User:Dumelow/List of Saint-Cyr classes

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Statuette commemorating the "Djurdjura" class of 1856-58
Memorial commemorating those who were killed in action from the classes of the "centenary of the Battle of Montmirail" (1912-14) and the "centenary of the Battle of Camarón" (1962-64)
Insignia of the class of 200-10 (named for Lieutenant Carrelet de Loisy)
Insignia of the class of 1971-73 (named for Captain Danjou)

fr:Liste des promotions de Saint-Cyr

The naming ceremony takes place at the end of the first year. The third battalion (1st year students) take their name before progressing into the 2nd battalion. Name are typically hostircal events or historical military personailities. The class name is often used to denote the time the cadet studied at the school. https://www.f-sc.org/Les-activites-des-eleves-officiers

2016-19 class was so named on 22 July 2017. The "debaptism" of the class was without precident since WWII. Announcement was made 17 November 2018 by General Jean-Pierre Bosser, Chief of Staff of the Army. Loustanau-Lacau had become a celebrated figure of the far right in France. He had been removed from the army in 1938 for anti-communist activities. Tried at the end of the war and found innocent he was rehabilitated and promoted to General the day before his death. Each class choses its name in a process involving the cadets and the commander of the school. LOpinion stated that it showed the right wing tendancies of the traditional french officer class.The Defense Historical Service (SHD) in Vincennes is consulted on the choice of name, but only the symbology section not the historians - a cursory check of L-L's military record showed a stellar career. Concenrs were raised at a June 2018 symposium on military resistance organised by SHD and SciencesPo. The class offered to pay a tribute to Loustanau-Lacau at the symposium but historians raised the chequered past. The SHD conducted reseatch and sent a note to the political and military authorities raising concerns over the name. Tehy secured a copy of a letter from L-L to the German ambassador in August 1940 offering hi services, via the German Army histoircal service. The class was debaptised ahead of potential embarrassment at the annual 14 July parade on the Champs Elysees. No sanctions were made but the process has been reformed so that the SHD now carries out a full historical research into the namesake of any future class. https://www.lopinion.fr/blog/secret-defense/saint-cyr-coetquidan-promotion-loustaunau-lacau-figure-d-extreme-169088

The class of 1940-42 later raised concerns over their name - the collaborationist Marshal Petain but was advised by General de Gaulle that the naming of a class of St Syr is a historic moment and must be kept no matter whay happens. French General and commander of the school Bruno Dary laid the blame at the door of the defence historical service who he said had vetted the name. Dary stated that L-L was a hero of both world wars who had, at one time, made questionable decisions and writings, when viewed from the modern viewpoint. https://www.saint-cyr.org/article/la-saint-cyrienne-et-la-general-loustaunau-lacau/19/11/2018/950?fbclid=IwAR1HEWvQpo9eJdvqEYuO3Du8Jhoz77YWbAzss1BoDBHsoExUaVZZAYqBOVc

The 2018 class was originally named for General Georges Loustaunau-Lacau, a French army officer who was staunchly anti-communist. He served Vichy France before joining the French resistance for which he was imprisoned in Mauthausen concentration camp. However he was known to have made anti-semitic marks in the inter-war period https://www.bvoltaire.fr/on-debaptise-une-promotion-de-saint-cyr-alors-debaptisons-aussi-la-derniere-promotion-de-lena/

The first named class was the 13th (1830-32) which was known as the Firmament. The origin is unknown but refers to the highest of the four celestial spheres in Greek mythology. Home to the stars and the gods. May derived from the symbolic baton of a Marshal of France which is blue with stars, with which every cadet would be familiar and aspire to. https://www.saint-cyr.org/medias/editor/files/1830-1832-13e-promotion-sans-nom.pdf

p151: There was a trend from the late 1870s for classes to take colonial names. Inspired by the increasing prestige of France marines and colonial forces. Between then at the WWI fully half of all names had colonial roots - including "Zulu", "Khroumire" and "Sudan". This co-incided with a time where it was fashionable for cadets to chose to serve in the marines. Prior to this the marine infantry were often left with the lowest ranked cadets in their class. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SiCRnNwl3EYC&pg=PA151&dq=st+cyr+class+names&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3s-uhu_rhAhWHWxUIHWJuAmIQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=st%20cyr%20class%20names&f=false

p35. Class of 1940 was subject to an accelerated 6 mopnth course instead of the usual 2 years and graduated 16 March. Chose the name "Franco-British Friendship". https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uz8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35&dq=st+cyr+class+names&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3s-uhu_rhAhWHWxUIHWJuAmIQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=st%20cyr%20class%20names&f=false

"Especially important was the choice of a class name, usually based on a famous hero or current historical event." p16 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NxYiAQAAIAAJ

"What in America we term classes, in Saint-Cyr are termed promotions or promos. For decades each promo bears a name chosen by the cadets themselves, the name generally of some person, historical incident or locality. " 0177 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4VtmAAAAMAAJ

"After coordinating with the national military history and heraldry sections, one name is approved. ... Rather than “Class of '99," graduates simply identify themselves as “Promotion General La Lande." p71 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pOTMIzry0SgC


