User:Egil/Sandbox/rktect/Mille passus

File:Mille Passus.jpg

Mille passus

A mille passus, meaning a thousand paces or milliare, is a division of a degree of the earth's great circle. It is also sometimes called a milion, milliare, myle or mile depending upon who is doing the measuring and when. The Roman milliare of 5000 pes and 5000 passus was itself derived from the Greek milos or milion of 4800 pous and from it was derived the English myle of c 49 BC—1593 AD.

Another characteristic of the mille passus is the milestone. On every road built by the Romans throughout Europe a milestone, was erected every mile to announce the distance to Rome. Many mile units based on or similar to this standard of measure that have been used historically have milestones or landmarks.

A degree may also be divided into stadia and both stadia and mille passus or mile may be divided into feet, remen, cubits, great cubits, nibw or ellen, paces, yards, fathoms, rods, cords, plethrons and chains according to what is being measured. A mille passus and its derivitives are typically divided into 8 stadions, stadiums, furlongs of 185 m.

Other classically related divisions and multiples of the Mille Passus include the schoenus parasang and milion. Miles and stadia have been intended to be unit divisions of a degree of the Earth's great circle circumference since they were first defined as standards of measure by the rope stretchers of Mesopotamia and Egypt. The most interesting thing about the Mille passus is that it is classically alleged to have been composed of 8 stadia such that the Mille Passus and its subdivisions of stadium, passus and pes were geo-commensurate with a degree of the Earths great circle.

http://www.vkrp.org/studies/historical/roman-forts/ Roman forts in Arabia]] There is a trading road through the mountains along the east coast of the Red Sea that runs from ancient Punt (Modern Yemen) where Frankincense and Myrrh had been procurred since the time of the Tale of the shipwrecked Sailor in return for Egyptian nub or gold. The Egyptians had traded along this route and established way stations about a days march apart which the Greeks mention in their Periplus of the Erythrian sea. In Roman times forts were built in the Arabah to protect the route. "Numerous watchtowers have also been identified along the Arabian frontier. The Romans reused existing Iron Age and Nabataean structures and built some new ones. They were built on top of hills and ridges where they could be seen from other towers or military posts. One of the best-known examples is Qasr Abu Rukba. Some speculate that these watchtowers could pass signals by means of smoke during the day and by means of torches at night." watchtowers

Egyptian rope stretchers laid out benchmarks as as an aid to restablishing the bounds of their fields after the annual flood or innundation. These were laid out along a baseline so that from any one the others could be measured out and reestablished. The baseline was laid out with merkhert and bey the Egyptian sighting instruments that preceeded the Greek Dioptra and Roman Groma. At intervals of an itrw or 1/10 degree an omphalos or geodetic marker was placed and perpendiculars were run using 3 - 4 - 5 triangles.

• If the question is asked which was defined first, the Mille passus, stadia or degree and when did this occur, the earliest evidence is for stadia measure in Egypt before c 2600 BC. The Mille passus is derived from various Ptolomaic measures of the degree c 300 BC and later.

Egyptian surveyors

The degree mille passus

• 1 Mille passus = 1/75 Degree of the Earths Great Circle
• 1 stadia = 1/600 Degree of the Earths Great Circle
• 1 passus = 1/75,000 Degree of the Earths Great Circle
• 1 pes = 1/375,000 Degree of the Earths Great Circle

75 Roman miles equals a degree Nile map legend 1775

• 1 Roman degree = 75 milliare = 111 km
• 7.5 milliare = 1 schoenus = 1 kapsu = 60 stadiums of 185 m
• 60 stadiums = 60 furlongs = 11.1 km = 1/10 degree

The degree of Aristotle

The degree of Aristotle

• "In the second half of the eighteenth century A.D. a number of French scholars came to the conclusion that ancient linear units of measure were related to the length of the arc of meridian from the equator to the pole. They concluded that all Greek statements about the size of the earth provide the same datum, except that different stadia were employed. Several ancient authors used different figures and different stadia to say what Aristotle says in De Coelo (298B), namely, that the circumference is 400,000 stadia. The scholars of the French Enlightenment were hampered by the lack of modern exact data about the size of the earth. "

• 1 Degree = 1/360 of 400,000 stadia = 1111.1 stadia = 111 km
• 10 stadions = 1 km
• 1 stadion = 100 m = 300 pous of 333.3 mm
• 111 km divided into 600 stadions of 600 pous of 308.4 mm = 185 m

