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Multiple timeline of the United Kingdom

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This scheme is a multiple timelime of the history of the United Kingdom, part of the series of Series of multiple timelines of European countries and territories.

Timeline of the United Kingdom

[edit]
Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - United Kingdom
Northern England - Northern Ireland - Scotland - Wales - Other regions in main section
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a more or less federal monarchy, divided into countries, with a hereditary queen, divided in countries, with a bicameral parliament, the Parliament of the United Kingdom, divided in the House of Commons, elected in free multi-party elections, and the House of Lords with mainly appointed peers, and a government responsible to the parliament. The United Kingdom is member of the European Union.
British overseas territories are Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Island, the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Montserrat, the Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha and the Turks and Caicos Islands as well as the uninhabited South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Crown dependencies are Guernsey, Jersey and the Isle of Man.The United Kingdom claims the British Antarctic Territory.
The Queen of the United Kingdom is notwithstanding their independence also queen of the commonwealth realms of Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Solomon Islands and Tuvalu.
This section gives an timeline of southern and central England developing into the United Kingdom. The sub-sections give an outline of the history of northern England (until 954), Wales (until 1542), Scotland (until 1707) and Northern Ireland (until 1922).
Roman Empire
Gallic Empire
  • 260: Britannia is part of the seccessionist Gallic Empire.
Roman Empire
  • 270: The Gallic Empire is limited to Gaul and Germania.
  • 368: A conspiracy by Celtic and Germanic tribes in Britain against Roman rule is defeated.
  • 395: After the death of emperor Theodosius I, the Roman Empire is partitioned in the (Eastern) Roman Empire and the (Western) Roman Empire. The province of Britannia becomes part of the Western part of the Empire.
Kingdom of Dumnonia
  • 400s: Celts in present-day Cornwall and Devon establish the kingdom of Dumnonia[1].


Kingdom of Kent
  • 455: Hengist is recorded as legendary ruler of the Jutes and Saxons in Kent.

Kingdom of Sussex
  • 477: Ælle is recorded as first king of the South-Saxons.

Kingdom of Wessex
  • c. 500: The Wessexian advance is halted by Britons[2]
  • 519: Cerdic becomes the first recorded king of West-Saxon Wessex.
  • 577: The West Saxons continue their advance, which leads to the permanent separation of Cornwall from Wales.

Kingdom of Mercia
  • 527: Icle becomes the first king of the Anglian Kingdom of Mercia.
Kingdom of Essex
  • 527: Æscwine is listed as the first king of East-Saxon Essex.

Kingdom of East Anglia
  • 680s: King Cædwalla conquers Sussex and Kent (686).

Kingdom of Kent
  • 690: Wihtred becomes king of Kent and restores independence.
Kingdom of Sussex
  • 710s: Noðhelm is said to be king of independent Sussex.
  • 700s: King Saelred of Essex becomes a sub-king of Mercia.
  • 733: Wessex submits to Mercia.


  • 757: Offa becomes king of Mercia.
  • 752: King Cuthred regains independence.
  • 768: Wessex submits to Mercia.
  • 772: Ofa of Mercia annexes Sussex

  • 785: Ofa of Mercia conquers Kent.
  • 794: King Æthelberht II of East Anglia is killed and East Anglia is conquered by Mercia
  • 796: The death of Offa marks the end of Mercian dominance in England.
Kingdom of Wessex Kingdom of Sussex
  • 796: Sussex re-emerges as an independent political entity
Kingdom of Kent
  • 796: Kent re-emerges as an political entity, soon to become a client state of Mercia.
  • 807: King Coenwulf of Mercia becomes also king of Kent


