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First Battle of Târgu Frumos

First Battle of Târgu Frumos
	Part of First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive, World War II
	300px; Tiger tanks of the Grossdeutschland division operating in the Ukraine.
Date	9–12 April 1944
Location	Eastern Romania
Result	Axis victory
Belligerents
Germany,; Romania	Soviet Union
Commanders and leaders
Otto Wöhler ; Hasso von Manteuffel; Mihai Racoviţǎ	Ivan Konev ; Semen Bogdanov ; F.F. Zhmachenko ; Viktor Trofimenko
Strength
1 Panzer Grenadier Division; 2 Armoured Divisions; 3 Infantry Divisions	14 Rifle Divisions; 1 Airborne Division; elements of a Tank army
Casualties and losses
unknown	unknown

The First Battle of Târgu Frumos was part of the First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive of World War II fought between Axis powers of World War II commanded by Otto Wöhler and Soviet forces led by Ivan Konev.

By early April 1944, Stavka (Main Command of the Soviet Armed Forces) ordered its two major units involved in operations in south-western Ukraine to mount a strategic offensive in north-western Romania. Konev's 2nd Ukrainian Front approached Târgu Frumos and Botoşani regions by 5 April and commenced its offensive towards Târgu Frumos on 8 April. The Romanian 4th Army, charged with the defense of the region, was being reinforced by German panzer elements of the 24th Panzer Division and was preparing to hold an initial Soviet advance. However, these defenses proved to be no match for the Soviet assault on the town and by the next day Târgu Frumos had been secured by two 27th Army rifle divisions. Meanwhile, the German Eighth Army command reacted rapidly and ordered Hasso von Manteuffel' s Grossdeutschland Panzergrenadier division to move towards Târgu Frumos and recapture the town. By the evening of 10 April, 48 hours after receiving the initial order, Grossdeutschland succeeded in retaking the town and establishing new defensive positions there. Sporadic battles with Soviet elements remaining in the region continued until 12 April, as they were facing the danger of encirclement.

Following the end of the battle, the Germans formed a new defensive line northwest and northeast of the town and maintained a tank regiment as reserve near Târgu Frumos proper. Meanwhile, irked by the defeat suffered at Târgu Frumos, Konev ordered the 2nd Tank Army on 12 April to commence an offensive towards the village of Podu Iloaiei.

Background

On 5 March 1944, Colonel General Ivan Konev, commander of the 2nd Ukrainian Front, commenced the Uman–Botoşani Offensive operation in the Ukraine. This operation succeeded in separating Army Group North's First Panzer Army from Army Group South 8th Army by 17 March,^[9] and by early April Soviet units approached the Romanian border.^[10]

Starting with early April 1944, Stavka ordered the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts to mount a major offensive with strategic implications in western Romania.^[11] Stavka 's strategic intentions were to break German and Romanian strategic defenses in northern Romania, capture the key cities of Iaşi and Chişinău, and therefore projecting forces deep into Romanian territory, if possible as deep as Ploieşti and Bucharest.^[12] By 5 April, Konev's front had crossed the upper reaches of Dniester and Prut Rivers, captured Khotyn and Dorohoi, and approached Târgu Frumos and Botoşani regions 30 miles (48 km)—60 miles (97 km) northwest of Iaşi facing only light Romanian resistance.^[13] On 8 April 1944, Konev ordered the 27th and 40th Armies to conduct a coordinated offensive southward along the Târgu Frumos axis, in close cooperation with Semyon Bogdanov's 2nd Tank Army.^[14] While Konev's shock group was advancing towards Târgu Frumos, Konstantin Koroteev's 52nd Army and elements of Andrei Gravchenko's 6th Tank Army,^[15] which were operating north of Iaşi, were conducting operations alongside the Iaşi axis in order to support Konev's main effort.^[14]

