User:Donald Trung/Yong Le Tong Bao (永樂通寶)

Original draft

{{Infobox coin | Denomination = Yongle Tongbao<br>(永樂通寶) | Country = [[Ming dynasty]]<br>([[China]]){{efn|Imitations of the Yongle Tongbao were cast throughout the [[far east]], most commonly in [[Japan]] and [[Vietnam]].}} | Value = 1 ''[[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]]'' | Unit = | Mass_g = | Diameter_mm = | Diameter_inch = | Diameter_special =  | Thickness_mm = | Thickness_inch = | Thickness_special =  | Composition = 63-90% [[copper]] (Cu), 10-25% [[lead]] (Pb), 6-9% [[tin]] (Sn), and 0.04-0.18 % [[zinc]] (Zn).<ref>“An Investigation of the Using of Brass in Casting Coins in Ancient China” (我国古代黄铜铸钱考略) included in “A Collection of Chinese Numismatic Theses” (中国钱币论文集) published in 1992.</ref><br>[[Silver]]{{efn|Silver Yongle Tongbao cash coins are known to exist but are extremely rare.}} | Years of Minting = 1408–1424<ref>Numis' Numismatic Encyclopedia. [https://en.numista.com/numisdoc/a-reference-list-of-5000-years-of-chinese-coinage-97.html A reference list of 5000 years of Chinese coinage. (Numista)] Written on December 9, 2012 • Last edit: June 13, 2013 Retrieved: 30 July 2017.</ref> | Mintage =  | Circulation = | Catalog Number =  | Obverse = Eiraku-Tsuho.jpg | Obverse Design = Yongle Tongbao (永樂通寶) | Obverse Designer = | Obverse Design Date = | Obverse Discontinued = | Reverse = | Reverse Design = Usually blank, but inscriptions may be used.<ref>[[Baidu Baike]] - [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90%E9%80%9A%E5%AE%9D 永乐通宝]。Retrieved: 30 July 2018. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref><ref>李兆良．《坤舆万国全图解密-明代测绘世界》．台北：联经出版社，2012. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]])</ref><ref>李兆良．《宣德金牌启示录-明代开拓美洲》．台北：联经出版社，2013. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]])</ref> | Reverse Designer = | Reverse Design Date = | Reverse Discontinued = }} The '''Yongle Tongbao''' ([[Traditional Chinese]]: 永樂通寳; [[Simplified Chinese]]: 永乐通宝; [[Hanyu Pinyin]]: ''yǒnglè tōng bǎo''; [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: ''Eiraku Tsūhō''; [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: ''Vĩnh Lạc Thông Bảo'') refers to [[Ming dynasty]] era [[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese cash coin]] produced under the reign of the [[Yongle Emperor]]. As the Ming dynasty didn’t produce [[copper]] coinage at the time since it predominantly used [[silver coin]]s and [[paper money]] as the main currency, the records vary on when the Yongle Emperor ordered its creation between 1408 and 1410,{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=247}} this was done as the production of traditional cash-style coinage had earlier ceased in 1393. The Yongle Tongbao cash coins were notably not manufactured for the [[Economy of the Ming dynasty|internal Chinese market]] where silver coinage and paper money would continue to dominate, but were in fact produced to help stimulate [[international trade]] as Chinese cash coins were used as a common form of currency throughout [[South Asia|South]], [[Southeast Asia|Southeast]], and [[East Asia]]. As Yongle Tongbao cash coins were primarily used only for foreign trade, it is extremely uncommon for Yongle Tongbao coins to be found in archaeological digs within China's borders. In fact very few [[coin hoard]]s of [[Ming dynasty coinage|Ming dynasty coins]] in China ever contain any Yongle Tongbao coins, comparatively Yongle Tongbao coins are dug up in large quantities in countries like [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Indonesia]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]], [[South Korea]] and [[Japan]], these coin hoards often weigh tens of tons. Outside of Asia Yongle Tongbao cash coins have also been found in places like [[Africa]] and [[Yukon]].<ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/03/31/admiral-zheng-he-and-the-yongle-tongbao-coin/|title= Admiral Zheng He and the Yongle Tongbao Coin.|date=31 March 2013|accessdate=30 July 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> In [[Japan]] Eiraku Tsūhō (the Japanese reading of Yongle Tongbao) cash coins became a very common design and many private and government mints produced copies of the coin. The design of an Eiraku Tsūhō coin was also used on the flag of [[Oda Nobunaga]]. == In China == {{Main|Ming dynasty coinage}} After the Yongle Emperor had ordered their production the Yongle Tongbao cash coins started being produced in the [[Mint (facility)|mints]] of [[Beijing]], [[Nanjing]], and [[Fujian]] as well as the provincial mints of [[Zhejiang]] and [[Guangdong]]. However as these coins were primarily manufactured for foreign trade and to be carried by envoys of the Chinese court they generally did not circulate within China itself as silver coinage and banknotes would continue to remain the dominant media of exchange. Under subsequent rulers coinage could continue to only be sparsely produced.