  • 825: In the Battle of Ellandun, Ecgbryht defeats the Mercians, making Wessex the leading kingdom of Britain. Duke Sigered cedes Essex to Ecgbryht. Sussex and Kent are incorporated into Wessex.
  • 839: Kent becomes an appanage of Wessex.
Kingdom of East Anglia
  • 871: Ælfrēd assumes the throne and re-incorporates Kent into Wessex.
  • 875: East Anglia is controlled by Norse. Oswald is said to be king.
  • 875: The last recorded king of what is now known as Cornwall, Donyarth, dies. (Most of) the region is annexed to Wessex.
  • 879: After the death of Ceolwulf II, Mercia becomes a client state of Wessex.
  • 881: Ælfrēd I defeats the Danes. Around that time he loses Essex to East Anglia.
  • 880s: King Ælfrēd of Wessex and king Guðrum of East Anglia agree agree on the borders.
Danelaw
  • 879: Danish vikings rule East Anglia with their king Guðrum. Somewhere in the 880s Essex becomes part of Danelaw.
Kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons
  • 918: Wessex incorporates Mercia.
Kingdom of England
Commonwealth of England
Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
Commonwealth of England
  • 1659: England is renamed including Scotland and Ireland, and has no head of state.
Kingdom of England
Kingdom of Great Britain
  • 1707: The parliaments of England and Scotland decide in the Acts of Union to unite the countries with Anne as the first queen of Great Britain. Great Britain gets a bicameral parliament, a House of Commons with members representing the shires and cities, and a House of Lords with hereditary peers and clergy.Minorca becomes a British possession.
  • 1713: The Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of the Spanish Succession. Philippe becomes as Felipe V king of Spain, but has to any claim to the throne of France. Spain cedes Gibraltar and Minorca to Great Britain.
  • 1714: After her death, Queen Anne is succeeded by Georg Ludwig, elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg, bringing the House of Hanover to the throne. Great Britain joins the Great Northern War against Sweden.
  • 1715: A Jacobite rising advocating the claims of James Stuart, son of James II, is defeated at Preston.
  • 1718: King Felipe V of Spain claims as grandson of Louis XIV the French throne. This leads to the War of the Quadruple Alliance with an alliance of France, Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, England and Savoy.
  • 1719: A Spanish attempt to restart the Jacobite rising fails.
  • 1720/1721: Sweden loses the war against the coalition.
  • 1720: The war ends with victory of the alliance, confirmed with the Treaty of The Hague.
  • 1727: George II becomes king. Spain and Great Britain commence a war over Gibraltar and possessions in South America.
  • 1729: With the Treaty of Seville Great Britain maintains control over Port Mahon at Menorca and Gibraltar.
  • 1740: Great Britain supports in the War of the Austrian Succession the succession of Maria Theresia as archduchess of Habsburg Austria and her husband Franz Stefan as Holy Roman Emperor, which is disputed by amongst others France.
  • 1745: Charles Edward Stuart, claimant of the throne, starts an uprising in Scotland, which is defeated in 1746.
  • 1756: Austria's desire to recover Silesia from Prussia leads France and Austria to put aside their rivalry. A Seven Years' War involving most European great power and affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India and the Philippines commences between two coalitions, led by the Great Britain (incl. Prussia, Portugal, Brunswick-Lüneburg and other small German states) on one side and led by France (incl. Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Spain and Sweden on the other. Meanwhile, in India, the Mughal Empire, with the support of the French, tried to crush a British attempt to conquer Bengal. Minorca is conquered by France.
  • 1760: George III becomes king of Great Britain.
  • 1763: The war ends with a Status quo ante bellum in Europe and a transfer of colonial possessions between Great Britain, France, Spain and Portugal. France cedes possessions east of the Mississippi and Canada as well as in India to Great Britain and cedes Louisiana west of the Mississippi to Spain. Spain cedes Florida to Great Britain. The Treaty of Paris confirms the British-Portuguese victory over France and Spain. British rule over Minorca is restored.
  • 1765: King George III becomes lord of Mann.
  • 1775: Colonists in the American colonies start a revolutionary war against the British.
  • 1776: The American colonies declare independence as the United States of America.
  • 1782: Minorca is returned to Spain.
  • 1783: The United States of America become independent. The Treaty of Paris is signed formally ending the American Revolutionary War.
  • 1793: France declares war on Great Britain and the Netherlands.
  • 1794: King George III becomes also king of Corsica
  • 1795: Many of the settlements in the Caribbean are conquered by Great Britain until they are returned to France in 1814. The Netherlands cede Ceylon and the Dutch Cape Colony to Great Britain.
  • 1796: France defeats the Kingdom of Corsica and annexes Corsica to France. In the Treaty of Ildefonso France allies itself with Spain. Spain declares war on Great Britain.
  • 1797: The Treaty of Campo Formio makes an end to the War of the First Coalition against the French revolutionary regime.
  • 1798: Despite French support a rebellion fails to overthrow British rule in Ireland. France conquers Malta and invades Ottoman Egypt. Despite the British navy defeating at the Nile the French navy, France conquers large parts of Egypt. A French invasion of Ireland to support Irish rebels against Great Britain is defeated at Ballinamuck. British rule over Minorca is restored after an invasion.
  • 1799: The French army in the Middle East is stopped in Palestine.
  • 1800: The British navy conquers Malta.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
