất nồng hậu. Những nghiên cứu về VN cũng như cách để tôi hồi đáp lại những tình cảm nhận được. Ngoài ra, nhiệm vụ của tôi còn là để người Mỹ biết đến VN nhiều hơn, về lịch sử của đất nước có nền văn minh hàng ngàn năm này, chứ không phải chỉ biết đến VN qua chiến tranh”, GS Michael G.Vann chia sẻ. |date=19 March 2019|accessdate=25 January 2022|author= Ngọc An|publisher= Báo [[Thanh Niên]]|language=vi}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 21:23, 25 January 2022 (UTC) .

• https://www.hanoivietnam.fr/le-massacre-des-rats-de-hanoi-en-1902/
  • <ref name="Hanoï-Viêtnam-Massacre-des-Rats-de-Hanoï">{{cite web|url= https://www.hanoivietnam.fr/le-massacre-des-rats-de-hanoi-en-1902/|title= Le massacre des rats de Hanoï en 1902.|date=1 March 2019|accessdate=23 January 2022|author= Alexandre Dang|publisher= Hanoivietnam.fr|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 15:00, 25 January 2022 (UTC) .

• https://madeinchinajournal.com/2020/08/20/the-great-hanoi-rat-hunt/
  • <ref name="Made-in-China-Journal-August-2020">{{cite web|url= https://madeinchinajournal.com/2020/08/20/the-great-hanoi-rat-hunt/|title= The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt: A Conversation with Michael G. Vann.|date=20 August 2020|accessdate= January 2022|author= Ivan Franceschini and [[Michael G. Vann]]|publisher= The Made in China Journal|language=en}}</ref>
    •  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:43, 28 January 2022 (UTC) .

To add to "Brown rat"

 Not done. Cancelled. --Donald Trung (talk) 22:28, 27 January 2022 (UTC)

First attempts to control the rat population (no background)

A dead rat.

Background (1st Draft)

France formally assumed control of Hanoi in the year 1882, occupying the city after the failure of the Treaty of Saigon. However, the region of Tonkin was not fully pacified until as late as 1896.

Prior to the establishment of the French protectorate of Tonkin, the city of Hanoi was a collection of 36 streets, each of these streets was devoted to a specific craft as well as several temples and pagodas spread around the settlement. Furthermore, the city of Hanoi also possessed a citadel and fort, these were ironically constructed in 1802 (the year when the Nguyễn dynasty was established by Gia Long) with the assistance of French military engineers that were trained in the Vauban tradition of fortification. However, the French viewed Hanoi as a dirty, squalid, ramshackle collection of villages. So they sought to transform it into a French-style city worthy of being the seat of one of the colonial possessions of the French Empire. This process began with the arrival of French administrators in the 1880s, namely Paul Bert in 1886, really set off the Gallicisation of the city. Large areas of Hanoi, including most of the old citadel as well many temples, were demolished to make way for the new French-style buildings that would become the core of the new city. Most notable among these new constructions were St. Joseph's Cathedral and the Lanessan Hospital.

In 1897 Paul Doumer had been appointed Governor-General of French Indochina. Under his leadership, the old Hanoi would be transformed into a completely different city and the transformation went into overdrive. As Doumer planned on making Hanoi the new capital of the Union of Indochina he insisted that it should also look the part. To fulfil this plan, a new palace for the residence of the Governor-General of French Indochina was constructed (which serves today as Vietnam's Presidential Palace). Large parts of Hanoi were cleared to make room for the new French-style inner city that was filled broad tree-lined boulevards, colonial-style villas, and well-tended gardens. This new area would be known as the "French Quarter" (Khu phố Pháp, today's Ba Đình District), in fact because of it some visitors would describe it as "a slice of Paris on the other side of the world". This area of the city sharply contrasted l the cramped, narrow, and chaotic "Native Quarter", where the indigenous Annamese people resided.

In the year 1902 the capital city of French Indochina was moved from Saigon, Cochinchina to Hanoi, Tonkin and it would remained so until 1945. When Paul Doumer arrived in Hanoi, he launched several major infrastructure projects, such as the Paul Doumer Bridge (now called the Long Biên Bridge), which spanned the 1,700 meter width of the Red River, and the Grand Palais d’Expositions which built for the Hanoi exhibition in 1903. These actions were enacted to make Hanoi a showcase for France's civilising mission in Indochina and to provide the city with the very first electricity network in Asia.

