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Phialemonium Curvatum

Phialemonium Curvatum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Phylum:
Ascomycota
Subphylum:
Pezizomycotina
Class:
Sordariomycetes
Order:
Sordariales
Family:
Cephalothecaceae
Genus:
Phialemonium
Species:
P. Curvatum
Binomial name
Phialemonium Curvatum
Gams, W & M.R. McGinnis (1983)
Synonyms

Phialemoniopsis curvata (W. Gams & W.B. Cooke) H. Perdomo, D. García, Gené, Cano & Guarro, Mycologia 105 (2): 410 (2013)

Phialemonium curvatum is a pathogenic fungus which is part of the Ascomycota phylum and the Phialemonium genus.[1] The philemonium genus was created to account for the difference between the Acremonium and Phialophora.[2] This genus is characterized by its abundance of adelophialides and few discrete phialides with no signs of collarettes. Specifically P. curvatum, is characterized by its grayish white colonies and its allantoid conidia.[2] P. curvatum is typically found in molds however, isolets have been found in a variety of environments including: air, soil, industrial water and sewage.[2][3][4] Furthermore, P. curvatum affects mainly immunocomprimised and is rarely seen in immunocompetent patients.[2] P. curvatum has been known to cause peritonitis[3], endocarditis [5][6], endovascular infections[3], osteomyelitis[2] as well as cutaneous infections of wounds and burns[2].

Description and Identification:[edit]

P. curvatum was first described by W. Gans et McGinnis in 1983.[1] It is often described as being phaeoid although it lacks any form of dark pigmentation.[4] By incubating a sample of P. curvatum at 23-24 °C for one week in a Sabouraub agar, it is possible for a colony of P. curvatum to form.[2][3][6] The colony’s appearance is flat and glabrous with a white turning yellowish-gray colouration and yellow pigment surrounding the colony.[2][3][6] Furthermore, the conidia of P. curvatum can be described as being uniformly cylindrical to allantoid with their length ranging from 3.5- 6.0 μm and their width varying from 1.0 to 1.4 μm.[7] A key feature of P. curvatum is that its condia have no signs of chlamydoconidia which is key in distinguishing between P. curvatum and P. obovatum.[3] As well, the conidiophores of P. curvatum contain phialides with little or no collarettes with their dimensions varying from 1-7μm in length and 0.5-1.0μm in width.[7] The range in temperature in which P. curvatum can vary between 10 and 36 °C.[3] Another way of identifying P. curvatum is through the use of PCR and DNA sequencing of the ITS.[8] By incubating a suspected culture in a GEPD medium at 30°C, a culture can be grown to allow for the isolation and extraction of genomic DNA.[8] Then through the use ITS1 primers and ITS4, the samples can be amplified, sequenced and analyzed to allow for the identification of P. curvatum.[8][9]

Pathogenicity:[edit]

Arthritis:[edit]

Case studies have shown that P. curvatum is capable of causing arthritis.[6][4] The source of the infection has often been traced to a penile or intra-articular injection of a corticosteroid.[6][4] The course of treatment has been to prescribe the patient with amphotericin B and voriconazole.[6][4]

Endocarditis:[edit]

P. curvatum rarely causes heart infections, however immunosuppressed patients are far more likely to become infected due to their lower immune function.[5] Endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves and P. curvatum has been linked to this infection through penile injections or through the transplantation of a prosthetic aortic valve.[5][6] In the case of endocarditis, P. curvatum forms a mass on the heart valve which if left untreated can lead to the impairment of the heart valve and in turn cause a brain infract and consequently death.[5] The key to treating endocarditis caused by P. curvatum is to treat the patient as soon as possible with antifungal medications such as amphotericin B and vorioconazole.[6]

Endophthalmitis:[edit]