  • 1801: Great-Britain and Ireland unite under king George III. The British parliament is enlarged with Irish members to form the parliament of the United Kingdom. The French army in Egypt is decisively defeated at Alexandria by a British army. The Treaty of Lunéville confirms the French victory in the War of the Second Coalition with Austria and Russia, marking the end of the war with only the United Kingdom left fighting France.
  • 1802: The Treaty of Amiens between France and the United Kingdom ends the War of the Second Coalition. The United Kingdom loses the occupied Dutch colonies to the Batavian Republic. The United Kingdom cedes Minorca to Spain.
  • 1803: War breaks out between the United Kingdom and France. Another rebellion in Ireland fails.
  • 1806: The United Kingdom defeats the Batavian Republic at the Battle of Blaauwberg and re-conquers the Cape Colony.
  • 1807: France is victorious at the decisive Battle of Friedland which marks the end of the War of the Fourth Coalition with Prussia, Russia, Saxony, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom takes Heligoland from Denmark.
  • 1808: The French invasion of Spain leads to a Peninsular War between Spain, the United Kingdom and Portugal against the newly installed government of Spain and France. France defeats at Évora a Spanish-Portuguese army.
  • 1809: A following War of the Fifth Coalition]] between France and allies with Austria and the United Kingdom ends with a French victory at Wagram.
  • 1810: The United Kingdom conquers French Mauritius.
  • 1814: France is finally defeated in the War of the Sixth Coalition. Napoleon is forced to go into exile on Elba. France loses the annexed territories. George III is also king of Hanover. Malta becomes a crown colony.
  • 1815: In the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, the United Kingdom, the Austrian Empire, France, Portugal, Prussia, Russia and Sweden agree on the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the re-division of Europe. The United Kingdom is was confirmed in control of the Cape Colony in Southern Africa, Tobago, Ceylon and various other colonies in Africa and Asia. Other colonies, most notably the Dutch East Indies and Martinique, are restored to their previous owners. Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows Louis XVIII and restores the empire. He is [Battle of Waterloo|defeated at Waterloo]] by the allied forces and abdicates. The United Kingdom establish a protectorate over the Islands.
  • 1820: King George III is succeeded by his son George IV. A conspiracy is discovered and fails. The same year an insurrection in Scotland is suppressed.
  • 1831: An uprising in South Wales is suppressed. A campaign of nonviolent civil disobedience in Ireland, punctuated by sporadic violent episodes takes place in reaction to the enforcement of tithes.
  • 1832: Parliament passes the electoral reform acts. The members of the House of Commons are to be elected in free multi-party elections on a limited suffrage. The government remains responsible to the House of Commons.
  • 1833: Parliament abolishes slavery.
  • 1836: The campaign against the tithes in Ireland is defeated.
  • 1837: The personal union with Hanover ends with the death of king William IV, he is succeeded by his cousin Victoria. Her reign lasts until 1901.
  • 1843: The United Kingdom annexes Natalia.
  • 1848: The Young Irelanders stage a rebellion during the Great Famine. The rebellion is suppressed.
  • 1850: The United Kingdom adds the Danish Gold Coast to the Gold Coast.
  • 1852: The South African Republic becomes independent.
  • 1853: France and the United Kingdom start the Crimean War with Russia over Crimea. The Ottoman Empire and Sardinia join France and the United Kingdom.
  • 1854: The Orange Free State becomes independent.
  • 1856: The war is lost by Russia, which is confirmed with the Treaty of Paris.
  • 1864: With the Treaty of London the Ionian Islands are ceded to Greece.
  • 1867: Canada becomes a dominion. The Irish Republican Brotherhood stage a failed uprising against British rule.
  • 1872: The United Kingdom adds the Dutch Gold Coast to the British Gold Coast.
  • 1876: Queen Victoria becomes also Empress of India.
  • 1877-1881: The United Kingdom occupies Transvaal.
  • 1878: In the Cyprus Convention the Ottoman Empire cedes Cyprus to the United Kingdom in return for military support against Russia. Cyprus is as a protectorate a tribute of the Ottoman Empire (1878-1914), ruled directly (1914-1925) and becomes a crown colony in 1914.
  • 1882: Ottoman Egypt is occupied by the United Kingdom.
  • 1884: The United Kingdom establishes British Somaliland.
  • 1890: <span class="anchor" id="1890))The United Kingdom cedes Heligoland to Prussia inside the German Empire.
  • 1894: The Mosquito Coast is ceded to Nicaragua.
  • 1900: The United Kingdom conquers the Orange Free State and Transvaal.
  • 1901: Australia becomes a dominion.
  • 1902: The United Kingdom annexes the Orange Free State and Transvaal.
  • 1904: The United Kingdom and France ally themselves in the Entente cordiale.
  • 1907: New Zealand and Newfoundland become dominions.
  • 1910: South Africa becomes a dominion.
  • 1913: The Irish Volunteers are founded.
  • 1914: After Austria-Hungary declarez war on Serbia, Germany attacks France, Belgium and Luxembourg. The United Kingdom declares war on Germany. Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary and Germany. The Ottoman Empire joins the Central Powers alliance of Austria-Hungary and Germany. World War I is a fact. Montenegro and Japan join the Allied Powers. Egypt is also de jure separated from the Ottoman Empire and becomes a British protectorate.
  • 1915: The same year Bulgaria joins the Central Powers and Italy joins the allied powers.
  • 1916: Portugal joins the allied powers. A rising in which the Irish Republic is proclaimed, is defeated. Most of its leaders are executed.
  • 1917: The United States and Greece join the allied powers.
  • 1918: The Central Powers are defeated and an armistice is agreed. The United Kingdom introduces universal male suffrage and limited female suffrage.
