User:Felipeh - Wikipedia

v t e History of Europe
Prehistory	Paleolithic Europe Neolithic Europe Bronze Age Europe Iron Age Europe
Classical antiquity	Classical Greece Roman Republic Hellenistic period Roman Empire Early Christianity Christianity in late antiquity Crisis of the Third Century Fall of the Western Roman Empire Late antiquity
Middle Ages	Early Middle Ages Migration Period Christianity in the Middle Ages Christianization Francia Anglo-Saxon England Byzantine Empire Papal States Bulgarian Empire First Second Maritime republics Venice Genoa Pisa Amalfi Viking Age Kievan Rus' Crown of Aragon (Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Majorca) Holy Roman Empire High Middle Ages Republic of Florence Feudalism Crusades Mongol invasion Serbian Empire Late Middle Ages Black Death Hundred Years' War Kalmar Union
Early modern	Renaissance Christianity in the modern era Reformation Age of Discovery Baroque Grand Duchy of Tuscany Thirty Years' War Absolute monarchy Ottoman Empire Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire Early modern France Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Cossack Hetmanate Swedish Empire Dutch Republic British Empire Habsburg monarchy Russian Empire Age of Enlightenment
Late modern	Great Divergence Industrial Revolution French Revolution Napoleonic Wars Nationalism Revolutions of 1848 World War I Russian Revolution Interwar period World War II Cold War European integration European debt crisis COVID-19 pandemic Russian invasion of Ukraine
See also	Art of Europe Bibliography of European history Genetic history of Europe History of Christianity History of the Mediterranean region History of the European Union History of Western civilization Maritime history of Europe Military history of Europe Crusading movement

Ottoman Empire

History

Politics

Government

House of Osman

Central (Porte)

Imperial Council (classic period)	Grand Vizier Viziers Kazaskers Defterdars/Ministers of Finance Nişancı Reis ül-Küttab Dragoman of the Porte Outer Palace Service
Imperial Government (reform and constitutional period)	Assembly Senate Chamber of Deputies
Millets	Islam Shaykh al-Islām Christianity Rūm Ullah Bulgarian Armenian Judaism Hakham Bashi

Provincial

Military

Army	Classic period army: Janissaries Agha of the Janissaries Six Divisions of Cavalry Timariots Reform period: Nizam-i Djedid Sekban-i Djedid Mansure Army Hamidieh Modernized army
Navy	Kapudan Pasha List Dragoman of the Fleet Imperial Arsenal Admirals Naval battles Ships
Other	Aviation Conscription Weapons

Economy

By era
- Enlargement
- Reformation
Agriculture
Central bank
Currency
- Akçe
- Para
- Sultani
- Kuruş
- Lira
Science and technology
Taxation
Transport

Society

Social structure Devshirme Ottomanism Ottoman court Languages Ottoman Turkish Slavery
Culture	Architecture Mosques Art Miniature Music Shadow play Clothing Cuisine Literature Prose Poetry Education Schools Media
Demographics	Armenians Greeks Jews Women
Religion	Islam Christianity Judaism
Symbols	Anthem Coat of arms Flag Tughra Star and crescent

Spanish Empire

Timeline–immersed

Territories

Europe
Spain Crown of Castille Crown of Aragon Union with Portugal Gibraltar Southern Italy (Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia) Milan Union with Holy Roman Empire Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France Franche-Comté Pyrénées-Orientales

Asia
Philippines Pacific Islands (Guam, Mariana, Caroline, Micronesia, Palau) Northern Taiwan Tidore

North America
New Spain (Coastal Alaska, Central United States (Spanish Louisiana), Western United States (Spanish Texas), Florida, Mexico [es], Central America (Captaincy General of Yucatan), Spanish Caribbean)

Central America
Captaincy General of Guatemala Cuba Dominican Republic Puerto Rico Trinidad Jamaica Haiti Aruba Curazao Bonaire Belize

South America
New Granada (Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, part of Guyana, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) Peru (Peru, Acre, Chile) Río de la Plata (Argentina, Paraguay, Charcas (Bolivia), Banda Oriental (Uruguay), Misiones Orientales, Malvinas)

