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Plutchik's wheel of emotions[edit]

Anticipation

Joy

Trust

Fear

Surprise

Sadness

Disgust

Anger

The primary, secondary and tertiary dyads.

In 1980, Robert Plutchik diagrammed a wheel of eight emotions: joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger and anticipation, inspired by his Ten Postulates.^[1]^[2] Plutchik also theorized twenty-four "Primary", "Secondary", and "Tertiary" dyads (feelings composed of two emotions).^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] The wheel emotions can be paired in four groups:

Primary dyad = one petal apart = Love = Joy + Trust

Secondary dyad = two petals apart = Envy = Sadness + Anger

Tertiary dyad = three petals apart = Shame = Fear + Disgust

Opposite emotions = four petals apart = Anticipation ∉ Surprise

There are also triads, emotions formed from 3 primary emotions.^[10] This leads to a combination of 24 dyads and 32 triads, making 56 emotions at 1 intensity level.^[11] Emotions can be mild or intense;^[12] for example, distraction is a mild form of surprise, and rage is an intense form of anger. The kinds of relation between each pair of emotions are:

Emotions and opposites
Mild emotion	Mild opposite	Basic emotion	Basic opposite	Intense emotion	Intense opposite
Serenity	Pensiveness Gloominess	Joy Cheerfulness	Sadness Dejection	Ecstasy Elation	Grief Sorrow
Acceptance Tolerance	Boredom Dislike	Trust	Disgust Aversion	Admiration Adoration	Loathing Revulsion
Apprehension Dismay	Annoyance Irritation	Fear Fright	Anger Hostility	Terror Panic	Rage Fury
Distraction Uncertainty	Interest Attentiveness	Surprise	Anticipation Expectancy	Amazement Astonishment	Vigilance

Dyads (Combinations)
Human feelings	Emotions	Opposite feelings	Emotions
Optimism Courage	Anticipation + Joy	Disapproval Disappointment	Surprise + Sadness
Hope Fatalism	Anticipation + Trust	Unbelief Shock	Surprise + Disgust
Anxiety Dread	Anticipation + Fear	Outrage Hate	Surprise + Anger
Love Friendliness	Joy + Trust	Remorse Misery	Sadness + Disgust
Guilt Excitement	Joy + Fear	Envy Sullenness	Sadness + Anger
Delight Doom	Joy + Surprise	Pessimism	Sadness + Anticipation
Submission Modesty	Trust + Fear	Contempt Scorn	Disgust + Anger
Curiosity	Trust + Surprise	Cynicism	Disgust + Anticipation
Sentimentality Resignation	Trust + Sadness	Morbidness Derisiveness	Disgust + Joy
Awe Alarm	Fear + Surprise	Aggressiveness Vengeance	Anger + Anticipation
Despair	Fear + Sadness	Pride Victory	Anger + Joy
Shame Prudishness	Fear + Disgust	Dominance	Anger + Trust

Opposite combinations^[6]
Human feelings	Emotions
Conflict Bittersweetness	Joy + Sadness
Conflict Ambivalence	Trust + Disgust
Conflict Frozenness	Fear + Anger
Conflict Confusion	Surprise + Anticipation

Similar emotions in the wheel are adjacent to each other.^[13] Anger, Anticipation, Joy, and Trust are positive in valence, while Fear, Surprise, Sadness, and Disgust are negative in valence. Anger is classified as a "positive" emotion because it involves "moving toward" a goal^[14], while surprise is negative because it is a violation of someone's territory.^[15] The emotion dyads each have half-opposites and exact opposites:^[16]

Anticipation, Joy, Surprise, Sadness
+	Sadness	Joy
Anticipation	Pessimism	Optimism
Surprise	Disapproval	Delight

Joy, Trust, Sadness, Disgust
+	Disgust	Trust
Joy	Morbidness	Love
Sadness	Remorse	Sentimentality

Trust, Fear, Disgust, Anger
+	Fear	Anger
Trust	Submission	Dominance
Disgust	Shame	Contempt

Fear, Surprise, Anger, Anticipation
+	Surprise	Anticipation
Anger	Outrage	Aggressiveness
Fear	Awe	Anxiety

Trust, Surprise, Disgust, Anticipation
+	Surprise	Anticipation
Trust	Curiosity	Hope
Disgust	Unbelief	Cynicism