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=247}} == In Japan == {{See also|Japanese mon (currency)#Toraisen, Shichūsen, and Bitasen}} From 1587 Japan started exporting goods to China and received Chinese copper-alloy cash coins in return for payment, around this time the Japanese stopped minting their own coins and started relying heavily on Chinese cash coins as the internal demand for copper coinage increased. The Eiraku Tsūhō coin in Japan is known as a ''toraisen'' ("[[Tang dynasty|Tang]] money" or "Chinese money"), and other cash coins with Ming dynasty era inscriptions also started circulating in Japan. As the imports of Chinese cash coins didn’t fulfill the demand the Japanese market had many Japanese mints started casting reproductions of these toraisen which were known as ''shichūsen'', and ''shichūsen'' of inferior quality were known as ''bitasen'' or ''money made from bad metal''. These coins with Ming dynasty inscriptions remained in circulation in Japan until they were officially prohibited by the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] in 1608.<ref>Việt Touch [http://www.viettouch.com/numis/index.htm VIET NAM COINS & PAPER NOTES.] AUTHOR: Thuan D. Luc COLLECTION: Bao Tung Nguyen VIET NAM NUMISMATICS © Chi D. Nguyen Retrieved: 31 July 2018.</ref><ref>Dutch-Asiatic trade 1620-1740 by Kristof Glamann, Danish Science Press published.</ref><ref>Japanese coins in Southern Vietnam and the Dutch East India Company 1633-1638 by Dr. A van Aelst</ref><ref>History of the Yen by Hiroshi Shinjo, The Research Institute for Economics & Business Administration, Kobe University published.</ref><ref>Sources of Japanese Tradition by Ryusaku Tsunoda, WM Theodore de Bary, Donald Keene.</ref> Despite this however ''Bitasen'' continued to circulate within Japan, but from 1670 the ''Eiraku Tsūhō'' was completely prohibited from circulation and depreciated in favour of the government produced ''[[Kan'ei Tsūhō]]'' cash coins.<ref>[[Japan Mint]] - [http://www.mint.go.jp/eng/kids-eng/eng_kids_history.html History of Japanese coins]. Retrieved: 31 July 2018.</ref> === Association with Oda Nobunaga === [[File:Nobunaga flag.png|thumb|right|Nobunaga flag|The flag (''[[Nobori]]'') of [[Oda Nobunaga]] displaying Chinese ''Eiraku Tsūhō'' coins.]] On the 5th month of the year Eiroku 3 (永禄三, or 1560 in the [[Gregorian calendar]]), [[daimyō]] [[Oda Nobunaga]] was preparing for the [[Battle of Okehazama]] and while he had an army of forty thousand men, he could only gather around two and a half thousand soldiers for this decisive battle, Oda Nobunaga then went to pray for a victorious military campaign at the nearby [[Atsuta-jingū]], he asked the Gods to show him a sign that his prayers would be answered and while looking at a handful of Eiraku Tsūhō cash coins decided to throw them in the air, when they fell back on the ground they all landed with [[Coin flipping|heads up]], he took this as a sign that the Gods would bless him and informed his men that they shall be victorious as they Gods favoured them. After winning the battle he used the Eiraku Tsūhō as a motif for his [[nobori]] (a type of flag or banner) and then he had these Eiraku Tsūhō coins inlayed on the [[tsuba]] of the sword which he carried during the battle. After Oda Nobunaga’s forces were victorious his retainer [[Hayashi Hidesada]] said the the Gods must've really spoken through these coins to which Nobunaga replied by saying the [[Zen Buddhism|Zen Buddhist]] proverb "I only know that I'm okay with what I got" (吾唯知足, ''ware tada taru o shiru'') and presented to him an Eiraku Tsūhō coin of which both the obverse and reverse sides were heads. [[Mon (emblem)|Family crests]] with this proverb written around a square hole resembling a cash coin are not uncommon among military families. Another possibility as to why Oda Nobunaga used Eiraku Tsūhō cash coins as a motif on his nobori was because Eiraku Tsūhō were originally all imported from Ming China during the [[Muromachi period]] and spread throughout Japan as the ''[[de facto]]'' currency, speculation has it that Nobunaga tried to emulate this by having Eiraku Tsūhō as his emblem meaning that his power too shall spread throughout Japan. The tsuba Oda Nobunaga was carrying during his military campaigns which had the Eiraku Tsūhō inlayed into it was nicknamed the "invincibility tsuba" (まけずの鍔) as he had won all battles he had fought while carrying that tsuba. The Eiraku Tsūhō are divided on this tsuba with 6 being on the omote and 7 of them are displayed on the ura side. This tsuba was declared to be a [[kokuhō]] (national treasure) in 1920.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://markussesko.com/2013/05/30/the-invincibility-tsuba/|title= The „invincibility tsuba“.