As Konev's armies were preparing to launch their offensive toward Târgu Frumos, Otto Wöhler's German Eighth Army was involved in the heavy fighting taking place in and around the village of Popricani, 9 miles (14 km) north of Iaşi, where two Soviet corps were fighting with armored kampfgruppen,^[16] distracting the Germans' attentions and forces away from the critical Târgu Frumos sector.^[17] Exploiting the 52nd Army diversionary operations in the Iaşi region, the three armies of Konev's shock group began advancing southwards early in the morning of 8 April.^[7] The advance was quite slow due to mud-clogged roads during the rasputitsa, as well as crossing to the west bank of the Prut River northwest of Iaşi.^[7]

Planning

Konev's armies initial mission was to reach Târgu Frumos, Paşcani, and Târgu Neamţ regions, 30 miles (48 km)–60 miles (97 km) west of Iaşi and capture the three towns from their Romanian defenders by surprise.^[7] While three divisions of 51st Rifle Corps were ordered to press southward toward Paşcani, another two rifle divisions were protecting their advance in the region north and northwest of Târgu Neamţ.^[7] Further to the east, seven rifle divisions assigned to 35th Guards and 33rd Rifle Corps of 27th Army would advance southeastward starting with 7 April, along the Prut and force the Romanian 8th Infantry Division retreat towards Hârlau, 17 miles (27 km) north of Târgu Frumos.^[18] Meanwhile, another two division of 33rd Rifle Corps joined by two corps of the 2nd Tank Army would press the Romanian 7th Infantry Division back toward Târgu Frumos.^[18]

The Romanian 4th Army's IV Army Corps, which was responsible for defending the Târgu Frumos sector, was preparing to assemble sufficient forces to man the forward defensive positions in the Ruginoasa–Strunga–Oţeleni defense line, which extended from Târgu Neamţ eastward south of Paşcani and through Târgu Frumos and Podu Iloaiei just south of Iaşi.^[18] As a result, the 6th and 8th Infantry Divisions would be manning defenses stretching from Târgu Neamţ eastward to Paşcani, while the 1st Guards and 7th Infantry Divisions would defend the sector from Paşcani eastward past Târgu Frumos to Podu Iloaiei.^[18] The latter units would be reinforced by the end of 8 April 9 miles (14 km) northeast of Podu Iloaiei by a Maximilian von Edelsheim's 24th Panzer Division's small kampfgruppe.^[3]

Battle

In the vanguard of Trofimenko's 27th Army, Goriachev's 35th Guards Rifle Corps resumed its advance southward from the Hârlǎu region towards Târgu Frumos during the morning on 9 April, with two rifle divisions deployed from left to right in his first echelon.^[3] Soviet riflemen quickly defeated the Romanian troops defending the town and most of the surrounding region, being reinforced by the Corps' second echelon consisting of one airborne and one rifle divisions before any enemy reaction.^[3] Meanwhile, the 42nd Guards Rifle Division captured the town of Paşcani, situated 14 miles (23 km) west of Târgu Frumos and defended by the Romanian 6th Infantry Division.^[3] At the same time, forward detachments of Bogdanov's 2nd Tank Army advancing east of the town attempted to reinforce Trofimenko's infantry fighting in the Târgu Frumos region, but were unable to do so due to German defenders. The German Eighth Army reacted, promptly realizing the danger to its main defenses west of Iaşi, and moved Hasso von Manteuffel's Grossdeutschland Panzer Grenadier Division towards Târgu Frumos.^[4] Elements of the division were ordered to launch a counterattack from the south of the town as soon as possible. Attacking during the rest of the day, that small German force managed to seize and hold only a foothold in the southern part of the town.^[4] However, by this time two divisions of Goriachev's 35th Guards Rifle Corps reached the region and added their weight to Trofimenko's southward thrust. By nightfall, three divisions leading 35th Corps advance passed Târgu Frumos and established a salient 3 miles (4.8 km) to 7 miles (11 km) deep within the Romanian defense line south and southeast of the town.^[19]