Joy, Fear, Sadness, Anger
+	Fear	Anger
Joy	Guilt	Pride
Sadness	Despair	Envy

^ "Basic Emotions—Plutchik". Personalityresearch.org. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
^ Plutchik, R. "The Nature of Emotions". American Scientist. Archived from the original on July 16, 2001. Retrieved 14 April 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Robert Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions" (PDF). Adliterate.com. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
^ Jonathan Turner (1 June 2000). On the Origins of Human Emotions: A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect. Stanford University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-8047-6436-0.
^ Atifa Athar; M. Saleem Khan; Khalil Ahmed; Aiesha Ahmed; Nida Anwar (June 2011). "A Fuzzy Inference System for Synergy Estimation of Simultaneous Emotion Dynamics in Agents". International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 2 (6).
^ ^a ^b TenHouten, Warren D. (1 December 2016). Alienation and Affect. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317678533. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.
^ Chorianopoulos, Konstantinos; Divitini, Monica; Hauge, Jannicke Baalsrud; Jaccheri, Letizia; Malaka, Rainer (24 September 2015). Entertainment Computing - ICEC 2015: 14th International Conference, ICEC 2015, Trondheim, Norway, September 29 - October 2, 2015, Proceedings. Springer. ISBN 9783319245898. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.
^ Plutchik, Robert (25 June 1991). The Emotions. University Press of America. ISBN 9780819182869. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.
^ O'Shaughnessy, John (4 December 2012). Consumer Behaviour: Perspectives, Findings and Explanations. Macmillan International Higher Education. ISBN 9781137003782. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.
^ Plutchik, Robert (31 December 1991). The Emotions. University Press of America. ISBN 9780819182869. Retrieved 31 December 2018 – via Google Books.
^ Izard, Carroll Ellis (31 December 1971). "The face of emotion". Appleton-Century-Crofts. Retrieved 31 December 2018 – via Google Books.
^ "The Nature of Emotions" (PDF). Emotionalcompetency.com. Retrieved 2017-09-16.
^ Plutchik, Robert (16 September 1991). The Emotions. University Press of America. p. 110. ISBN 9780819182869. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via Google Books.
^ TenHouten, Warren D. (23 June 2014). "Emotion and Reason: Mind, Brain, and the Social Domains of Work and Love". Routledge. Retrieved 10 December 2019 – via Google Books.
^ TenHouten, Warren D. (22 November 2006). "A General Theory of Emotions and Social Life". Routledge. Retrieved 10 December 2019 – via Google Books.
^ TenHouten, Warren D. (22 November 2006). "A General Theory of Emotions and Social Life". Routledge. Retrieved 10 December 2019 – via Google Books.

[1] "Basic Emotions—Plutchik". Personalityresearch.org. Retrieved 1 September 2017.

[2] Plutchik, R. "The Nature of Emotions". American Scientist. Archived from the original on July 16, 2001. Retrieved 14 April 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[3] "Robert Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions" (PDF). Adliterate.com. Retrieved 2017-06-05.

[Turner2000-4] Jonathan Turner (1 June 2000). On the Origins of Human Emotions: A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect. Stanford University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-8047-6436-0.

[5] Atifa Athar; M. Saleem Khan; Khalil Ahmed; Aiesha Ahmed; Nida Anwar (June 2011). "A Fuzzy Inference System for Synergy Estimation of Simultaneous Emotion Dynamics in Agents". International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 2 (6).

[auto-6] TenHouten, Warren D. (1 December 2016). Alienation and Affect. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317678533. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.

[7] Chorianopoulos, Konstantinos; Divitini, Monica; Hauge, Jannicke Baalsrud; Jaccheri, Letizia; Malaka, Rainer (24 September 2015). Entertainment Computing - ICEC 2015: 14th International Conference, ICEC 2015, Trondheim, Norway, September 29 - October 2, 2015, Proceedings. Springer. ISBN 9783319245898. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.

[8] Plutchik, Robert (25 June 1991). The Emotions. University Press of America. ISBN 9780819182869. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.

[9] O'Shaughnessy, John (4 December 2012). Consumer Behaviour: Perspectives, Findings and Explanations. Macmillan International Higher Education. ISBN 9781137003782. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via Google Books.

[10] Plutchik, Robert (31 December 1991). The Emotions. University Press of America. ISBN 9780819182869. Retrieved 31 December 2018 – via Google Books.

[11] Izard, Carroll Ellis (31 December 1971). "The face of emotion". Appleton-Century-Crofts. Retrieved 31 December 2018 – via Google Books.

[12] "The Nature of Emotions" (PDF). Emotionalcompetency.com. Retrieved 2017-09-16.

[13] Plutchik, Robert (16 September 1991). The Emotions. University Press of America. p. 110. ISBN 9780819182869. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via Google Books.

[14] TenHouten, Warren D. (23 June 2014). "Emotion and Reason: Mind, Brain, and the Social Domains of Work and Love". Routledge. Retrieved 10 December 2019 – via Google Books.

[15] TenHouten, Warren D. (22 November 2006). "A General Theory of Emotions and Social Life". Routledge. Retrieved 10 December 2019 – via Google Books.

[16] TenHouten, Warren D. (22 November 2006). "A General Theory of Emotions and Social Life". Routledge. Retrieved 10 December 2019 – via Google Books.

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