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Plutchik's wheel of emotions

[edit]
  Anticipation
  Joy
  Trust
  Fear
  Surprise
  Sadness
  Disgust
  Anger
The primary, secondary and tertiary dyads.

In 1980, Robert Plutchik diagrammed a wheel of eight emotions: joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger and anticipation, inspired by his Ten Postulates.[1][2] Plutchik also theorized twenty-four "Primary", "Secondary", and "Tertiary" dyads (feelings composed of two emotions).[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The wheel emotions can be paired in four groups:

Primary dyad = one petal apart = Love = Joy + Trust
Secondary dyad = two petals apart = Envy = Sadness + Anger
Tertiary dyad = three petals apart = Shame = Fear + Disgust
Opposite emotions = four petals apart = AnticipationSurprise

There are also triads, emotions formed from 3 primary emotions.[10] This leads to a combination of 24 dyads and 32 triads, making 56 emotions at 1 intensity level.[11] Emotions can be mild or intense;[12] for example, distraction is a mild form of surprise, and rage is an intense form of anger. The kinds of relation between each pair of emotions are:

Emotions and opposites
Mild emotion Mild opposite Basic emotion Basic opposite Intense emotion Intense opposite
Serenity Pensiveness
Gloominess
Joy
Cheerfulness
Sadness
Dejection
Ecstasy
Elation
Grief
Sorrow
Acceptance
Tolerance
Boredom
Dislike
Trust Disgust
Aversion
Admiration
Adoration
Loathing
Revulsion
Apprehension
Dismay
Annoyance
Irritation
Fear
Fright
Anger
Hostility
Terror
Panic
Rage
Fury
Distraction
Uncertainty
Interest
Attentiveness
Surprise Anticipation
Expectancy
Amazement
Astonishment
Vigilance
Dyads (Combinations)
Human feelings Emotions Opposite feelings Emotions
Optimism
Courage
Anticipation + Joy Disapproval
Disappointment
Surprise + Sadness
Hope
Fatalism
Anticipation + Trust Unbelief
Shock
Surprise + Disgust
Anxiety
Dread
Anticipation + Fear Outrage
Hate
Surprise + Anger
Love
Friendliness
Joy + Trust Remorse
Misery
Sadness + Disgust
Guilt
Excitement
Joy + Fear Envy
Sullenness
Sadness + Anger
Delight
Doom
Joy + Surprise Pessimism Sadness + Anticipation
Submission
Modesty
Trust + Fear Contempt
Scorn
Disgust + Anger
Curiosity Trust + Surprise Cynicism Disgust + Anticipation
Sentimentality
Resignation
Trust + Sadness Morbidness
Derisiveness
Disgust + Joy
Awe
Alarm
Fear + Surprise Aggressiveness
Vengeance
Anger + Anticipation
Despair Fear + Sadness Pride
Victory
Anger + Joy
Shame
Prudishness
Fear + Disgust Dominance Anger + Trust
Opposite combinations[6]
Human feelings Emotions
Conflict
Bittersweetness
Joy + Sadness
Conflict
Ambivalence
Trust + Disgust
Conflict
Frozenness
Fear + Anger
Conflict
Confusion
Surprise + Anticipation

Similar emotions in the wheel are adjacent to each other.[13] Anger, Anticipation, Joy, and Trust are positive in valence, while Fear, Surprise, Sadness, and Disgust are negative in valence. Anger is classified as a "positive" emotion because it involves "moving toward" a goal[14], while surprise is negative because it is a violation of someone's territory.[15] The emotion dyads each have half-opposites and exact opposites:[16]

Anticipation, Joy, Surprise, Sadness
+ Sadness Joy
Anticipation Pessimism Optimism
Surprise Disapproval Delight
Joy, Trust, Sadness, Disgust
+ Disgust Trust
Joy Morbidness Love
Sadness Remorse Sentimentality
Trust, Fear, Disgust, Anger
+ Fear Anger
Trust Submission Dominance
Disgust Shame Contempt
Fear, Surprise, Anger, Anticipation
+ Surprise Anticipation
Anger Outrage Aggressiveness
Fear Awe Anxiety
Trust, Surprise, Disgust, Anticipation
+ Surprise Anticipation
Trust Curiosity Hope
Disgust Unbelief Cynicism
Joy, Fear, Sadness, Anger
+ Fear Anger
Joy Guilt Pride
Sadness Despair Envy
  1. ^ "Basic Emotions—Plutchik". Personalityresearch.org. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  2. ^ Plutchik, R. "The Nature of Emotions". American Scientist. Archived from the original on July 16, 2001. Retrieved 14 April 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  3. ^ "Robert Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions" (PDF). Adliterate.com. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
  4. ^ Jonathan Turner (1 June 2000). On the Origins of Human Emotions: A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect. Stanford University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-8047-6436-0.
  5. ^ Atifa Athar; M. Saleem Khan; Khalil Ahmed; Aiesha Ahmed; Nida Anwar (June 2011). "A Fuzzy Inference System for Synergy Estimation of Simultaneous Emotion Dynamics in Agents". International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 2 (6).
  6. ^ a b TenHouten, Warren D. (1 December 2016). Alienation and Affect. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317678533. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.
  7. ^ Chorianopoulos, Konstantinos; Divitini, Monica; Hauge, Jannicke Baalsrud; Jaccheri, Letizia; Malaka, Rainer (24 September 2015). Entertainment Computing - ICEC 2015: 14th International Conference, ICEC 2015, Trondheim, Norway, September 29 - October 2, 2015, Proceedings. Springer. ISBN 9783319245898. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ Plutchik, Robert (25 June 1991). The Emotions. University Press of America. ISBN 9780819182869. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.
  9. ^ O'Shaughnessy, John (4 December 2012). Consumer Behaviour: Perspectives, Findings and Explanations. Macmillan International Higher Education. ISBN 9781137003782. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.
  10. ^ Plutchik, Robert (31 December 1991). The Emotions. University Press of America. ISBN 9780819182869. Retrieved 31 December 2018 – via Google Books.
  11. ^ Izard, Carroll Ellis (31 December 1971). "The face of emotion". Appleton-Century-Crofts. Retrieved 31 December 2018 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ "The Nature of Emotions" (PDF). Emotionalcompetency.com. Retrieved 2017-09-16.
  13. ^ Plutchik, Robert (16 September 1991). The Emotions. University Press of America. p. 110. ISBN 9780819182869. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ TenHouten, Warren D. (23 June 2014). "Emotion and Reason: Mind, Brain, and the Social Domains of Work and Love". Routledge. Retrieved 10 December 2019 – via Google Books.
  15. ^ TenHouten, Warren D. (22 November 2006). "A General Theory of Emotions and Social Life". Routledge. Retrieved 10 December 2019 – via Google Books.
  16. ^ TenHouten, Warren D. (22 November 2006). "A General Theory of Emotions and Social Life". Routledge. Retrieved 10 December 2019 – via Google Books.