Africa
Equatorial Guinea Northern Africa (Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis, Peñón of Algiers, Oran, Béjaïa, Ifni and Cape Juby)

Antarctica
Terra Australis

Administration
Archivo de Indias Council of the Indies Cabildo Exequatur Laws of the Indies Papal bull Royal Decree of Graces Trial of residence School of Salamanca

Administrative subdivisions

Viceroyalties	Columbian New Spain New Granada Perú Río de la Plata
Captaincies General	Chile Cuba Guatemala Philippines Provincias Internas Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Venezuela Yucatán
Governorates	Castilla de Oro Cuba La Florida La Luisiana New Andalusia (1501–1513) New Andalusia New Castile New Navarre New Toledo Paraguay Río de la Plata Terra Australis
Audiencias	Bogotá Buenos Aires Caracas Charcas Concepción Cusco Guadalajara Guatemala Lima Manila Mexico Panamá Quito Santiago Santo Domingo

Economy

Currencies	Dollar (Peso) Real Maravedí Escudo Columnario Doubloon
Trade	Manila galleon Spanish treasure fleet Casa de Contratación Spanish Road Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas Barcelona Trading Company Consulate of the Sea Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires

Military

Armies

Strategists

Mariners

Conquistadors

Notable battles

Old World

Won	Comuneros Bicocca Rome (1527) Landriano Pavia Tunis Mühlberg St. Quentin Gravelines Malta Lepanto Antwerp Azores Mons Gembloux Ostend English Armada Cape Celidonia White Mountain Breda Nördlingen Valenciennes Ceuta Bitonto Bailén Vitoria Tetouan Alhucemas
Lost	Capo d'Orso Vienna (1529) Preveza Siege of Castelnuovo Algiers Ceresole Balearic Islands (1558) Djerba Tunis Spanish Armada Leiden Rocroi Downs Montes Claros Passaro Manila Bay Trafalgar Somosierra Annual Mactan

New World

Won	Tenochtitlan Cajamarca Cusco Bogotá savanna Penco Mataquito Guadalupe Island Recife San Juan (1595) Bahia Colonia del Sacramento Comuneros (Paraguay) Cartagena de Indias Cuerno Verde Túpac Amaru II Túpac Katari Pensacola Newfoundland San Juan (1797)
Lost	La Noche Triste Iguape Tucapel Guiana Curalaba Comuneros (New Granada) Trinidad (1797) Chacabuco Boyacá Carabobo Pichincha Ayacucho Guam Santiago de Cuba Asomante

Spanish conquests
Canary Islands The Americas Aztec Maya Chiapas Yucatán Guatemala Petén El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Chibchan Nations Colombia Chile Inca Philippines

Other civil topics

French Revolution

Significant civil and political events by year
1788	Day of the Tiles (7 Jun 1788) Assembly of Vizille (21 Jul 1788)
1789	What Is the Third Estate? (Jan 1789) Réveillon riots (28 Apr 1789) Convocation of the Estates General (5 May 1789) Death of the Dauphin (4 June 1789) National Assembly (17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790) Tennis Court Oath (20 Jun 1789) National Constituent Assembly (9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791) Storming of the Bastille (14 Jul 1789) Great Fear (20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789) Abolition of Feudalism (4–11 Aug 1789) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (26 Aug 1789) Women's March on Versailles (5 Oct 1789) Nationalization of the Church properties (2 Nov 1789)
1790	Abolition of the Parlements (Feb–Jul 1790) Abolition of the Nobility (23 Jun 1790) Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12 Jul 1790) Fête de la Fédération (14 Jul 1790)
1791	Flight to Varennes (20–21 Jun 1791) Champ de Mars massacre (17 Jul 1791) Declaration of Pillnitz (27 Aug 1791) The Constitution of 1791 (3 Sep 1791) National Legislative Assembly (1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)
1792	France declares war (20 Apr 1792) Brunswick Manifesto (25 Jul 1792) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary (Jun 1792) 10th of August (10 Aug 1792) September Massacres (Sep 1792) National Convention (20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795) First republic declared (22 Sep 1792)
1793	Execution of Louis XVI (21 Jan 1793) Revolutionary Tribunal (9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795) Reign of Terror (27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists (2 Jun 1793) Assassination of Marat (13 Jul 1793) Levée en masse (23 Aug 1793) The Death of Marat (painting) Law of Suspects (17 Sep 1793) Marie Antoinette is guillotined (16 Oct 1793) Anti-clerical laws (throughout the year)
1794	Danton and Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794) Law of 22 Prairial (10 Jun 1794) Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794) Robespierre guillotined (28 Jul 1794) White Terror (Fall 1794) Closing of the Jacobin Club (11 Nov 1794)
1795–6	Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III (1 Apr 1795) Constitution of the Year III (22 Aug 1795) Directoire (1795–99) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 13 Vendémiaire 5 Oct 1795 Conspiracy of the Equals (May 1796)
1797	Coup of 18 Fructidor (4 Sep 1797) Second Congress of Rastatt (Dec 1797)
1798	Law of 22 Floréal Year VI (11 May 1798)
1799	Coup of 30 Prairial VII (18 Jun 1799) Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 Nov 1799) Constitution of the Year VIII (24 Dec 1799) Consulate