  • 1919: After the declaration of independence of the Irish Republic, the Irish War of Independence starts. Following the defeat and the occupation of the Ottoman Empire, Mustafa Kemal leads the Turkish War of Independence against the United Kingdom and others. The war between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers ends with Treaty of Versailles with Germany, the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye with German-Austria, the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary and the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine with Bulgaria. Austria-Hungary is dissolved. Germany, Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria and lose areas.
  • 1920: The Treaty of Sèvres between the France, the United Kingdom and Italy and other allied powers with the Ottoman Empire ends World War I. The Ottoman Empire is partitioned and it loses huge parts of the country to its (partially new) neighbors in the Middle East. The Turkish independence war continues. The United Kingdom is a founding member of the League of Nations. The Kingdom of Iraq, former Ottoman territory, becomes a British protectorate.
  • 1921: The Anglo-Irish Treaty ends the Irish War of Independence."><span class="anchor" id="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
  • 1922: The Irish Free State secedes as a dominion, but Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom. Egypt becomes independent. Kamerun and Togoland are divided in a French and a British League of Nations mandate. German East Africa is divided in a British (Tanganyika) and Belgian mandate (Ruanda-Urundi). All trust territories are continued in 1946 as UN trustships.
  • 1923: Palestine, former Ottoman territory, becomes a British League of Nations mandate.
  • 1925: Cyprus becomes a crown colony.
  • 1928: The United Kingdom introduces universal suffrage.
  • 1930: Wei-hai-Wei is ceded to China.
  • 1931: The Statute of Westminster creates the British Commonwealth of Nations and changes the relations between the United Kingdom and its overseas dependencies. Ireland, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa and Newfoundland become fully independent as dominions, since 1949 commonwealth realms. The dominion status of Ireland ends in 1949, of South Africa in 1961.
  • 1932: Iraq becomes independent.
  • 1934: Newfoundland is reversed to the status of crown colony.
  • {[anchor">1939: World War II starts with the invasion by Nazi Germany of Poland. France and the United Kingdom declare war on Nazi Germany, followed by Australia, Canada, British India, New Zealand and South Africa. Nazi Germany annexes Danzig. The Soviet Union invades Poland. Poland is divided between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
  • 1940: Nazi Germany invades and conquers Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg and Netherlands as well as the Northern and Western part of France. The United Kingdom occupies the Faroe Islands and Iceland. Italy declares war on France and the United Kingdom. It invades from Libya Egypt, starting the war in North Africa. Italy conquers British Somaliland. France surrenders, Alsace-Lorraine is occupied by and de facto annexed to Germany. The French republic continues as the dictatorial French State, a German puppet state. In exile an exile-government of Free France is created. Guernsey and Jersey are occupied by Nazi Germany. Italy invades Greece. Nazi Germany, Italy and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact. Hungary, Romania and Slovakia join the pact. Ireland, Switzerland, Sweden, Spain and Portugal remain neutral during World War II.
  • Nazi Germany attacks Malta. Bulgaria and Yugoslavia join the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany, but Yugoslavia leaves the pact shortly after. The allied forces defeat Italy in Italian East Africa. Nazi Germany and its allies Hungary and Romania invade the Soviet Union and conquer part of the union, including Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine and present-day Belarus. Finland resumes the war with the Soviet Union. After the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, Germany and Italy declare war on the United States. China declares war on Nazi Germany, as did many South-American countries the same year.
  • 1943: German forces in the Soviet Union are defeated at Stalingrad, marking the beginning of the Nazi-German collapse in the Soviet Union. The German and Italian forces in North Africa, Tunisia are defeated, followed by the invasion of Italy by the United States and the United Kingdom. After a coup d'état Italy declares war on Germany and Nazi Germany invades Italy.
  • 1944: The allied forces of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Free French and Poland launch an invasion of Normandy, creating a third Front. The same year Romania and Bulgaria quit the alliance with Nazi Germany and declare war on Nazi Germany.
  • 1945: Nazi Germany is defeated and occupied by the allied forces (Soviet Union, the United States, France and the United Kingdom). They divide Germany in occupation zones with Berlin having a separate status. The Allied Powers secede Austria from Germany and occupy the country. The Italian Aegean Islands are conquered by the United Kingdom. The occupation of Faroe Islands and Iceland ends. The United Kingdom is a founding member of the United Nations.
  • 1946: Transjordan becomes independent.
  • 1947: India (dominion until 1950) and Pakistan (dominion until 1956) become independent. The Aegean Islands are incorporated into Greece.
  • 1948: Israel, Burma and Ceylon (dominion/commonwealth realm until 1972) become independent. Plural voting in the United Kingdom is abolished.
  • 1949: The British occupation zone of Germany becomes part of the Federal Republic of Germany. The United Kingdom is a founding member of the Council of Europe the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Newfoundland becomes part of Canada.
  • 1955: The Austrian State Treaty ends the occupation and re-establishes a sovereign and democratic