The degree of Posidonius

The Degree of Posidonius

• Eratosthenes and Posidonius considered that several inhabited worlds must exist on the Earth's spherical surface, separated by uncrossable oceans and by a torrid, uninhabitable belt. Marinus took the liberty of extending the inhabited world to 225º longitude and reached latitude 24º S, leaving no room for other inhabited worlds. In the east, his world ended in a country called Thina or ‘Land of the Chinese'. Marinus seemed to believe that the Land of the Chinese might extend another 45º to the east of the capital (supposedly in the centre of the country), which would give us an inhabited world of 270º in longitude, starting from the Canaries Meridian zero. This arrangement leaves only 90º between these islands and the east coast of China, which is about halfway between Martin Behaim's geographical calculations and those of Christopher Columbus.

• 1 Degree = 1/360 of 216,000 stadia
• 1 Degree = 600 stadions = 111 km
• 111 km divided into 600 stadions of 600 pous of 308.4 mm = 185 m

The degree of Marinus

• "Marinus's only work of which we have direct reference is Diorosis tou geographikon pinokos, to which Ptolemy dedicates fifteen chapters. There were numerous editions, and his basic theories have their roots in Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, and Posidonius in particular. The title of his work literally means ‘Corrections in the map of the world' or ‘Corrections in the map of the inhabited world', which goes to show that Marinus of Tyre wanted to improve and revise one or several works of earlier mapmakers. He appears to wish to amend Posidonius, and that he intended to do so, using Hipparchus's astronomical work and the accounts of several recent voyages.

• Marinus made use of the measurement of the Earth made by Posidonius, who lived from 135 to 50 BC. While Strabo, who lived between 58 BC and 24 AD, kept Eratosthenes' measurements of 252 thousand stadia for the circumference of the Earth, that is 700 stadia per degree, Marino uses Posidonius's calculations of 180 thousand stadia, with a degree of 500 stadia (Antonio Ballesteros Beretta: Génesis del descubrimiento, vol 3, Barcelona, Salvat 1947). A stadium is an old Greek measurement of length, the equivalent of 600 old Greek feet (192.27m) or 125 paces, which was the exact distance separating the columns in the great amphitheatre of Olympia. The question is as to why Marinus and Posidonius himself adopted Posidonius's measurements instead of those of Eratosthenes. Posidonius's map, which was drawn around 60 BC, was passed on to us by Dionysius Perigetes in about 125 AD. On Posidonius's map the Earth forms a single continent and there is no trace of the Dragon's Tail.

• The work of Marinus of Tyre, which Ptolemy had at his disposal, did not seem to include any actual map. There were only some general instructions on how to make a map of the world and tables of geographical coordinates."

• "Marinus made use of the measurement of the Earth made by Posidonius, who lived from 135 to 50 BC. While Strabo, who lived between 58 BC and 24 AD, kept Eratosthenes' measurements of 252 thousand stadia for the circumference of the Earth, that is 700 stadia per degree, Marino uses Posidonius's calculations of 180 thousand stadia, with a degree of 500 stadia (Antonio Ballesteros Beretta:"

• 1 degree = 1/360 of 180,000 stadia
• 1 Ptolomaic Degree = 500 stadions = 111 km
• 111 km divided into 500 stadions of 600 remen of 14.7" = 222m

The degree of Ptolemy

The degree of Ptolemy

• "Ptolemy's other main work is his Geography. This too is a compilation, of what was known about the world's (Study of the earth's surface; includes people's responses to topography and climate and soil and vegetation) geography in the Roman empire at his time. He relied mainly on the work of an earlier geographer, Marinos of Tyre, and on gazetteers of the Roman and ancient Persian empire, but most of his sources beyond the perimeter of the Empire were unreliable."

• "The first part of the Geography is a discussion of the data and of the methods he used. Like with the model of the solar system in the Almagest, Ptolemy put all this information into a grand scheme. He assigned coordinates to all the places and geographic features he knew, in a grid that spanned the globe. Latitude was measured from the equator, as it is today, but Ptolemy preferred to express it in the length of the longest day rather than degrees of arc (the length of the midsummer day increases from 12h to 24h as you go from the equator to the polar circle). He put the meridian of 0 longitude at the most western land he knew, the Canary Islands."

• "Ptolemy also devised and provided instructions on how to create maps both of the whole inhabited world (oikoumenè) and of the Roman provinces. In the second part of the Geography he provided the necessary topographic lists, and captions for the maps. His oikoumenè spanned 180 degrees of longitude from the Canary islands in the Atlantic Ocean to China, and about 80 degrees of latitude from the Arctic to the East-indies and deep into Africa; Ptolemy was well aware that he knew about only a quarter of the globe."