Early on 10 April, the Grossdeutchland division, consisting of approximately 160 tanks, including 40 Panthers and 40 Tigers, attacked westward along the road from Podu Iloaiei to Târgu Frumos in two columns deployed north and south of the road.^[1] Following a heavy bombardment, the Germans broke into the town and engaged the Soviet troops which had taken cover in houses and other buildings.^[20] The German thrust cut off a number of Soviet units from their main force and reached the high ground west of the town, by launching a concerted counterattack just as the 206th Rifle, 3rd Guards Airborne and 93rd Guards Rifle Divisions were preparing to resume their assault southwards, at a time when only their rear guards and logistical subunits remained behind to defend the Târgu Frumos region.^[21] Meanwhile, the Romanian 1st Guard and 7th Infantry Division advanced from the south, pressing the Soviets back to the north.^[22] Trapped between the German armour advancing racing into Târgu Frumos from the east and the Romanian infantry counterattacking from the south, the three divisions of 35th Guards Rifle Corps had no choice but to retreat.^[22] At about 2200 hours, 48 hours after getting their original order, the German grenadiers had secured Târgu Frumos and the regions west and north of the town.^[1]

After a desperate two-day struggle by 35th Corps three divisions to avoid encirclement, the fighting in the Târgu Frumos region quieted down by midday on 12 April.^[22]

Aftermath

Afterwards the end of the battle, the Grossdeutschland Division erected a new defensive line to protect Târgu Frumos, which extended in a wide arc from 5 miles (8.0 km) northwest, 6 miles (9.7 km) northeast, and 9 miles (14 km) east of the town.^[22]Manteuffel ultimately placed Grossdeutschland 's Panzergrenadier Regiment on the division's left wing northwest of the town and the Fusilier Regiment on its right wing northeast and east of the town, but he retained his Panzer Regiment in reserve assembly areas close to Târgu Frumos proper.^[23] Meanwhile, throughout the day on 12 April, units from the Panzer Grenadier Regiment cleared Soviet remnants from the 206th Rifle and 3rd Guards Airborne Divisions from a small pocket west of the town and extended the regiment's defensive positions several miles forward southwestward of Heleşteni, 7 miles (11 km) west of Târgu Frumos, where the Grossdeutschland defenses connected with those of the Romanian 1st Guards Division to form a continuous defensive front west of the town.^[24] Furthermore, on Grossdeutschland's right flank, a battlegroup from the 24th Panzer Division continued defending the sector located from north of Podu Iloaiei to the village of Leţcani, 10 miles (16 km) west of Iaşi, where its right flank linked up with the defenses of the 7th Romanian Infantry Division, which was defending the northwestern flank of Iaşi.^[24]

After successfully withdrawing the three partially encircled divisions of 35th Corps, Trofimenko reorganized his 27th Army's defenses along a line extending from north of Târgu Frumos eastward to north of Podu Iloaiei.^[24] By the end of 12 April, Goriachev deployed the 206th, 3rd Guards and 93rd Divisions from left to right in defensive positions stretching from the eastern bank of Siret River near Paşcani, 15 miles (24 km) west of Târgu Frumos, eastward to the village of Munteni, 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Târgu Frumos, while further to the east, three rifle divisions from 33rd Rifle Corps were placed 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Iaşi.^[24]

Irritated by the defeat his troops faced at Târgu Frumos, on 12 April Konev ordered Bogdanov, whose 2nd Tank Army concentrated its two corps south of Focuri, 10 miles (16 km) north of Podu Iloaiei, to assault the German defenders at Podu Iloaiei.^[25]

Order of battle

Soviet

2nd Tank Army, Lieutenant-General Semyon Bogdanov

27th Army, Lieutenant-General Viktor Trofimenko
- 35th Guards Rifle Corps, Lieutenant-General S.G. Goriachev
  - 3rd Guards Airborne Division
  - 93rd Guards Rifle Division
  - 202nd Rifle Division
  - 206th Rifle Division

40th Army, Lieutenant-General F.F. Zhmachenko
- 51st Rifle Corps, Major-General P.P. Avdeenko
  - 42nd Guards Rifle Division

