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Madame Gres
Born
Germaine Emilie Krebs

(1903-11-30)November 30, 1903
Paris, France
DiedNovember 24, 1993(1993-11-24) (aged 89)
NationalityFrench
SpouseSerge Czerefkov
Children1

Madame Grès (1903 – 1993) born Germaine Emilie Krebs , also known as Alix Barton and Alix, was a leading French couturier of her generation and costume designer. She founded the former haute couture fashion house "Gres" as well as the associated perfume house "Parfums Gres" which still exists today in Switzerland[1]. Remembered as the "Phinx of Fashion", Gres was notoriously secretive about her personal life and was seen as a workaholic with a furious attention to detail, therefore she preferred to let her work do the talking[2]. Called the "master of the wrapped and draped dress"[3] and "queen of drapery"[2], Gres is best known for her floor-length draped grecian goddess gowns[4]. Gres' simplistic and minimalistic draping techniques and her attention and respect for the female body[5] have had a lasting effect on the haute couture and fashion industry and she is credited for inspiring a number of recent designers.[6]

Biography[edit]

Early life[edit]

Madame Gres was born and raised in Paris, France. Early in life, Gres studied painting and sculpting.[7] Gres originally dreamed of becoming a sculptress but after many objections made by her family she shifted her interests towards the art of fashion design and clothing making.[8] Using her formal training in sculpture, Gres was able to apply her sculpting techniques to her fabric forms.[6] Gres' first job in the industry of fashion was a woman's hat maker where she excelled until she began focusing on couture dressmaking.[7] After distinguishing her area of interest, Gres received her early training in haute couture dressmaking at the fashion house, Maison Premet, a house known for requiring extreme perfection.[4]

Alex Era[edit]

In 1932, Gres opened her first couture fashion house, La Maison Alix. In 1993, Gres and her coworker, Juliette Barton, combined their names to create Alix Barton, which she designed under for a short amount of time.[7] Gres dropped the "Barton" in 1934 and designed under her own name, "Alix", for the remainder of the 1930's and up until 1942.[5] During this time, Gres' infamous style of classical drapery and elegant gowns became the signature of the couture fashion house[6]. At this time she became known for her technique of using live mannequins, designing and creating garments directly on the models[4]. Her early work shows Greco-Roman sculpture influences as well as simple lines and attention to the female body[9]. Her preferred media during this time was silk jersey and paper taffeta[6] While operating her haute couture fashion house under the name Alix, she first gained positive attention and critical acclaim for designing costumes in 1935 for Jean Giraudoux's play, "The Trojan War Will Not Take Place".[10] After recieveing much applause for her theatrical costume designs, Gres became one of the leading designers of that time designing for many notable figures such as the Duchess of Windsor, Paloma Picasso, Grace Kelly,Marlene Dietrich, and Greta Garbo.[10][1]

Madame Gres Era[edit]

In 1942, after marrying russian painter, Serge Czerefkov, Gres began designing under the name " Madame Gres", a partial anagram of her husbands first name[9] During World War II, after creating the Madame Gres label, German troops invaded Paris and soon occupied it. During the war, german forces demanded that Madame Gres design bleak and utilitarianism clothing which was in complete contrast to her entire collection. Gres defied their orders and continued to design garments that mirrored the colors of the French flag.[7] Consequentially, after defying German's orders, German forces ordered Gres' haute couture fashion house to be closed claiming her generous use of fabric during wartime as their reasoning.[10] After the closing of her first couture house, Gres fled to the Pyrenees and stayed there until Paris was liberated[7]. In 1944, with the closing of her first couture house, Gres began designing again and opened her second house returning to her now signature name, Madame Gres.[11]Throughout the 1940's, Madame Gres began constructing and perfecting her most notorious garment, the elegantly draped grecian goddess gowns.[9] These dresses could take anywhere up to three hundred hours to complete with each pleat being done by hand draping the cloth so the body shaped the dress.[1] Gres' signature dress perfectly captures who Gres was as a fashion designer. Her painstaking attention to detail, regard for the human body, and simplistic effects can be seen in each of her gowns.[2] In the 1950's, Gres experimented with simpler cuts and purer lines using ethnic traditions such as saris,kimonos and serapes as her inspiration.[4] In addition, Gres tried her hands as tailoring women's suits over the course of the 1950's.[9] Gres' design focus remained mostly on her couture gowns throughout the rest of her career. Gres debuted her bestselling fragrance, Cabochard, in 1959 which translates to "stubborn"[1]. In 1970, Gres strayed away from her signature draping style and highlighted naked flesh. She highlighted the flesh by constructing vertical peek-a-boo openings in the bodice.[10] Gres continued to design at her fashion house up until her 80's when she retired from the Gres fashion house in the late 1980's.[1]The final garment designed by Madame Gres was a swelling bodice dress ordered by Hubert de Givenchy in 1989.[5] Soon after Madame Gres retired from the couture fashion house, The House of Gres, began to suffer. In 1984, The House of Gres was bought by Bernard Tapie and then later Jacques Esterel. Due to unpaid rent, a bankruptcy petition was issued and the house's assets were liquidated and the fashion house was sold to Yagi Tsusho Limited, a Japanese company. [12]