P. curvatum has been found to be capable of causing endopthalmitis particularly in immune compromised patients.[10] Endophthalmitis is an inflammatory response typically due to an infection of the intraocular cavities.[11] In reference specifically to P. curvatum, hypopyon (an accumulation of pus) as well as virtreous opacities are visible in patients with endophthalmitis.[10] Reported sources of infection can include self intracavernous injections to treat erectile dysfunction as well as phacoemulsification.[10][12] Histological findings documented in the case study by Weinberger et al. include: necrotizing granulomata, chronic lymphocytic infiltration and fine septate hyphae.[10] Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the infection however treatment usually consists of antifungal medication such as amphotericin B.[10][13] Furthermore, the patient may undergo a cataract extraction (if present) and a pars plana vitrectomy.[13] If the patient remains unresponsive to the treatment, then enucleation of the infected eye may be necessary.[10]

Peritonitis:[edit]

P. curvatum has been known to peritonitis, which is a phaeohyphomycosis affecting the peritoneal cavity, and is responsible for 1-10% of infections in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.[2],[3] This type of phaehophomycosis is associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate.[3] To treat patients with this type of infection, they are put on antifungal medications such as: amphotericin B, ketoconazole, flucytosine and fluconazole until repeeated peritoneal fluid cultures show no fungal growth.[3]

Subcutaneous infection:[edit]

The subcutaneous infection caused by P. curvatum commences by forming a small cyst, less than one centimeter in diameter, which is not normally fixed to the skin.[3] As the mass enlarges, the middle of the cyst is filled with purulent material containing most of the fungal hyphae (some hyphae may also be present on the wall of the cyst).[3] As the cyst continues to grow, the mass becomes more dense and can eventually ulcerate.[3] This type of granulomatous infection caused by P. curvatum is characterized by the presence of a number of Langhan-type giant cells, fibroblasts, macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes, as well as a decrease in the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.[3] At the centre of the granulomata, it is also possible to identify microabsecesses, collagen tissue as well as necrotic debris caused by the fungal hyphae.[3] The typical course of treatment is to surgically remove the cyst and may include antifungal medications.[3]

Other infections:[edit]