Austria.

Kingdom until a majority both of the people of Northern Ireland and of the Republic of Ireland wish otherwise.

  • 1999: Most hereditary peers are by law expelled.
  • 2005: The IRA ends its military campaign in Northern Ireland.
  • 2016: In a referendum the United Kingdom decides to leave the European Union.

Timeline of Northern England

[edit]
Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - United Kingdom
Northern England - Northern Ireland - Scotland - Wales - Other regions in main section
Roman Empire
Gallic Empire
  • 260: Britannia is part of the seccessionist Gallic Empire.
Roman Empire
  • 270: The Gallic Empire is limited to Gaul and Germania.
  • 395: After the death of emperor Theodosius I, the Roman Empire is partitioned in the (Eastern) Roman Empire and the (Western) Roman Empire. The province of Britannia becomes part of the Western part of the Empire.
Kingdom of Deifr
  • 400s: Problably a Britonic kingdom of Bryneich exists, but this is uncertain
Kingdom of Bryneich
  • 400s: Problably a Britonic kingdom of Bryneich exists, but this is uncertain
Kingdom of Elmet
  • 400s: Britons in present-day Northern England establish the kingdom of Elmet[6].
Kingdom of Rheged
  • 400s: Britons in present-day Northern England establish the kingdom of Rheged[7].
Kingdom of Deira
  • 559: Ælla is recorded as first king of Anglian Deira, replacing Deifr.
Kingdom of Bernicia
  • 547: Ida is the first known king of Anglian Bernicia, replacing Bryneich.