Retirement/ Death[edit]

After retiring, Madame Gres lived life in even more secrecy than before. Due to poor business dealings regarding the licensing of her signature perfume ,Cabochard, Madame Gres lost the fortune that she worked six decades to build leaving her living in poverty.[11] With help from friends, Hubert Givenchy, Pierre Cardin, and Yves Saint Laurent, Gres was able to rent an apartment in the 16th arrondissement in Paris and continue sewing garments for friends.[1] In 1993, Gres' daughter, Anne, moved her to a retirement home in near Toulon, France. On November 24th, 1993, just a few days before her 90th birthday, Gres passed away.[12] Her death was not made public until a year after she passed away[1].

Marriage and Children[edit]

Madame Gres married Serge Czerefkov, a Russian painter, in the late 1930's.[9] The two had one daughter named Anne at some point during their marriage. Gres' daughter is most notable for concealing her mothers death in 1993 for over a year and forging Gres' handwriting in documents.[11]

Awards[edit]

  • Named Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1947[12]
  • Elected president of elected President of Chambre Syndicale of Paris Couture in 1972[4]
  • Dé d'Or (Golden Thimble) for dressmaking by Cartier in 1976[12]
  • New York University Creative Leadership in the Arts Award in 1978[12]
  • Named "Best in Italy” by the National Chamber of Italian Haute Couture[12]

Bibliography[edit]

  • Menkes, Suzy. "Madame Grès as Sculptor." The New York Times. The New York Times, 19 Apr. 2011. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.
  • Sage, Alexandria. "Madame Gres Paris Exhibit Is Ode to Draped Fashion." Reuters. Reuters, 8 July 2011. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.
  • Di Trocchio, Paola. "Madame Gres: Couturier At Work." Fashion Theory The Journal Of Dress, Body & Culture Volume: 18 Issue: 4 (2014): Academic OneFile. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.
  • Cooke, Lynne. "Madame Grès. New York." The Burlington Magazine 2008: 360. JSTOR Journals. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.
  • Livingston, David "The graceful drapings of Madame Gres New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art honours the last of the great couturieres." Globe & Mail (Toronto, Canada) 1994: Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.
  • FOREMAN, KATYA. "A Glimpse Of Grès." WWD: Women's Wear Daily 201.62 (2011): 8-1. Business Source Complete. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.
  • Rose, Cynthia. "Finding Fidelity Within The Fashion House." Crafts (0306610X) 231 (2011): 65-66. Art & Architecture Complete. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.
  • Tan-Gan, Lulu. "Madame Gres: The Sculptress of Fabric Who Influenced Us." Inquirer.net. INQUIRER.net, 29 Aug. 2014. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.

External Links[edit]

References[edit]

Categories go here.

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Foreman, Katya (25 March 2011). "A Glimpse Of Grès". Women's Wear Daily. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  2. ^ a b c Di Trocchio, Paola (4 September 2014). "Madame Gres: Couturier At Work". Fashion Theory: The Journal Of Dress, Body & Culture. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  3. ^ Phelan, Hayley (3 May 2012). "25 Women Designers Who Changed Fashion Forever". Fashionista.com. Breaking Media, Inc. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e Rose, Cynthia (6 June 2011). "Finding Fidelity Within the Fashion House". Crafts. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  5. ^ a b c Menkes, Suzy (18 April 2011). "Madame Gres as Sculptor". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  6. ^ a b c d Livingstone, David (17 November 1994). "The Graceful Drapings of Madame Gres New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art Honours the Last of the Great Couturieres". Globe & Mail. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  7. ^ a b c d e Hewins, Erica (23 June 2011). "Madame Gres Exhibition at Bourdelle Museum". Bonjour Paris. Paris New Media LLC. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  8. ^ Livingstone, David (11/17/1994). "The Graceful Drapings of Madame Gres New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art Honours the Last of the Great Couturieres". Globe & Mail. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help); More than one of |work= and |newspaper= specified (help)
  9. ^ a b c d e Mendoza, Sandra (30 April 2011). "Alix Gres". Vintage Fashion Guild. Vintage Fashion Guild. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d Sage, Alexandria (8 July 2011). "Madame Gres Paris Exhibit Is Ode to Draped Fashion". Reuters. Reuters. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  11. ^ a b c Cooke, Lynne (1 May 2008). "Madame Grès. New York". The Burlington Magazine.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Tan-Gan, Lulu (29 August 2014). "Madame Grès: The Sculptress of Fabric who Influenced Us". Inquirer.net. INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
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