Revolutionary campaigns
1792	Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur [fr]
1793	First Coalition War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden) Battle of Famars (23 May 1793) Expedition to Sardinia (21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees) Siege of Toulon (18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793) First Battle of Wissembourg (13 Oct 1793) Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees) Second Battle of Wissembourg (26–27 Dec 1793)
1794	Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies (24 Apr 1794) Second Battle of Boulou (Pyrenees) (30 Apr – 1 May 1794) Battle of Tourcoing (18 May 1794) Battle of Tournay (22 May 1794) Glorious First of June (1 Jun 1794) Battle of Fleurus (26 Jun 1794) Chouannerie Battle of Aldenhoven (2 Oct 1794) Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
1795	Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) Peace of Basel
1796	Battle of Lonato (3–4 Aug 1796) Battle of Castiglione (5 Aug 1796) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim (11 Aug 1796) Battle of Amberg (24 Aug 1796) Battle of Würzburg (3 Sep 1796) Battle of Rovereto (4 Sep 1796) First Battle of Bassano (8 Sep 1796) Battle of Emmendingen (19 Oct 1796) Battle of Schliengen (26 Oct 1796) Second Battle of Bassano (6 Nov 1796) Battle of Calliano (6–7 Nov 1796) Battle of Arcole (15–17 Nov 1796) Ireland expedition (Dec 1796)
1797	Naval Engagement off Brittany (13 Jan 1797) Battle of Rivoli (14–15 Jan 1797) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz (25 Jan 1797) Treaty of Leoben (17 Apr 1797) Battle of Neuwied (18 Apr 1797) Treaty of Campo Formio (17 Oct 1797)
1798	French invasion of Switzerland (28 January – 17 May 1798) French Invasion of Egypt (1798–1801) Irish Rebellion of 1798 (23 May – 23 Sep 1798) Quasi-War (1798–1800) Peasants' War (12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
1799	Second Coalition (1798–1802) Siege of Acre (20 Mar – 21 May 1799) Battle of Ostrach (20–21 Mar 1799) Battle of Stockach (25 Mar 1799) Battle of Magnano (5 Apr 1799) Battle of Cassano (27–28 Apr 1799) First Battle of Zurich (4–7 Jun 1799) Battle of Trebbia (17–20 Jun 1799) Battle of Novi (15 Aug 1799) Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 Sep 1799)
1800	Battle of Marengo (14 Jun 1800) Convention of Alessandria (15 Jun 1800) Battle of Hohenlinden (3 Dec 1800) League of Armed Neutrality (1800–02)
1801	Treaty of Lunéville (9 Feb 1801) Treaty of Florence (18 Mar 1801) Algeciras campaign (8 Jul 1801)
1802	Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802) Treaty of Paris (25 Jun 1802)

Military leaders

France

French Army

French Navy

Charles-Alexandre Linois

Opposition

Austria	József Alvinczi Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt (Walloon) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss) Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray (Hungarian) Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (French) Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon) Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser
Britain	Sir Ralph Abercromby James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
Netherlands	William V, Prince of Orange
Prussia	Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
Russia	Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Andrei Rosenberg
Spain	Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos

Other significant figures and factions

Patriotic Society of 1789

Feuillants
and monarchiens

Girondins

The Plain

Montagnards

Hébertists
and Enragés

Others

Figures

Factions

Influential thinkers
Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean-Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft

Cultural impact

v t e Industrial and technological revolution
First Second Third Fourth Fifth Potential future
Themes	Coal Coal mining Coke Cotton Industry/Manufacturing Invention Iron Machinery Metallurgy Sociology Steam power Steel Technology Textiles Water power Workforce Economies of agglomeration Economies of density Economies of scale
People/ groups	Richard Arkwright Thomas Boulsover Matthew Boulton James Brindley Isambard Kingdom Brunel Edmund Cartwright Henry Cort Thomas and George Cranege Samuel Crompton Abraham Darby I Abraham Darby II Abraham Darby III Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater William Fairbairn James Hargreaves Hawks family Thomas Highs Eaton Hodgkinson Benjamin Huntsman Joseph Marie Jacquard John Kay (flying shuttle) John Kay (spinning frame) Francis Cabot Lowell Lunar Society Thomas Newcomen Robert Owen Lewis Paul William Radcliffe Richard Roberts Thomas Savery Samuel Slater John Smeaton George Stephenson Robert Stephenson Thomas Telford Richard Trevithick James Watt John Wilkinson John Wyatt
Places	Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet Allentown Bethlehem Bridgewater Canal Broseley Coalbrookdale Cromford Derwent Valley Mills Ironbridge New Lanark Portsmouth Block Mills Quarry Bank Mill Soho Foundry Stockton and Darlington Railway
Invention/ technology	Blast furnace Canal Cotton mill Crucible steel Factory Flying shuttle Newcomen steam engine Power loom Railway Reverberatory furnace Sheffield plate Spinning frame Spinning jenny Steam engine Stephenson's Rocket Water frame Watt steam engine
Social impact	Bourgeoisie Child labour History of the cooperative Movement Cottage industry Factory Acts Great Divergence Industrial unrest Luddite Proletariat Rochdale Pioneers Urbanization Industrial warfare
Reference	History of technology History of the British canal system Industrial archaeology List of United Kingdom-related topics Timeline of clothing and textiles technology Timeline of invention Timeline of materials technology Timeline of steam power
Category Commons

Joseph Stalin

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1952)
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1946–1953)

History
and politics

Overviews

Chronology

Concepts

Crimes, repressions,
and controversies

Works

De-Stalinization

Criticism and
opposition

Remembrance

Cultural depictions

Apocalypse: Stalin

Family

Besarion Jughashvili (father)
Keke Geladze (mother)
Kato Svanidze (first wife)
Yakov Dzhugashvili (son)
Konstantin Kuzakov (son)
Artyom Sergeyev (adopted son)
Nadezhda Alliluyeva (second wife)
Vasily Stalin (son)
Svetlana Alliluyeva (daughter)
Yevgeny Dzhugashvili (grandson)
Galina Dzhugashvili (granddaughter)
Joseph Alliluyev (grandson)
Sergei Alliluyev (second father-in-law)
Alexander Svanidze (brother-in-law)
Yuri Zhdanov (son-in-law)
William Wesley Peters (son-in-law)

Stalin's residences

Stalin's house, Gori
Tiflis Seminary
Kureika
Room at Kremlin
Dachas
- Kuntsevo
- Sochi
- Uspenskoye
- Semyonovskoye
- New Athos
- Kholodnaya Rechka
- Lake Ritsa
- Sukhumi
Stalin's bunker

Category

Cold War

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

Frozen conflicts

Foreign policy

Ideologies

Capitalism	Liberalism Chicago school Conservatism American conservatism Keynesianism Libertarianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply-side economics Democratic capitalism
Socialism	Communism Marxism–Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Ho Chi Minh Thought Maoism Trotskyism Stalinism Titoism
Other	Imperialism Anti-imperialism Nationalism Ultranationalism Chauvinism Ethnic nationalism Racism Zionism Anti-Zionism Fascism Neo-Nazism Islamism Totalitarianism Authoritarianism Autocracy Liberal democracy Illiberal democracy Guided democracy Social democracy Third-Worldism White supremacy White nationalism White separatism Apartheid