• "The maps in surviving manuscripts of Ptolemy's Geography however, date only from about 1300, after the text was rediscovered by Maximus Planudes."

• "Maps based on scientific principles had been made since the time of Eratosthenes in the 3rd century BC, but Ptolemy invented improved projections. It is known that a world map based on the Geography was on display in Autun, France in late Roman times. In the 15th century Ptolemy's Geographia began to be printed with engraved maps; an edition printed at Ulm in 1482 was the first one printed north of the Alps. The maps look distorted as compared to modern maps, because Ptolemy's data were inaccurate."

• "Eratosthenes found 276-194 BC used 700 stadia for a degree on the globe, in the Geographia Ptolemy uses 500 stadia."

• "It is not certain if these geographers used the same stadion, but if we assume that they both stuck to the traditional Attic stadion of about 185 meters, then the older estimate is 1/6 too large, and Ptolemy's value is 1/6 too small."

• "Because Ptolemy derived most of his topographic coordinates by converting measured distances to angles, his maps get distorted. So his values for the latitude were in error by up to 2 degrees. For longitude this was even worse, because there was no reliable method to determine geographic longitude; Ptolemy was well aware of this. It remained a problem in geography until the invention of chronometers at the end of the 18th century AD. It must be added that his original topographic list cannot be reconstructed: the long tables with numbers were transmitted to posterity through copies containing many scribal errors, and people have always been adding or improving the topographic data: this is a testimony of the persistent popularity of this influential work."

• 1 degree = 1/360 of 180,000 stadia
• 1 Ptolomaic Degree = 500 stadions = 111km
• 111 km divided into 500 stadions of 600 remen of 14.7" = 222m

The Ptolomaic stadia is divided into remen instead of pous because in Egypt Remen had always been used for land surveys.

The degree of Erathosthenes

The degree of Eratosthenes

• "For topographic/geographic purposes the size of the Earth is of utmost importance in modern

time as well as for Eratosthenes facing the task to draw a map of the "oikumene". His determination of the radius of the Earth resulted in 252000 stadia."

• " If he has used a stadion definition of 1 stadion = 158,7m = 300 Egyptian royal cubits = 600 Gudea units (length of the yardstick at the statue of Gudea (2300 b c) in the Louvre/Paris), he has already observed the meridian arc length to 252000 ⋅ 0,1587 = 40000 km. How could Eratosthenes obtain in ancient times already such an accurate result?"

• "Ptolemaios describes in his "Geographike hyphegesis" a method used by the "elder" to

determine the size of the Earth; this ancient method to measure the meridian arc length between the latitude circles of two cities (e.g. Alexandria/Syene, Syene/Meroe) is based on a traversing technique, as will be shown."

• "Geographical latitudes could be measured using a "Skiotheron" (shadow seizer). An

according to ancient information reconstructed instrument will be shown and explained; the accuracy of sun observations with such a kind of instrument is comparable with those of a modern sextant."

• "A recovery of the two systems of ancient geographical stadia (Alexandrian and Greek) is

presented. It is presently used for a rectification of the digitalised maps given in Ptolemy's "Geographike hyphegesis". The stadion definition Eratosthenes has used (1 meridian degree = 700 stadia) was applied also in northern and western Europe and in Asia east of the Tigris river; using it as a scale factor we got very good results for the rectification."

• 1 Degree = 1/360 of 252,000 stadia
• 1 Persian degree = 700 stadia = 111 km
• 10 Egyptian schoeni = 20 Persian parasangs = 600 furlongs
• 1 Persian stadia = 157 m = 3 Egyptian st3t

The Egyptian degree

The Egyptian degree

• "Since Egypt lies north of the equator, shadow lengths are greatest there during the time of winter solstice, when the noon sun is at its most southern yearly position in the sky. The winter solstice therefore affords the most advantageous opportunity to make comparative shadow measurements. It was likely known by the time of the building of the Great Pyramid that on the day of the summer solstice, (i.e., when the sun was highest in the sky), the noon sun was directly overhead (casting no shadow) at a point along the Nile near what is now Aswan (called Syene by the Greeks). This concurrence was used by Eratosthenes (ca. 250 B.C.) in the first recorded attempt to measure the size of the Earth. From Syene, it would have been fairly straightforward to have determined that the sun's noon winter solstice position was very nearly 48 (2/15ths of a full rotation) lower in the sky than its noon summer solstice position. It could then have been logically inferred that Syene must lie 24 (1/15th of a full rotation) north of the mid-point of the sun's yearly north/south travel, and hence 24 north of the Earth's north/south mid-point (equator).30 By accurately measuring shadow lengths cast by tall objects of known height, one could then determine, through the use of trigonometry, one's angular separation from the Earth's mid-point. "