Axis

German

8th Army, General der Infanterie Otto Wöhler
- Grossdeutschland Panzer Grenadier Division, General der Panzertruppe Hasso von Manteuffel
  - Panzer Regiment
  - Panzer Grenadier Regiment
  - Panzer Fusilier Regiment

Romanian

4th Army, Lieutenant-General Mihail Racoviţǎ
- 1st Army Corps
  - 6th Infantry Division
- 4th Army Corps
  - 1st Guards Armoured Division, Brigadier-General Radu Korne
  - 7th Infantry Division

Notes

Footnotes

^ The total German Eighth Army casualties for the period between 8–23 April were 60,000 and 20,000 were taken prisoners.^[8]

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c Glantz, p. 66
^ Glantz, pp. 100–2
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Glantz, p. 62
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Glantz, p. 63
^ Glantz, pp. 63–66
^ Glantz, pp.60–62
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Glantz, p. 60
^ Glantz, p. 102
^ Crofoot, p. 151
^ Glantz, p. 7
^ Glantz, p. 18
^ Glantz, p. 19
^ Glantz, p. 29
^ ^a ^b Glantz, p. 52
^ Armstrong, p. 450
^ Glantz, p. 56
^ Glantz, p. 59
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Glantz, p. 61
^ Glantz, p. 65
^ Spaeter, p. 312
^ Glantz, p. 67
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Glantz, p. 68
^ Spaeter, p. 313
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Glantz, p. 69
^ von Senger und Etterlin, pp. 60–62

References

Armstrong, Richard N. (1994). Red Army Tank Commanders. Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 0887405819.
Crofoot, Craig (2004). Armies of the Bear. Tiger Lily Publications LLC. ISBN 097202963X.
Glantz, David M. (2007). Red Storm Over the Balkans: The Failed Soviet Invasion of Romania. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0700614656.
Spaeter, Helmuth (1995). The History of the Panzerkorps Grossdeutschland. J. J. Fedorowicz. ISBN 0921991274. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |translation= ignored (help)
von Senger und Etterlin, F.M. (1959). Der Gegenschlag. Neckargemünd.

First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive

Background

Planning

Offensive

2nd Ukrainian Front

3rd Ukrainian Front

German counterattacks

Aftermath

Historiography

Notes

References

Armstrong, Richard N. (1994). Red Army Tank Commanders. Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 0887405819.
Crofoot, Craig (2004). Armies of the Bear. Tiger Lily Publications LLC. ISBN 097202963X.
Glantz, David M. (2007). Red Storm Over the Balkans: The Failed Soviet Invasion of Romania. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0700614656.
Spaeter, Helmuth (1995). The History of the Panzerkorps Grossdeutschland. J. J. Fedorowicz. ISBN 0921991274. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |translation= ignored (help)
von Senger und Etterlin, F.M. (1959). Der Gegenschlag. Neckargemünd.

[9] The total German Eighth Army casualties for the period between 8–23 April were 60,000 and 20,000 were taken prisoners.^[8]

[Glantz66-1] Glantz, p. 66

[2] Glantz, pp. 100–2

[Glantz62-3] Glantz, p. 62

[Glantz63-4] Glantz, p. 63

[5] Glantz, pp. 63–66

[6] Glantz, pp.60–62

[Glantz60-7] Glantz, p. 60

[8] Glantz, p. 102

[10] Crofoot, p. 151

[11] Glantz, p. 7

[12] Glantz, p. 18

[Glantz19-13] Glantz, p. 19

[14] Glantz, p. 29

[Glantz52-15] Glantz, p. 52

[16] Armstrong, p. 450

[Glantz56-17] Glantz, p. 56

[Glantz59-18] Glantz, p. 59

[Glantz61-19] Glantz, p. 61

[Glantz65-20] Glantz, p. 65

[21] Spaeter, p. 312

[Glantz67-22] Glantz, p. 67

[Glantz68-23] Glantz, p. 68

[Spaeter313-24] Spaeter, p. 313

[Glantz69-25] Glantz, p. 69

[26] von Senger und Etterlin, pp. 60–62

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