List[edit]

https://www.saint-cyr.org/page/espace-histoire

Class number Date Class Name Namesake Ref
No. 206 2019-2022 Capitaine Maurice Anjot
No. 205 2018-2021 Compagnons de la Libération[1]
No. 204 2017-2020 Général Fourcade
No. 203 2016-2019 Général Georges Loustaunau-Lacau
No. 202 2015-2018 Général Saint-Hillier
No. 201 2014-2017 Chef d'escadrons de Neuchèze[2]
No. 200 2013-2016 Capitaine Hervouët[3]
No. 199 2012-2015 des lieutenants Thomazo[4]
No. 198 2011-2014 de Castelnau[5]
No. 197 2010-2013 Chef de bataillon Bulle[6]
No. 196 2009-2012 Capitaine de Cacqueray[7]
No. 195 2008-2011 Chef d'escadrons Francoville[8]
No. 194 2007-2010 Lieutenant Carrelet de Loisy[9]
No. 193 2006-2009 Chef de bataillon Segrétain
No. 192 2005-2008 Capitaine Beaumont
No. 191 2004-2007 Lieutenant Brunbrouck
No. 190 2003-2006 Général Simon[10]
No. 189 2002-2005 Général de Galbert[11]
No. 188 2001-2004 Général Vanbremeersch[12]
No. 187 2000-2003 Général Béthouart
No. 186 1999-2002 du Bicentenaire de Saint-Cyr
No. 185 1998-2001 Chef d'escadrons Raffalli[13]
No. 184 1997-2000 France combattante
No. 183 1996-1999 Général Lalande
No. 182 1995-1998 Colonel Cazeilles
No. 181 1994-1997 Commandant Morin
No. 180 1993-1996 Maréchal Lannes
No. 179 1992-1995 Capitaine Stéphane
No. 178 1991-1994 Chef de bataillon de Cointet
No. 177 1990-1993 Général Guillaume
No. 176 1989-1992 Capitaine Hamacek[14]
No. 175 1988-1991 Général Delestraint
No. 174 1987-1990 Lieutenant Tom Morel[15]
No. 173 1986-1989 Général Jean Callies
No. 172 1985-1988 Cadets de la France libre
No. 171 1984-1987 Général Monclar
No. 170 1983-1986 Lieutenant-colonel Gaucher
No. 169 1982-1985 Général de Monsabert
No. 168 1981-1983 Grande Armée
No. 167 1980-1982 Montcalm
No. 166 1979-1981 Général Lasalle
No. 165 1978-1980 Général Rollet
No. 164 1977-1979 Maréchal Davout
No. 163 1976-1978 Capitaine de Cathelineau
No. 162 1975-1977 Capitaine Henri Guilleminot
No. 161 1974-1976 Lieutenant Darthenay[16]
No. 160 1973-1975 Maréchal de Turenne
No. 159 1972-1974 de Linares
No. 158 1971-1973 Capitaine Danjou
No. 157 1970-1972 Général de Gaulle
No. 156 1969-1971 Général Gilles
No. 155 1968-1970 Souvenir de Napoléon
No. 154 1967-1969 Brunet de Sairigné
No. 153 1966-1968 Maréchal Juin
No. 152 1965-1967 Lieutenant-colonel Driant
No. 151 1964-1966 Corse et Provence
No. 150 1963-1965 Serment de 14
No. 149 1962-1964 Centenaire de Camerone
No. 148 1961-1963 Bir Hakeim
No. 147 1960-1962 Vercors
No. 146 1959-1961 Lieutenant-colonel Jeanpierre
No. 145 1958-1960 Maréchal Bugeaud
No. 144 1957-1959 Terre d'Afrique
No. 143 1956-1958 Général Laperrine
No. 142 1955-1957 Franchet d'Espèrey
No. 141 1954-1956 Lieutenant-colonel Amilakvari
No. 140 1953-1955 Ceux de Diên Biên Phu
No. 139 1952-1954 Union française
No. 138 1951-1953 Maréchal de Lattre
No. 137 1950-1952 Extrême-Orient
No. 136 1949-1951 Garigliano
No. 135 1948-1950 Général Frère
No. 134 1947-1949 Rhin et Danube
No. 133 1946-1948 Général Leclerc
No. 132 1945-1947 Nouveau Bahut
No. 131 1944 Rome et Strasbourg
No. 130 1943 Veille au Drapeau
No. 129 juin 1944 18 juin
No. 129 déce 1943 Corse et Savoie
No. 129 juin 1943 Fezzan-Tunisie
No. 129 déce 1942 Bir Hakeim
No. 129 juin 1942 Libération
No. 129 1942 Croix de Provence
No. 128 1941-1942 Charles de Foucauld
No. 127 1940-1942 Maréchal Pétain
No. 126 1939-1940 Amitié Franco-Britannique
No. 125 1938-1939 de la Plus Grande France
No. 124 1937-1939 Marne et Verdun (dernière promotion à faire toute sa scolarité à Saint-Cyr-l'École)
No. 123 1936-1938 du Soldat inconnu
No. 122 1935-1937 du Maréchal Lyautey
121 1934-1936 du Roi Alexandre 1er de Yougoslavie "King Alexander I of Yugoslavia" who was assassinated in Marseille on 9 October 1934 during a state visit to France. In 1935 a Yugoslav government delegation visited the academy to mark the assassination. A detachment of Serbian cadets presented each French cadet with a badge in memory of Alexander I. This received retrospective approval by the ministry of war and is now regarded as the first class insignia. [17]
120 1933-1935 du Roi Albert 1er "King Albert I", ruler of Belgium who died on 17 February 1934. [18]
119 1932-1934 de Bournazel After Captain Henri de Bournazel [fr], a French cavalry officer who was killed in action on 28 February 1933 during the final stages of the French conquest of Morocco. [19][20]
118 1931-1933 du Tafilalet After the French name for the Tafilalt region of Morocco, one of the last regions of the territory to be pacified. A French governor was apppointed for the region in January 1932. [21]
117 1930-1932 Joffre After Joseph Joffre, commander-in-chief of French forces on the Western Front 1914-16 [22]
116 1929-1931 Mangin After Charles Mangin, a colonial and First World War French general who had died in 1925. The name had previously been chosen for the 111th class (1924-26) but had been vetoed on that occasion by the Minister of War Paul Painlevé. [23][24]
115 1928-1930 Maréchal Foch "Marshal Foch" after the French general who was appointed Supreme Allied Commander in May 1918. [25][26]
114 1927-1929 Maréchal Galliéni "Marshal Gallieni" after the French general and military governor of Paris during the 1914 Battle of the Marne. Gallieni died in 1916 and was posthumously made a marshal of France in 1921. [27]
113 1926-1928 du Sous-Lieutenant Pol Lapeyre "Second Lieutenant Pol Lapeyre [fr]", after the French army officer and Saint-Cyr graduate who was besieged at Beni Derkoul during the Rif War. On 15 June 1925 after 61 days under siege, and with the post about to fall into enemy hands, he detonated the magazine killing himself but preventing the ammunition from being captured. [28]
112 1925-1927 du Maroc et Syrie "Morocco and Syria" in recognition of progress made by French forces in the pacification of Morocco and the suppression of the Great Syrian Revolt. [29]
111 1924-1926 du Rif The class was originally to have been named after General Charles Mangin who died in May 1925. Mangin's support for the establishment of a Rhenish Republic in French-occupied Germany was opposed by the Minister of War Paul Painlevé who vetoed the name. General Albert Tanant [fr] formally named the class du Rif in June 1925. This name was chosen to reflect the Rif War in Spanish Morocco, in which France intervened earlier that year. The choice was controversial as the war was going badly at the time and the class did not want to carry the name of a defeat. [24]
