User:Emcoxsey01/sandbox
Diagnosis[edit]
Doctors can typically identify a mosquito bite by sight.[1]
A doctor will perform a physical examination and ask about medical history as well as any travel history.[1] Be ready to give details on any international trips, including the dates you were traveling, the countries you visited and any contact you had with mosquitoes.
Dengue Fever
Diagnosing Dengue fever can be difficult, its symptoms often overlap with many other diseases such as malaria and Typhoid fever.[2] Laboratory tests can detect evidence of the dengue viruses, however the results often come back too late to assist in directing treatment.[2]
West Nile Virus
Medical testing can confirm the presence of West Nile fever or a West Nile-related illness, such as meningitis or encephalitis.[3] If infected, a blood test may show a rising level of antibodies to the West Nile virus. A Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is the most common way to diagnose meningitis, by analyzing the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding your brain and spinal cord.[4] The fluid sample may show an elevated white cell count and antibodies to the West Nile virus if you were exposed.[4] In some cases, an electroencephalography (EEG) or Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan can help detect brain inflammation.[4]
Zika Virus
A Zika virus infection might be suspected if symptoms are present and an individual has traveled to an area with known Zika virus transmission.[5] Zika virus can only be confirmed by a laboratory test of body fluids, such as urine or saliva, or by blood test.[5]
Chikungunya
Laboratory blood tests can identify evidence of Chikungunya or other similar viruses such as dengue and Zika.[6] Blood test may confirm the presence of IgM and IgG anti-chikungunya antibodies. IgM antiboies are highest 3 to 5 weeks after the beginning of symptoms and will continue be present for about 2 months.[6]
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- ^ a b "Mosquito bites Symptoms - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2017-10-01.
- ^ a b "Dengue fever - Diagnosis". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2017-10-01.
- ^ "West Nile virus". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2017-10-01.
- ^ a b c "West Nile virus - Diagnosis". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2017-10-01.
- ^ a b "Testing for Zika Virus". CDC. 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-10-01.
- ^ a b "Chikungunya". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2017-10-01.
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Epidemiology[edit]
Mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue fever and malaria, typically affect third world countries and areas with tropical climates. Mosquito vectors are sensitive to climate changes and tend to follow seasonal patterns. Between years there are often dramatic shifts in incidence rates. The occurrence of this phenomenon in endemic areas makes mosquito-borne viruses difficult to treat.[1]
Dengue fever is caused by infection through viruses of the family Flaviviridae. The illness is most commonly transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions.[2] Dengue virus has four different serotypes, each of which are antigenically related but have limited cross-immunity to reinfection.[3]
Although dengue fever has a global incidence of 50-100 million cases, only several hundreds of thousands of these cases are life-threatening. The geographic prevalence of the disease can be examined by the spread of the Aedes aegypti.[4] Over the last twenty years, there has been a geographic spread of the disease. Dengue incidence rates have risen sharply within urban areas which have recently become endemic hot spots for the disease.[5] The recent spread of Dengue can also be attributed to rapid population growth, increased coagulation in urban areas, and global travel. Without sufficient vector control, the dengue virus has evolved rapidly over time, posing challenges to both government and public health officials.
Malaria is commonly transmitted through a virus called Plasmodium falciparum. P. falciparum parasites are transmitted mainly by the Anopheles gambiae complex in rural Africa.[2] In just this area, P. falciparum infections comprise an estimated 200 million clinical cases and 1 million annual deaths. 75% of individuals afflicted in this region are children.[6] As with dengue, changing environmental conditions have led to novel disease characteristics. Due to increased illness severity, treatment complications, and mortality rates, many public health officials concede that malaria patterns are rapidly transforming in Africa.[7] Scarcity of health services, rising instances of drug resistance, and changing vector migration patterns are factors that public health officials believe contribute to malaria’s dissemination.
Climate heavily affects mosquito vectors of malaria and dengue. Climate patterns influence the lifespan of mosquitos as well as the rate and frequency of reproduction. Climate change impacts have been of great interest to those studying these diseases and their vectors. Additionally, climate impacts mosquito blood feeding patterns as well as extrinsic incubation periods.[2] Climate consistency gives researchers an ability to accurately predict annual cycling of the disease but recent climate unpredictability has eroded researchers’ ability to track the disease with such precision.
- ^ Marreiros, Humberto; Marreiros, Humberto Filipe; Loff, Clara; Calado, Eulalia (January 2012). "Osteoporosis in paediatric patients with spina bifida". The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 35 (1): 9–21. doi:10.1179/2045772311Y.0000000042. ISSN 1079-0268. PMC 3240921. PMID 22330186.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b c Kuno, G; Gubler, D.J; Oliver, A (1993-01-01). "Use of 'original antigenic sin' theory to determine the serotypes of previous dengue infections". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 87 (1): 103–105. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(93)90444-u. ISSN 0035-9203.
- ^ Halstead, Scott B. (June 1990). "Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 3 (3): 434. ISSN 0951-7375.
- ^ Rigau-Pérez, José G.; Clark, Gary G.; Gubler, Duane J.; Reiter, Paul; Sanders, Eduard J.; Vorndam, A. Vance (1998-09-19). "Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever". The Lancet. 352 (9132): 971–977. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)12483-7. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 9752834 9752834, 9752834.
{{cite journal}}: Check|pmid=value (help) - ^ G.D., Shanks,; K., Biomndo,; S.I., Hay,; R.W., Snow, (2000-05-01). "Changing patterns of clinical malaria since 1965 among a tea estate population located in the Kenyan highlands". Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 94 (3). doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90310-9. ISSN 0035-9203.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ G.D., Shanks,; K., Biomndo,; S.I., Hay,; R.W., Snow, (2000-05-01). "Changing patterns of clinical malaria since 1965 among a tea estate population located in the Kenyan highlands". Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 94 (3). doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90310-9. ISSN 0035-9203.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Lindsay, S. W.; Birley, M. H. (December 1996). "Climate change and malaria transmission". Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 90 (6): 573–588. ISSN 0003-4983. PMID 9039269.