  • 604: Æthelfrith of Bernicia becomes also king of Deira
  • 616/617: After the death of king Ceredig of Elmet, his realm is conquered by the Northumbrians.
  • 633: Osric becomes king of Deira.
  • 634: Oswald unites Bernicia and Deira.
  • 644: Oswine becomes king of Deira.
  • 644: Oswiu remains king of Bernicia.
Kingdom of Northumbria
Danelaw Kingdom of Jorvík
  • 876: Northern Northumbria becomes a Viking client state with king Ecgberht.




Kingdom of England
  • 927: North Northumbria is annexed by king Æðelstān of Wessex, who unites his realm as England]].

Timeline of Northern Ireland

[edit]
Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - United Kingdom
Northern England - Northern Ireland - Scotland - Wales - Other regions in main section
The history of Northern Ireland has to be seen in relation to the history of Ireland.
  • 400s/800s: In Ireland or Hibernia, several kingdoms and other entities are established. According to medieval Irish historical tradition Ireland is ruled since historical times by the High Kings. Ireland doesn't develop into a state or kingdom, but is a conglomerate of tribes, kingdoms and other entities.
Ailech Kingdom of Dál Riata
  • 400s: Dál Riata, partially in present-day Scotland and partially in Northern Ireland, is said to have been founded by the legendary king Fergus Mór mac Eirc.
Kingdom of Airgíalla
Ulaid
  • 637: The Irish and Scottish parts of Dál Riata are separated. Dál Riata continues as a sub-kingdom of Ulaid.
Tyrone Lordship of IrelandEngland
Kingdom of IrelandEngland
  • 1542: Ireland becomes a kingdom with King Henry VIII of England as king of Ireland.

  • 1607: In the Flight of the Earls, Aodh Mór Ó Néill leaves Ireland, Tyrone is annexed to Ireland.
  • 1632: Ireland annexes the last parts of Leinster, completing the full conquest of Ireland.
  • 1641: As a result of the civil war in England and Scotland the Irish Confederate Wars in Ireland start, some parts of which were a civil war.
Commonwealth of England
Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
  • 1653: The war in Ireland ends with the defeat of the Irish Catholic Federation, the English parliamentarian conquest of Ireland and crushing of Irish Catholic power. After a coup d'etat in 1653, Oliver Cromwell forcibly takes control of England. He dissolves the Rump Parliament and becomes Lord Protector of the commonwealth.
Commonwealth of England
  • 1659: England is renamed including Scotland and Ireland, and has no head of state.
Kingdom of IrelandEngland/Great Britain/United Kingdom
  • 1660: Charles II becomes king of Ireland in a personal union with England and Scotland.
  • 1688: Supporters of James II fight a war against king William II in Ireland.
  • 1690: James II is defeated at the Boyne and flees to France. The war ends in 1691 with the Treaty of Limerick.
  • 1707: When England and Scotland unite, queen Anne of Great Britain is also queen of Ireland.
  • 1740–1741: A famine leads to mass starvation.
  • 1798: Despite French support a rebellion fails to overthrow British rule in Ireland.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
  • 1922: Ireland secedes as a dominion, but Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom.

Timeline of Scotland

[edit]
Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - United Kingdom
Northern England - Northern Ireland - Scotland - Wales - Other regions in main section
Kingdom of Alt Clut Kingdom of Gododdin
  • 400s: Britons in present-day Southern Scotland establish the kingdom of Gododdin[12].
Kingdom of Dál Riata Picts
  • c. 400s: The Pictic tribes form a confederation divided in several sub-kingdoms[13]. Among them are Cat, Ce, Fib and Fortriu.
  • 600s: Galloway is ruled by Bernicia and its Anglo-Saxon successors.
  • ca 642: Eugein is recorded as king of Strathclyde.
Kingdom of Bernicia
  • 638: Goddodin is defeated by Bernicia.
  • 637: The Irish and Scottish parts of Dál Riata are separated.


Kingdom of Northumbria
  • 651: Bernicia is continued by Northumbria.







Kingdom of Scotland

Kingdom of Strathclyde
  • 872: Run is labelled as king of Strathclyde.
Kingdom of Jorvík
  • 876: Northern Northumbria with Gonnodin becomes the Viking client state of Jorvík with king Ecgberht.