110 1923-1925 du Chevalier Bayard "Knight Bayard" to mark the 400th anniversary of the death of the French knight Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard at the 1524 Battle of the Sesia. [30]
109 1922-1924 de Metz et Strasbourg After the two principal cities of Alsace-Lorraine which was restored to France at the end of the First World War. [31]
108 1921-1923 du Souvenir "Remembrance" in recognition of the unveiling on 20 May 1921 of a memorial listing the 4,865 school graduates killed during the First World War. As a mark of honour the President of France Alexandre Millerand also awarded the school the Croix de Guerre, which was borne on its flag cravat (a piece of fabric hung from the finial). [32]
107 1920-1922 de la Devise du Drapeau "The flag motto" in recognition of the motto Ils s’instruisent pour vaincre ("They study to vanquish") that was added to the school flag on 3 December 1921. This motto had been used by the school during the First French Empire. [33]
106 1920-1921 de la Dernière de la Grande Guerre "The last of the Great War as this class was the last to admit veterans of the First World War alongside the usual entrants taken direct from school. [34]
105 1919-1921 de la Garde au Rhin "The Guard on the Rhine" in recognition of the restoration of Alsace, whose border with Germany was the Rhine river, to France. The class, which included 104 new entrants as well as the 41 remaining from the 104th class, had requested to be named after General Édouard de Castelnau, an army group commander during the First World War. Castelnau declined the honour and suggested the class name themselves after the new border. [35]
104 1919-1920 des Croix de Guerre 1914-1918 "The Crosses of War" after the Croix de Guerre medal that was held by almost all of those in this class. Many officers who joined during the First World War had no opportunity to take the school entrance exams when classes resumed in 1916. Instead at the war's end some 1,000 veterans with temporary commissions attended a four month course at the army's non-commisisoned officer school. Afterwards 291 were admitted to Saint-Cyr; the 250 who had held temporary officer commissions graduated 8 July 1920 while the remainder, former NCOs, graduated in the 105th class in 1921. [36]
103 1918-1920 Victoire "Victory" in honour of the allied victory in the First World War [37]
102 1917-1918 La Fayette "La Fayette" after the French name of Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, a French officer who fought in the American War of Independence and the French Revolution. The class selected the name as they graduated in July 1918 and Lafayette was famous for his role in the 1830 July Revolution. [38]
101 1917-1918 de Sainte Odile "Saint Odile", in honour of the patron saint of Alsace, which it was hoped to reclaim during the First World War. This class was admitted to the school simultaneously with that of the 102nd class but had received around 4 months prior instruction by veteran officers and non-commissioned officers at regimental depots. They were split into separate platoons at the school and the 101st class graduated early, on 20 February 1918. [38]
100 1916-1917 des drapeaux et de l'amitié Américaine "Flags and American friendship". This class was the first to graduate during the war. It participated in the 14 July 1917 parade in Paris to mark the American entry into the war. The school flag was carried by this class at the parade and the class desired to take this name. The school authorities preferred a name that related to the United States to mark financial contributions made by American citizens to the families of St Cyr graduates killed during the war. A combined name was assigned but, feeling that it had been imposed upon them the class opted to be known unofficially as the Centième (the "hundreth") after their class number. [39]
99 1914 de la Grande Revanche "The great revenge" after the revanchist movement in France that sought to restore the province of Alsace-Lorraine, lost after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. This class did not formally enter the academy, having only sat their entry examination and being partway through the entry interviews when the First World War broke out in July 1914. The cadets were instead sent to regimental depots immediately where they received intensive instruction, before being appointed as second lieutenants in December 1914; though some managed to arrange earlier postings. Lacking the usual naming ceremony this class was formally named by Général de Division Louis de Garnier des Garets, president of the academy, in January 1915. The survivors of this class returned to the academy after the war to complete their course, alongside the 98th class. [40][41]
98 1913-1914 de la Croix du Drapeau "The cross of the flag" to mark the 1914 award of the legion of honour to the academy. The academy incorporated a representation of the award's cross on the cravat (a piece of fabric hung from the finial) of its flag. This class graduated early (after just ten months instructed) to be commissioned as second lieutenants due to the outbreak of the First World War. The class returned after the war to formally complete their training at the academy, [42]
97 1912-1914 de Montmirail "Montmirail" to mark the 1814 battle where Napoleon defeated Russian and Prussian force. In 1913 the army's policy changed such that the year cadets served with the regiments would now be carried out as a "sandwich" year between two years at the academy (rather than comprising the first year of training). This class graduated in 1914, after two years training, as part of a transition into the new system. [43]
96 1911-1914 des Marie-Louise "Marie-Louise" after the nickname for the conscripts of 1814-15, who were raised under the authority of Marie Louise, Empress of France. These troops were used to supplement the veterans of the Grande Armée in Napoleon's later campaigns. [44]
95 1910-1913 de la Moskova "The Moskva", the French name for the Battle of Borodino where Napoleon defeated the Russians on 7 September 1812 [45]
94 1909-1912 de Fès "Fez", which was then the capital of Morocco. In 1911 French troops arrived in the city to relieve Sultan Abd al-Hafid who had been beseiged by rebels. This marked the start of direct French intervention in the territory and triggered the Agadir Crisis, a dispute with Germany. [46]
93 1908-1911 de Mauritanie "Mauritania" to mark the arrival of French forces under Henri Gouraud at Atar in 1909 as part of a campaign to pacify the colony. [47]