• 1 Degree = 1/360 of 2,520,000 itrw
• 1 Egyptian degree = 10 itrw = 700 stadia = 210,000 royal cubits
• 1 itrw = 21,000 royal cubits = 70 stadia of 3 st3t
• 3 st3t of 100 royal cubits = 157 m

• 700 × 157 = 10.99 km
• 1 itrw is 1 hours river journey
• 1 atur is 1 hour of March
• 1 Egyptian Minute of March is 350 royal cubits of 525 mm = 183 m

The degree of Herodotus

• 1 Greek degree = 75 milions = 111 km
• 7.5 milions = 1 schoenus = 1 kapsu = 60 stadions of 185 m
• 60 stadions = 60 furlongs = 11.1 km = 1/10 degree

The stadium mille passus

A stadia is a division of a degree into a fraction of a mile.

• The ordinary Mesopotamian sos or side at 6 iku and 180 meters was the basis for the Egyptian minute of march
• the Egyptian minute of march at 183 m and 350 royal cubits was the basis for the stadion of the Greek Milos or milion
• The stadion of the Greek Milos at 6 plethrons or 100 orguia and 600 Atic pous of 308.4 mm at 185 m was the basis for the stadium of the Roman milliare
• The stadium of the Roman Milliare at 625 pes of 296 mm was also 185 m and at 1000 passus of 5 pes was the basis for the furlong of 625 fote of the English Myle

The league of the mille passus

A league is a division of a degree into a multiple of a mile.

• 3 Milion or Milos of 4800 pous = 24 stadions = 14,400 pous
• 1 league of a Milion = 4440 m
• 3 Milliare of 5000 pes = 24 stadiums = 15,000 pes
• 1 leauge of a Milliare = 4440 m
• 3 Myles of 5000 fote = 24 furlongs = 15,000 fote = 9375 English cubits
• 1 League of a Myle = 4440 m
• 3 Miles of 5280 feet = 24 furlongs = 15,840 feet = 9900 English cubits
• 1 Leauge of a Mile = 4828 m

Metrological references

• R. A. Cordingley (1951). Norman's Parrallel of the Orders of Architecture. Alex Trianti Ltd.
• Gardiner (1990). Egyptian Grammar. Griffith Institute. ISBN 0900416351.
• H Arthur Klein (1976). The World of Measurements. Simon and Schuster.

Mathmatical references

• Lucas N. H. Bunt, Phillip S.Jones, Jack D. Bedient (1976). The Historical Roots of Elementary Mathematics. Dover. ISBN 0486255638.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Somers Clarke and R. Englebach (1990). Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture. Dover. ISBN 0486264858.
• Francis H. Moffitt (1987). Surveying. Harper & Row. ISBN 0060445548.
• Gillings (1972). Mathematics in the time of the Pharoahs. MIT Press. ISBN 0262070456.

Linguistic references

• Anne H. Groton (1995). From Alpha to Omega. Focus Information group. ISBN 0941051382.
• J. P. Mallory (1989). In Search of the Indo Europeans. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 050027616-1.

Classical references

• Vitruvius (1960). The Ten Books on Architecture. Dover.
• Claudias Ptolemy (1991). The Geography. Dover. ISBN 048626896. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)
• Herodotus (1952). The History. William Brown.

Historical references

• Michael Grant (1987). The Rise of the Greeks. Charles Scribners Sons.

Archaeological references

• Lionel Casson (1991). The Ancient Mariners. PUP. ISBN 06910147879. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)
• James B. Pritchard, (1968). The Ancient Near East. OUP.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
• Nelson Glueck (1959). Rivers in the Desert. HUC.

Medieval references

• Jean Gimpel (1976). The Medieval Machine. Holt Rheinhart & Winston. ISBN 0030146364.
• H Johnathan Riley Smith (1990). The Atlas of the Crusades. Swanston. ISBN 0723003610.
• Elizabeth Hallam (1986). The Plantagenet Chronicles. Weidenfield & Nicholson. ISBN 1555840183.
• H.W. Koch (1978). Medieval Warfare. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0135736005.