Among the large projects ordered by Paul Doumer was the construction of a massive underground sewage system that would serve both as a symbol of French modernity and keep the "French Quarter" clear of any human waste. By the time of Paul Doumer's departure in March 1902, over 19 kilometers of sewers had been built underneath Hanoi, the largest concentration of which lay beneath the "French Quarter".

This large new sewage system also brought with it a new unforseen problem from the French, rats.

Cut from "Aftermath"

After the failed campaign the rats, now more numerous than ever, continued frolicking underneath the city and the French had resigned to have to live with them.

The French correctly predicted that their presence would cause an outbreak of the Bubonic plague and when the pandemic hit the city at least 263 people died as a result.

Possibly useful.

Indeed, by then the plague had infected 159 people; Of these, 110 died. Most of the victims are Vietnamese. Only 6 French people were infected, and of these 2 died. The death toll among Vietnamese is certainly higher, because the family keeps it a secret for fear of the authorities coming to check and interfere.

Infobox event sandbox

Great Hanoi Rat Massacre of 1902

A French Indochinese 1 cent coin from 1902, which was offered as a reward per rat's tail.
Native name	Cuộc thảm sát chuột ở Hà Nội (局摻刹𤝞於河內) Massacre des rats de Hanoï
Date	1902 (Thành Thái 14 / 成泰十四年)
Location	Hanoi, Tonkin, French Indochina (present day Hanoi, Vietnam)
Also known as	The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt
Type	Rat extermination campaign
Cause	Third plague pandemic, expansion of the Hanoian rat population due to the expansion of Hanoi's French Quarter.
Motive	To prevent a potential outbreak of the Bubonic Plague caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria.
Target	Rats
Participants	Government-General of French Indochina, professional pest control services, and vigilante rat hunters
Outcome	Bounty programme cancelled, other anti-pandemic measures taken.
Casualties
Hundreds of thousands of rats (reported between April and June 1902) Unknown number of rats afterwards.
Awards	1 cent per rat's tail

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June 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

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• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

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May 2022.

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• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

April 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

March 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

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• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2022.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

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• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

December 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

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November 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

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October 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

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• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

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September 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

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• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2021.

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• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

June 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

May 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

April 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2021.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

December 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

October 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

November 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

• <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

June 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

May 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=May 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

April 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

March 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2020.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

December 2019.

• <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

• <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use

• <ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="HoreshQing"/>

• <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="PrimalQing"/>

• <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>

• <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>

• <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
  • <ref name="Brill2015"/>

• <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>

• <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>.

Related pages to check out

• Perverse incentive.

Joke infobox

Great Hanoi Rat Massacre of 1902

A French Indochinese 1 cent coin from 1902, which was offered as a reward per rat's tail.
Native name	Cuộc thảm sát chuột ở Hà Nội (局摻刹𤝞於河內) Massacre des rats de Hanoï
Date	1902 (Thành Thái 14 / 成泰十四年)
Venue	The sewers
Location	Hanoi, Tonkin, French Indochina (present day Hanoi, Vietnam)
Also known as	The Great Hanoi Rat Hunt
Type	Rat extermination campaign
Theme	Arouraiocide
Cause	Third plague pandemic, expansion of the Hanoian rat population due to the expansion of Hanoi's French Quarter.
Motive	To prevent a potential outbreak of the Bubonic Plague caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria.
Target	Rats
Patron(s)	Saint Rat Slayer
Participants	Government-General of French Indochina, professional pest control services, and vigilante rat hunters
Outcome	Bounty programme cancelled, other anti-pandemic measures taken.
Casualties
Hundreds of thousands of rats (reported between April and June 1902) Unknown number of rats afterwards.
Missing	My tail!!!
Displaced	The tails.
Coroner	Busy.
Suspects	Rats.
Charges	Being a rat.
Sentence	Death penalty
Awards	1 cent per rat's tail

WikiProjects

{{WikiProject banner shell|1= {{WikiProject Vietnam|class=|importance=}} {{WikiProject Rodents|class=|importance=}} }}

Redirects

#REDIRECT [[Great Hanoi Rat Massacre]]

1. Great Hanoi Rat Massacre of 1902.
2. Great Hanoi rat massacre of 1902.
3. Great Hanoi Rat Hunt.
4. Great Hanoi rat hunt.
5. Cuộc thảm sát chuột ở Hà Nội.
6. Cuộc đại thảm sát chuột tại Hà Nội.
7. Massacre des rats de Hanoï.
8. Massacre des rats de Hanoï en 1902.