92 1907-1910 du Maroc "Morocco" to mark the commencement of the French conquest of that territory in 1907. [48]
91 1906-1909 du Centenaire de l’Ecole "The centenary of the school" to mark the 100th anniversary of the relocation of the academy from Fontainebleau to Saint-Cyr-l'École in July 1808. [49]
90 bis (additional) 1906-1908 des Cinq "The five". A change of policy was implemented on 21 March 1905 which required officer candidates to serve one year in the army before joining the academy. The first year was considered their initial class year so subsequently all classes became three years long rather than two. In the class of 1906 five candidates had already served and so were permitted to join the academy as a special case. They completed their studies alongside 90th and 91st classes and were commissioned as second lieutenants in 1908 (the only officers to graduate from the school in that year). The 1912 academy yearbook defines the five as a separate class but subsequent directories list them as part of the 91st class. The Saint Cyrienne historical association refers to it as the 90th bis (additional) class. [50]
90 1905-1907 la Dernière du Vieux Bahut "The last of the old chest". From 21 March 1905 it was decreed that officer candidates must spend a year in the ranks before joining the academy. In compensation graduates were required to spend one less year in the rank of second lieutenant before being promoted. The class of 1905-1907 were the last to follow the old system and took this name in recognition. Subsequent classes were considered to be of three years duration (counting the year spent with the army), rather than two years as previous. [50]
89 1904-1906 du Centenaire d'Austerlitz "The centenary of Austerlitz" after the 1805 battle in which Napoleon defeated a combined Russian and Austrian force. [51]
88 1903-1905 de La Tour-d'Auvergne "La Tour d'Auvergne" after Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne (1743 – 1800), a French army officer that was honoured by Napoleon Bonaparte [52]
87 1902-1904 du Sud-Oranais "South Oran" after an area of Algeria occupied by General Hubert Lyautey from 1903 to put down revolts against French rule (including the September 1903 Battle of El-Moungar). [53]
86 1901-1903 du centenaire de la Légion d'honneur "Centenary of the Legion of Honour" which had been founded in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte. [54]
85 1900-1902 du Tchad "Chad" to commemorate the incorporation of that territory as a French colony in 1900. This followed the defeat of Rabih az-Zubayr by Amédée-François Lamy at the Battle of Kousséri, during which both men were killed. [55]
84 1899-1901 d'In Salah "In Salah" after an oasis in Algeria captured by French forces in 1900. The class had originally proposed the name "Villebois-Mareuil" after George Henri Anne-Marie Victor de Villebois-Mareuil, a French colonel who fought and died on the side of the Boers during the 1899-1902 war against the British. This proposal was refused on diplomatic grounds. [56][57]
83 1898-1900 Marchand "Marchand" after Jean-Baptiste Marchand who commanded French forces in the 1898 Fashoda Incident, a confrontation with British forces in Eastern Africa. [58]
82 1897-1899 de Bourbaki "Bourbaki" after Charles-Denis Bourbaki, a French general who died in 1897. He commanded Napoleon III's Imperial Guard during the Franco-Prussian War. He later commanded the Armée de l'Est and Armée du Nord and defeated the Prussians at the 1871 Battle of Villersexel. [59]
81 1896-1898 la Première des Grandes Manœuvres "The first of the grand manoeuvres" after the 1897 military exercise, which was the first large-scale war game for the French army. The class had originally requested to be named d'Aumale after Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale, the victor of the Battle of the Smala who died in 1897. This request was denied by the government of the French Third Republic who did not wish to honour a son of the last king of France. [60]
80 1895-1897 de Tananarive "Antananarivo" the capital of the Kingdom of Madagascar that was captured by the French under General Jacques Duchesne on 30 September 1895. [61]
79 1894-1896 d'Alexandre III "Alexander III" after the Russian Tsar who died in 1894 and was responsible for concluding the Franco-Russian Alliance. [62]
78 1893-1895 de Jeanne d'Arc "Joan of Arc" after the French heroine of the Hundred Years' War who had become popular at this time. [63]
77 1892-1894 du Siam "Siam" after the 1893 Franco-Siamese War, which resulted in a French victory and creation of the protectorate of Laos [64]
76 1891-1893 du Soudan "Sudan" in honour of the pacification of French Sudan (modern-day Mali) that had begun under General Louis Faidherbe and been completed under General Joseph Gallieni [65]
75 1890-1892 de Cronstadt "Kronstadt" after the Russian Baltic Sea port visited by a French fleet in 1891 to exchange letters of agreement that formed the basis of the Franco-Russian Alliance. [66][67]
74 1889-1891 du Dahomey "Dahomey" after the First Franco-Dahomean War, an 1890 French victory. [68]
73 1888-1890 du Grand Triomphe The "great triumph" after the name of the traditional ceremony in which cadets graduate from the academy. Traditionally a barrel was set up in the courtyard and shot with a mortar. This practice had been banned in 1884 but was reinstated as an annual event in 1888, with a formal party and games attended by civilians [69][70]
72 1887-1889 de Tombouctou "Timbuktu" after the city in Western Sudan. The region was subject to an 1888 offensive led by Louis Archinard against Ahmadu Tall's Toucouleur Empire and Samori Ture's Wassoulou Empire. [71]
71 1886-1888 de Châlons "Châlons" as the class was the first to receive musketry training at the Camp de Châlons rather than in Fontainebleau. [72]
70 1885-1887 de l'Annam "Annam" after the French protectorate which was recognised by China in the 1885 Treaty of Tientsin that ended the Sino-French War. [73]
69 1884-1886 de Foutchéou "Fuzhou" after the 1884 battle of the Sino-French War in which Admiral Amédée Courbet destroyed a Chinese fleet and the Foochow Arsenal. [74]
68 1883-1885 de Madagascar "Madagascar" after the French expedition of 1883 which bombarded and occupied the town of Tamatave. [75]