|date=30 May 2013|accessdate=31 July 2018|work= by Markus Sesko (Markus Sesko - Translation and Research Services for Japanese Art and Antiques.).|language=en}}</ref> == Influence on Ryukyuan coinage == {{Main|Ryukyuan mon}} [[File:Sekō Tsūhō - Dr. Luke Roberts 01.jpg|thumb|left|A Sekō Tsūhō (世高通寳) cash coin manufactured by using an altered Yongle Tongbao cash coin as a [[mother coin]].]] From 1461 the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]] under the reign of King [[Shō Toku]] started minting Sekō Tsūhō (世高通寳) cash coins based off of the Yongle Tongbao, these coins were manufactured by using circulating Yongle Tongbao coins as [[mother coin]]s and carving the characters Sekō (世高) out of the Yongle inscription on the top and bottom of the coin, this made the Sekou appear rounded while the Tsūhō (通寳) remained very angular, as copper shrinks during the cooling part of the manufacturing process these Sekō Tsūhō tend to be diminutive in size. Like regular Yongle Tongbao cash coins it’s not uncommon for Ryukyuan cash coins from this period to also be found in coin hoards in countries like Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/roberts/coins/Ryuukyuucoins.html|title=Ryuukyuuan coins|date=24 October 2003|accessdate=31 July 2018|work= Dr. Luke Roberts at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>九州歴史資料館 ([[Kyushu Historical Museum|Kyūshū Historical Museum]]) [http://www.fsg.pref.fukuoka.jp/kyureki/_common/pdf/ondemand/0411.pdf ｢大世通宝]・｢世高通宝」は琉球王国が発行したコイン .] (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]) Retrieved: 31 July 2018.</ref> == Yongle Tongbao cash coins in Kenya == {{See also|Africa–China relations#Historical relations}} Yongle Tongbao cash coins produced by the Ming dynasty have been unearthed in the [[East Africa]]n country of [[Kenya]], in 2010 a team of Kenyan and Chinese archeologists uncovered a Yongle Tongbao cash coin in the village of [[Mambrui]] which is just north of [[Malindi]], this coin and other objects of Chinese origin in the area were taken as evidence of how far [[Zheng He]]'s expedition reached as it is likely that this coin was brought to the island through the ventures of this Ming dynasty era Chinese explorer, this was seen as these researchers as proof that Zheng He also visited the area which is known today as Kenya.<ref name="bbc10">{{cite news| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11531398| publisher= [[BBC News]] | title= Could a rusty coin re-write Chinese-African history? | date= 17 October 2010 | accessdate= 30 July 2018}}</ref> In the year 2013 during a joint expedition to [[Manda Island]] the researchers Chapurukha Kusimba of the [[Field Museum of Natural History]] and Sloan Williams from the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]] found a Yongle Tongbao coin there, this coin was also attributed as being likely brought there during Zheng He's expedition.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/six-centuries-ago-chinese-explorers-left-this-coin-behind-in-africa-2810588/#x9gfZZ2HZUYEvvQf.99|title= Six Centuries Ago, Chinese Explorers Left This Coin Behind in Africa - Emperor Yongle was perhaps best know for starting the initial construction of Beijing’s Forbidden City, but he also sent huge fleets of ships, under the command of admiral Zheng He, out across the ocean to faraway lands.|date=15 March 2013|accessdate=31 July 2018|work= by Rachel Nuwer ([[Smithsonian magazine|SmartNews - Keeping you current]]).|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2293189/600-year-old-coin-proves-China-trading-East-Africa-BEFORE-Europeans-arrived.html|title= The 600-year-old coin that proves China was trading with East Africa BEFORE Europeans arrived.|date=14 March 2013|accessdate=31 July 2018|work= Mark Prigg (The [[Daily Mail]]).|language=en}}</ref> == Notes == {{Notes}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). ''Cast Chinese Coins''. [[Trafford]], [[United Kingdom]]: Trafford Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1412054669}}. {{Commonscat|Eiraku Tsūhō}} {{Chinese cash coin}} {{Ming dynasty topics}} {{Chinese currency and coinage}} {{Japanese cash coin}} [[:Category:Coins of China]] [[:Category:Economy of China]] [[:Category:Chinese numismatics]] [[:Category:Ming dynasty]] .

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July & August 2018.

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/roberts/coins/Ryuukyuucoins.html|title=Ryuukyuuan coins|date=24 October 2003|accessdate=31 July 2018|work= Dr. Luke Roberts at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara]] |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/03/31/admiral-zheng-he-and-the-yongle-tongbao-coin/|title= Admiral Zheng He and the Yongle Tongbao Coin.|date=31 March 2013|accessdate=30 July 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>