Kingdom of Norway
Kingdom of the Isles[14]
  • 890: The Kingdom of the Isles is established, including present-day Isle of Man and the Hebrides.

Kingdom of England
  • 954: Unclear is what happpened when king Eadred of England absorbed the whole of Northumbria.
Lordship of Galloway
  • 1130s: Galloway is independent with lord Fergus
Kingdom of Man and the Isles
  • 1236: Magnus II is the first Scot to be appointed earl by the king of Norway.
Commonwealth of England
  • 1651: King Charles II is defeated by the English parliament and Scotland is annexed to England.
Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
Commonwealth of England
  • 1659: England is renamed including Scotland and Ireland, and has no head of state.
Kingdom of Scotland
Kingdom of Great Britain
  • 1707: The parliaments of England and Scotland decide in the Acts of Union to unite the countries with Anne as the first queen of Great Britain.

Timeline of Wales

[edit]
Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - United Kingdom
Northern England - Northern Ireland - Scotland - Wales - Other regions in main section
Roman Empire
  • 49: After earlier invasions of present-day England, the Roman Empire starts the conquest of Wales, populated by Celtic tribes.
Gallic Empire
  • 260: Wales is part of the seccessionist Gallic Empire.
Roman Empire
  • 270: The Gallic Empire is limited to Gaul and Germania.
(Western) Roman Empire
  • 395: With the partition of the Roman Empire, the province of Britannia becomes part of the (Western) Roman Empire.
  • c. 410: The Roman Empire withdraws from Britain. Various Celtic feuding kingships come to existence in what is to become Wales.
Kingdom of Gwynedd
  • 400s: In the fifth century the Celtic kingdom of Gwynedd is gradually formed.
Kingdom of Brycheiniog Kingdom of Ceredigion Kingdom of Dyfed
  • c. 410: The kingdom of Dyfed is founded.
Kingdom of Powys
  • 400s: In the fifth century the Celtic kingdom of Powys is gradually formed.
Kingdom of Glywysing
  • 400s: Glywysing is founded, named after the real or legendary king Glywys.
Kingdom of Gwent
  • 400s: The kingdom of Gwent is formed.
Kingdom of Seisyllwg
Kingdom of Deheubarth Kingdom of Morgannwg
  • 942: Glywysing is merged with Gwent into Morgannwg.



Kingdom of Gwent
  • 974: Gwent secedes from Morgannwg.
  • 1045: Brycheiniog falls to Deheubarth.



Kingdom of England
  • 1091: Morgannwg is conquered by the Norman-English warlord Robert Fitzhamon for England.


Kingdom of Powys Wenwynwyn Kingdom of Powys Fadog

Principality of WalesEngland
Kingdom of England
  • 1542: Henry VIII annexes Wales to England.

  1. ^ Most of the history of Dumnonia is unrecorded.
  2. ^ The Battle of Badon is chiefly known today for the supposed involvement of King Arthur.
  3. ^ A period of 116 year warfare between France and England from 1337 until 1453 commences.
  4. ^ A period of 116 year warfare between France and England from 1337 until 1453 commences.
  5. ^ In 1993 with the Maastricht Treaty, signed in 1991, the European Economic Community is renamed into the European Community, the institutions of the three communities (the European Community, the European Atomic Energy Community and the European Coal and Steel Community) merge into the institutions of the European Communities, being the first pillar of the European Union. In 2009 with the Treaty of Lisbon, signed in 2007, the European Community is dissolved into the European Union, becoming an overall legal unit.
  6. ^ Most of the history of Elmet is unrecorded.
  7. ^ Most of the history of Rheged is unrecorded.
  8. ^ Most of the history of Ailech is unrecorded.
  9. ^ Most of the history of Airgíalla is unrecorded.
  10. ^ Most of the history of Ulaid is unrecorded.
  11. ^ Most of the history of Alt Clut/Strathclyde is unrecorded.
  12. ^ Most of the history of Gododdin is unrecorded.
  13. ^ Most of the beginning history of the Picts is unrecorded.
  14. ^ The names of the Kingdom of the Isles and of its rulers and its connection to other viking states are speculative.