67 1882-1884 des Pavillons Noirs "Black flags" after the Black Flag Army of Chinese bandits which fought French forces under Admiral Amédée Courbet in Tonkin from 1883. The conflict escalated into the Sino-French War of 1884-85 [76]
66 1881-1883 d'Égypte "Egypt" to mark the loss of French influence over the country. The 1879 'Urabi revolt against Anglo-French interests led to the Anglo–Egyptian War which established British control [77]
65 1880-1882 des Kroumirs "Kroumirs" after the tribe whose raids on Algeria gave France a pretext to intervene in Tunisia and impose a protectorate in the 1881 Treaty of Bardo [78]
64 1879-1881 des Drapeaux "Flags" in honour of the bestowing of new flags upon French Army units on Bastille Day 1880 by President Jules Grévy. The academy received on this date its tenth flag, It's traditional motto "they educate themselves to conquer", which dated to the Napoleonic era, was also replaced with "honour and fatherland" (honneur et patrie). The new motto was that used by other institutions of the French Army and by the Legion of Honour. [79]
63 1878-1880 des Zoulous "Zulus" after the tribe involved in the 1879 Anglo-Zulu War and which killed Napoléon, Prince Imperial [80]
62 1877-1879 de Novi Bazar "Novi Pazar" after the region of the Balkans which Austro-Hungarian troops occupied as part of their 1878 campaign to establish a condominium over Bosnia and Herzegovina. [81]
61 1876-1878 de Plewna "Plevna" after the 1877 Siege of Plevna in which an Ottoman force defended the city against a combined Russian-Romanian-Bulgarian army for five months before surrendering. [82]
60 1875-1877 Dernière de Wagram "Last of the Wagram"; the expansion of the academy required Wagram Court (named for the 1809 Battle of Wagram) to be infilled with new buildings. This class was the last to be able to use it. [83]
59 1874-1876 la Grande Promotion "The great class" in recognition of the recent expansion of the academy which had seen the number of cadets in each class rise from 250 to 400. [84]
58 1873-1875 de l'Archiduc Albert "Archduke Albrecht", for the Duke of Teschen who led the Austrian forces to victory over the Italians at the 1866 Battle of Custoza. He was popular in France for fighting in the Austro-Prussian War and visited the academy in 1870. [85]
57 1872-1874 du Shah "Shah" after Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, the ruler of Persia, who aligned his country with France and who visited Paris during his historic travels in Europe in 1873. [86]
56 1872-1873 d'Alsace-Lorraine "Alsace-Lorraine" after the territories lost to Germany as a result of the Franco-Prussian War. [87]
55 1870-1872 de la Revanche "Revenge", a term which found frequent use by the revanchist movement of the time who wished to avenge the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian war and reclaim the lost territories of Alsace-Lorraine. This class was said to have been named during a meal at the academy where the guest of honour Ernest Courtot de Cissey (Minister of War 1871-73) led a toast to the student officers: "to the class of revenge". [88]
54 1869-1871 du 14 août 1870 The class was originally to have been named du Rhin (The Rhine), after a key French objective at the start of the Franco-Prussian War. However after the French defeat the class chose the name "14 August 1870" to commemorate the date they were appointed as second lieutenants and posted to the French Army. The class returned after the war to complete their education at the academy. [89]
53 1868-1870 de Suez "Suez" for the canal connecting the Mediterranean to the Red Sea which was inaugurated by Empress Eugénie on 17 November 1869. [90]
52 1867-1869 de Mentana "Mentana" after the 1867 battle in which a French-Papal States force, led by Pierre Louis Charles de Failly (who graduated in the 9th St Cyr class), prevented the Italians under Giuseppe Garibaldi from marching on Rome. [91]
51 1866-1868 du Sultan "Sultan" after the Ottoman ruler Abdülaziz who visited Paris for the Exposition Universelle in 1867. [92]
50 1865-1867 de Vénétie "Veneto", the region around Venice. In commemoration of the ceding of the territory to France in the 1866 Treaty of Vienna which followed the Third Italian War of Independence and the Austro-Prussian War. France immediately gifted the territory to the Kingdom of Italy. [93]
49 1864-1866 d'Oajaca "Oajaca" to commemorate the successful capture of the town in Mexico by French forces on 9 February 1865. [94]
48 1863-1865 du Danemark "Denmark" after the 1864 Second Schleswig War in which Prussia captured Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg from the Danes. [95]
47 1862-1864 de Puebla "Puebla" after the 1863 siege, in which the French under Élie Frédéric Forey captured the Mexican city. [96]
46 1861-1863 du Mexique "Mexico" after the Second French intervention in Mexico which began in 1861 and established the Second Mexican Empire. [97]
45 1860-1862 du Céleste Empire "The Celestial Empire", a poetic name for China where, in 1860, a Franco-British expedition defeated the Qing Empire during the last phase of the Second Opium War. [98]
44 1859-1861 de Nice et Savoie "Nice and Savoy" after the annexation of these two states by France. This was agreed as part of the Treaty of Turin (1860) by Victor Emmanuel II in exchange for Frances support during the Second Italian War of Independence. [99]
43 1858-1860 de Solferino "Solferino" after the 1859 battle, a Franco-Sardinian victory over the Austrians in modern-day Italy. [100]
42 1857-1859 de l'Indoustan "Hindustan" a synonym for India, after the events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. [101]
41 1856-1858 de Djurdjura "Djurdjura" after the region of North Africa where the French under Jacques Louis Randon defeated Lalla Fatma N'Soumer which marked the end of the conquest of Algeria. [102]
40 1855-1857 de Prince Impérial "Prince Imperial" in honour of Napoléon, Prince Imperial who was born on 15 March 1856. [103]
39 1854-1856 de Sébastopol "Sevastopol" after the allied victory in the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855). This class was admitted to the academy early (from December 1854) to provide officers for the ongoing Crimean War and graduated simultaneously with those remaining from the 38th class. [104]
38 1854-1856 de Crimée "Crimea" after the location of the Crimean War in which France fought from 1853-56. Part of this class left early to join the French Army in the field in January 1855 [104]
37 1853-1855 de Turquie "Turkey" after part of the Ottoman Empire with whom France was allied in the Crimean War (1853-56) [105]