P. curvatum, has also been found to affect patients undergoing hemodialysis which caused an endovascular infection.[9][14] One of the claimed sources of contamination was found to be contaminated water while other sources may have been due to grafts renal and bone marrow transplants.[9][14] There was also a report of P. curvatum affecting the lower spine and respiratory and causing an abscess with purulent material in the middle.[15][16][17] The course of treatment included antifungal medication such amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, variconzale and caspofungin as well as removal of the cyst.[8][9][14][15][16][17]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b {Mycobank. "Phialemonium curvatum". Retrieved 18 October 2013.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Perdomo, H.; Sutton, D. A.; García, D.; Fothergill, A. W.; Gené, J.; Cano, J.; Summerbell, R. C.; Rinaldi, M. G.; Guarro, J. (26 January 2011). "Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Phialemonium and Lecythophora Isolates from Clinical Samples". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 49 (4): 1209–1216. doi:10.1128/JCM.01979-10. PMC 3122869. PMID 21270235.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p King, D (1993 Jul). "A phaeohyphomycotic cyst and peritonitis caused by Phialemonium species and a reevaluation of its taxonomy". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 31 (7): 1804–10. doi:10.1128/jcm.31.7.1804-1810.1993. PMC 265636. PMID 8349757. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b c d e Dan, M.; Yossepowitch, O.; Hendel, D.; Shwartz, O.; Sutton, D. A. (2006 Sep). "Phialemonium curvatum arthritis of the knee following intra-articular injection of a corticosteroid". Medical Mycology : Official Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 44 (6): 571–4. doi:10.1080/13693780600631883. PMID 16966177. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ a b c d Osherov, A.; Schwammenthal, E.; Kuperstein, R.; Strahilevitz, J.; Feinberg, M. S. (2006 Jul). "Phialemonium curvatum prosthetic valve endocarditis with an unusual echocardiographic presentation". Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.). 23 (6): 503–5. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8175.2006.00249.x. PMID 16839390. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Strahilevitz, J.; Rahav, G.; Schroers, H. J.; Summerbell, R. C.; Amitai, Z.; Goldschmied-Reouven, A.; Rubinstein, E.; Schwammenthal, Y.; Feinberg, M. S.; Siegman-Igra, Y.; Bash, E.; Polacheck, I.; Zelazny, A.; Howard, S. J.; Cibotaro, P.; Shovman, O.; Keller, N. (2005 Mar 15). "An outbreak of Phialemonium infective endocarditis linked to intracavernous penile injections for the treatment of impotence". Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 40 (6): 781–6. doi:10.1086/428045. PMID 15736008. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ a b Gams, W. (1983). "Phialemonium, a new anamorph genus intermediate between Phialophora and Acremonium". Mycologia. 75 (6): 977–987. doi:10.1080/00275514.1983.12023783. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ a b c d Rivero, M.; Hidalgo, A.; Alastruey-Izquierdo, A.; Cía, M.; Torroba, L.; Rodríguez-Tudela, J. L. (2009 Nov). "Infections due to Phialemonium species: case report and review". Medical Mycology : Official Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 47 (7): 766–74. doi:10.3109/13693780902822800. PMID 19888810. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ a b c d Rao, C. Y.; Pachucki, C.; Cali, S.; Santhiraj, M.; Krankoski, K. L.; Noble-Wang, J. A.; Leehey, D.; Popli, S.; Brandt, M. E.; Lindsley, M. D.; Fridkin, S. K.; Arduino, M. J. (2009 Sep). "Contaminated product water as the source of Phialemonium curvatum bloodstream infection among patients undergoing hemodialysis". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : The Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 30 (9): 840–7. doi:10.1086/605324. PMID 19614543. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ a b c d e f Weinberger, M (2006 May). "Isolated endogenous endophthalmitis due to a sporodochial-forming Phialemonium curvatum acquired through intracavernous autoinjections". Medical Mycology : Official Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 44 (3): 253–9. doi:10.1080/13693780500411097. PMID 16702105. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Egan, Daniel J. "Endophthalmitis". Medscape. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  12. ^ Freda, R (2011 Nov-Dec). "Phialemonium curvatum infection after phacoemulsification: a case report". European Journal of Ophthalmology. 21 (6): 834–6. doi:10.5301/EJO.2011.8360. PMID 21607929. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ a b Zayit-Soudry, S.; Neudorfer, M.; Barak, A.; Loewenstein, A.; Bash, E.; Siegman-Igra, Y. (2005 Oct). "Endogenous Phialemonium curvatum endophthalmitis". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 140 (4): 755–7. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.04.037. PMID 16226540. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ a b c Proia, LA (2004 Aug 1). "Phialemonium: an emerging mold pathogen that caused 4 cases of hemodialysis-associated endovascular infection". Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 39 (3): 373–9. doi:10.1086/422320. PMID 15307005. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ a b Heins-Vaccari, E. M.; Machado, C. M.; Saboya, R. S.; Silva, R. L.; Dulley, F. L.; Lacaz, C. S.; Freitas Leite, R. S.; Hernandez Arriagada, G. L. (2001 May-Jun). "Phialemonium curvatum infection after bone marrow transplantation". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo. 43 (3): 163–6. doi:10.1590/s0036-46652001000300009. PMID 11452326. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ a b Persy, B.; Vrelust, I.; Gadisseur, A.; Ieven, M. (2011 Sep-Oct). "Phialemonium curvatum fungaemia in an immunocompromised patient: case report". Acta Clinica Belgica. 66 (5): 384–6. doi:10.2143/ACB.66.5.2062593 (inactive 2023-08-02). PMID 22145276. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2023 (link)
  17. ^ a b Sutton, D. A.; Wickes, B. L.; Thompson, E. H.; Rinaldi, M. G.; Roland, R. M.; Libal, M. C.; Russell, K.; Gordon, S. (2008 Jun). "Pulmonary Phialemonium curvatum phaeohyphomycosis in a Standard Poodle dog". Medical Mycology : Official Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 46 (4): 355–9. doi:10.1080/13693780701861470. PMID 18415843. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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