36 1852-1854 de l'Empire "The Empire" in honour of the establishment of the Second French Empire in 1852. [106]
35 1851-1853 de l'Aigle "The Eagle" in honour a new flag delivered to the academy depicting the French Imperial Eagle of the Second French Empire (established 1852), replacing the Gallic rooster of the July Monarchy. [107]
34 1850-1852 de Kabylie "Kabylie" after a region of Algeria pacified by General Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud. [108]
33 1849-1851 de Zaatcha "Zaatcha" after the French victory over Algerian tribesmen at the Siege of Zaatcha [fr] in 1849. [109]
32 1848-1850 de Hongrie "Hungary" after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. [110]
31 1847-1849 de la République "The Republic" after the French Second Republic which was declared following the French Revolution of 1848 [111]
30 1846-1848 d'Italie "Italy" after the First Italian War of Independence which started in 1848. [112]
29 1845-1847 d'Ibrahim "Ibrahim" after Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt in honour of his visit to St Cyr on 22 May 1846. Ibrahim led the Egyptian forces to victory in the Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833) and was only prevented from capturing Istanbul by the intervention of the great powers. The class was originally to be named for Poland but this was changed after the February 1846 Kraków uprising. It is still sometimes known as the Promotion d’Ibrahim, ou de Pologne - the "Class of Ibrahim, or of Poland". [113]
28 1844-1846 de Djemmah "Djemmah" after the town of Djemaa el Ghazaouet in French Algeria (later renamed by the French to Nemours and now known as Ghazaouet). A column from the town, led by Colonel Lucien de Montagnac (a graduate of St Cyr's second class), fought to the death in a last stand at the Battle of Sidi Brahim in 1845. [114]
27 1843-1845 d'Isly "Isly" after the 1844 battle in which the French defeated a more numerous Moroccan force. [115]
26 1842-1844 du Tremblement "The tremor" after the 1843 Guadeloupe earthquake. [116]
25 1841-1843 d'Orient "The East", as the class had been brought forward to provide the additional officers for the expansion of the French Army following the Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841). Class also referred to as the "Winter melons" - following the naming of the 24th class (the "Summer melons") - having joined the academy in October 1841. [117]
24 1841-1843 de la Nécessité "The need". Class also referred to as the "Summer melons" (melons was a term traditionally used for first year students at the academy), having been brought to the academy in April 1841 to meet a need for officers for the army which was under rapid expansion due to the Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841) [118]
23 1840-1842 des Cendres "The ashes", referring to the 1840 return of the ashes of Napoleon I to Paris from St Helena. [119]
22 1839-1841 de Mazagran "Mazagran" after the 1840 battle, a French victory in Algeria. [120]
21 1838-1840 de l'An Quarante "The 40th year". An allusion to a popular belief in France at that time that the world would end in 1840. [121]
20 1837-1839 de Constantine "Constantine" after the 1837 siege, a victory by the French over Ottoman Algeria. [122]
19 1836-1838 de l'Obélisque "The obelisk" after the Luxor Obelisk which was erected in the Place de la Concorde in 1836. [123]
18 1835-1837 de la Comète "The Comet" after Halley's Comet which made an appearance in 1835 [124]
17 1834-1836 unnamed - [125]
16 1833-1835 unnamed - [126]
15 1832-1835 unnamed - [127]
14 1831-1833 unnamed - [128]
13 1830-1832 du Firmament "The firmament". Reason unknown but possibly a reference to the cadets being rising stars of the future or to the stars on the baton of a Marshal of France [129]
12 1829-1831 unnamed - [130]
11 1828-1830 unnamed - [131]
10 1827-1829 unnamed - [132]
9 1826-1828 unnamed - [133]
8 1825-1827 unnamed - [134]
7 1824-1826 unnamed - [135]
6 1823-1825 unnamed - [136]
5 1822-1824 unnamed - [137]
4 1821-1823 unnamed - [138]
3 1820-1822 unnamed - [139]
2 1819-1821 unnamed - [140]
1 1818-1820 unnamed This was the first numbered class. Classes, totalling thousands of students, had graduated the academy since its foundation in 1803. However information on the early years is scarce. The academy was dissolved in 1814 after Napoleon's defeat in the War of the Sixth Coalition; it was refounded during Napoleon's return in the Hundred Days (1815) but dissolved once more after his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. The academy was formally reconstituted by Marshal Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr in 1818 to provide officers for the new army of the Kingdom of France. The numbering of classes started from this point. [141][142][143]
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  88. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (25 June 2011). "Historique de la 55e promotion de l'École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1870-1872), promotion de la Revanche" (PDF). Retrieved 29 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  89. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (25 June 2011). "Historique de la 54e promotion de l'École impériale spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1869-1870), promotion du 14 août 1870, olim promotion du Rhin" (PDF). Retrieved 29 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  90. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (25 June 2011). "Historique de la 53e promotion de l'École impériale spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1868-1870), promotion de Suez" (PDF). Retrieved 29 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  91. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (25 June 2011). "Historique de la 52e promotion de l'École impériale spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1867-1869), promotion de Mentana" (PDF). Retrieved 29 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  92. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (25 June 2011). "Historique de la 51e promotion de l'École impériale spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1866-1868), promotion du Sultan" (PDF). Retrieved 29 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  93. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (25 June 2011). "Historique de la 50e promotion de l'École impériale spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1865-1867), promotion de Vénétie" (PDF). Retrieved 29 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  94. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (12 March 2011). "Historique de la 49e promotion de l'Ecole impériale spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1864-1866), promotion d'Oajaca" (PDF). Retrieved 29 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  95. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (20 April 2011). "Historique de la 48e promotion de l'École impériale spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1863-1865), promotion du Danemark" (PDF). Retrieved 26 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  96. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (20 April 2011). "Historique de la 47e promotion de l'École impériale spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1862-1864), promotion de Puebla" (PDF). Retrieved 26 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  97. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (20 April 2011). "Historique de la 46e promotion de l'École impériale spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1861-1863), promotion du Mexique" (PDF). Retrieved 26 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  98. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (20 April 2011). "Historique de la 45e promotion de l'École impériale spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1860-1862), promotion du Céleste Empire" (PDF). Retrieved 26 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  99. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (20 April 2011). "Historique de la 44e promotion de l'École impériale spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1859-1861), promotion de Nice et Savoie" (PDF). Retrieved 25 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  100. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (20 April 2011). "Historique de la 43e promotion de l'École impériale spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1858-1860), promotion de Solferino" (PDF). Retrieved 25 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  101. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (20 April 2011). "Historique de la 42e promotion de l'École impériale spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1857-1859), promotion de l'Indoustan" (PDF). Retrieved 25 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  102. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (20 April 2011). "Historique de la 41e promotion de l'École impériale spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1856-1858), promotion de Djurdjura" (PDF). Retrieved 25 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  103. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (20 April 2011). "Historique de la 40e promotion de l'École impériale spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1855-1857), promotion du Prince Impérial" (PDF). Retrieved 25 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  104. ^ a b Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (20 April 2011). "Historique de la 37e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1853-1855), promotion de Turquie" (PDF). Retrieved 25 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  105. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (3 February 2011). "Historique de la 37e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1853-1855), promotion de Turquie" (PDF). Retrieved 25 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  106. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (29 January 2011). "Historique de la 36e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1852-1854), promotion de l'Empire" (PDF). Retrieved 25 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  107. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (27 January 2011). "Historique de la 35e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1851-1853), promotion de l'Aigle" (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  108. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (5 July 2012). "Historique de la 34e promotion de l'École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1850-1852), promotion de Kabylie" (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  109. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (26 January 2011). "Historique de la 33e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1849-1851), promotion de Zaatcha" (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  110. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (26 January 2011). "Historique de la 32e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1848-1850), promotion de Hongrie" (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  111. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (26 January 2011). "Historique de la 31e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1847-1849), promotion de la République" (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  112. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (26 January 2011). "Historique de la 30e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1846-1848), promotion d'Italie" (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  113. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (26 January 2011). "Historique de la 29e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1845-1847), promotion d'Ibrahim (ou de Pologne)" (PDF). Retrieved 22 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  114. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (26 January 2011). "Historique de la 28e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1844-1846), promotion de Djemmah" (PDF). Retrieved 22 July 2019. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 31 (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  115. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (8 January 2011). "Historique de la 27e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1843-1845), promotion d'Isly" (PDF). Retrieved 19 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  116. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (7 January 2011). "Historique de la 26e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1842-1844), promotion du Tremblement" (PDF). Retrieved 19 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  117. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (7 January 2011). "Historique de la 25e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1841-1843 octobre), promotion d'Orient" (PDF). Retrieved 19 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  118. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (6 January 2011). "Historique de la 24e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1841-1843 avril), promotion de la Nécessité" (PDF). Retrieved 18 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  119. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (5 January 2011). "Historique de la 23e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1840-1842), promotion des Cendres" (PDF). Retrieved 18 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  120. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (17 November 2010). "Historique de la 22e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1839-1841), promotion de Mazagran" (PDF). Retrieved 18 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  121. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (17 November 2010). "Historique de la 21e promotion (1838-40), promotion de l'An-Quarante" (PDF). Retrieved 18 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  122. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (16 November 2010). "Historique de la 20e promotion (1837-39), promotion de Constantine" (PDF). Retrieved 18 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  123. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (26 January 2011). "Historique de la 19e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1836-1838), promotion de l'Obélisque" (PDF). Retrieved 17 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  124. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (16 November 2010). "Historique de la 18e promotion (1835-37), promotion de la Comète" (PDF). Retrieved 17 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  125. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (26 January 2011). "Historique de la 17e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1834-1836)" (PDF). Retrieved 17 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  126. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (26 January 2011). "Historique de la 16e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1833-1835 octobre)" (PDF). Retrieved 17 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  127. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (26 January 2011). "Historique de la 15e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1832-1835 avril)" (PDF). Retrieved 17 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  128. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (14 November 2010). "Historique de la 14e promotion (1831-33) (sans nom de promotion)" (PDF). Retrieved 17 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  129. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (20 April 2011). "Historique de la 13e promotion de l'École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1830-1832) promotion du Firmament" (PDF). Retrieved 16 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  130. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (21 February 2011). "Historique de la 12e promotion de l'Ecole royale spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1829-1831)" (PDF). Retrieved 16 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  131. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (14 November 2010). "Historique de la 11e promotion (1828-30) (sans nom de promotion)" (PDF). Retrieved 16 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  132. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (14 November 2010). "Historique de la 10e promotion (1827-29) (sans nom de promotion)" (PDF). Retrieved 16 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  133. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (14 November 2010). "Historique de la 9e promotion (1826-28) (sans nom de promotion)" (PDF). Retrieved 16 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  134. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (25 January 2011). "Historique de la 8e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1825-1827)" (PDF). Retrieved 16 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  135. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (8 January 2011). "Historique de la 7e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1824-1826)" (PDF). Retrieved 16 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  136. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (8 January 2011). "Historique de la 6e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1823-1825)" (PDF). Retrieved 2 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  137. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (14 November 2010). "Historique de la 5e promotion (1822-24) (sans nom de promotion)" (PDF). Retrieved 2 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  138. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (5 January 2011). "Historique de la 4e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1821-1823)" (PDF). Retrieved 28 June 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  139. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (11 November 2010). "Historique de la 3e promotion (1820-22) (sans nom de promotion)" (PDF). Retrieved 28 June 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  140. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (24 January 2011). "Historique de la 2e promotion de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (1819-1821)" (PDF). École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr. Retrieved 28 June 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  141. ^ Boÿ, Général de brigade (2s) Jean (11 November 2010). "Historique de la 1 ère promotion (1818-20) (sans nom de promotion)" (PDF). École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr. Retrieved 28 June 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  142. ^ Pâris, Général Bertrand (April 2014). "1814-2014 Bicentenaire D'une Promotion" (PDF). École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  143. ^ France, LCL (14 November 2016). "La pérennité de l'Ecole à travers les changements de régime (1815 –1945)". Ministère des Armées (French Ministry of Defence). Retrieved 21 November 2019.
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