Organizations

Propaganda

Pro-communist	Active measures Izvestia Neues Deutschland Pravda Rudé právo Trybuna Ludu TASS Soviet Life
Pro-Western	Amerika Crusade for Freedom Paix et Liberté Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Red Scare Voice of America

Technological
competition

Historians

Espionage and
intelligence

See also

Genocide

Genocides
(list by death toll)

pre-19th century
Destruction of Carthage (146 BC) Asiatic Vespers (88 BC) Gauls (50s BC) Eburones Harrying of the North (1069–1070) Mongol conquests (1200s–1360s) Cathars (1209–1229) Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate (1311) Taíno (1492–1514) Indigenous peoples in Brazil (1500–) Kalinago (1626) Pequots (1636–1638) Great Gypsy Round-up (1749) Dzungar Mongols (1750s) Chechens (1785–2017)

19th century
Al-Jawazi massacre (1816) Siege of Tripolitsa (1821) Black War (1825–1832) Native American Indian removal (1830–1847) California (1846–1873) Sand Creek massacre (1864) Charrúa (1831) Moriori (1835) Manchus (1850–1864) Circassians (1860s) Putumayo genocide (1879–1913) Hazaras (1888–1893) Selk'nam (1890s–1900s) Hamidian massacres (1894–1896)

20th century

Herero and Nama (1904–1907)
Ukame (1905–1907)
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
- Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
Late Ottoman genocides
- Greeks (1913–1922)
  - Pontic Greeks
- Sayfo (1915–1919)
- Armenian (1915–1917)
- Christians in Diyarbekir (1915)
Ingrian Finns (1920s–1930s)
Kantō Massacre (1923)
Napalpí massacre (1924)
Libyan Arabs (1929–1932)
Kazakhs (1930–1933)
La Matanza (1932)
Holodomor (1932–1933)
Romani Holocaust (1935–1945)
Polish Operation (1937–1938)
Parsley massacre (1937)
Nanjing Massacre (1937–1938)
Poles (1939–1945)
Three Alls policy (1940–1942)
The Holocaust (1941–1945)
German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs (1941–1945)
Serbs in Croatia (1941–1945)
Muslims and Croats (1941–1945)
Sook Ching (1942)
Nanshitou Massacre (1942–1945)
Volhynia (1943–1945)
Chechens and Ingush (1944–1948)
Crimean Tatars (1944–1948)
Hyderabadi Muslims (1948)
Indigenous peoples in Paraguay (1956–1989)
Guatemalan (1962–1996)
Arabs in Zanzibar (1964)
1966 anti-Igbo pogrom (1966)
Feyli Kurds (1970–2003)
Bangladesh (1971)
Burundi
- 1972
- 1993
East Timor (1974–1999)
Cambodian (1975–1979)
Sabra and Shatila massacre (1982)
Gukurahundi (1983–1987)
Anfal (1986–1989)
Isaaq (1987–1989)
Amhara (1990–)
Bosnian (1992–1995)
- Srebrenica massacre
Rwandan (1994)
Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War (1996–1997)

21st century
Effacer le tableau (2002–2003) Darfur (2003–) Masalit massacres Southern Kaduna (2011–2023) Iraqi Turkmen (2014–2017) Yazidis (2014–2017) Shias under ISIS (2014–) Christians under ISIS (2014–) Rohingya (2017–)

Terms

Methods

Denial

Issues

Legal proceedings

Holocaust trials (1943–2022)

Krasnodar trial (1943)
Kharkov trial (1943)
Épuration légale (1944–1951)
Majdanek trials (1944–1989)
Chełmno trials (1945–2001)
Dachau trials (1945–1947)
Belsen trials (1945–1948)
Euthanasia trials (1945–1949)
Nuremberg trial (1945–1946)
Minsk trial (1945–1946)
Riga trial (1946)
Stutthof trials (1946–1947)
Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials (1946–1953)
Supreme National Tribunal (1946–1948)
Hamburg Ravensbrück trials (1946–1948)
Nuremberg Military Tribunals (1946–1949)
Erich von Manstein (1949)
Ulm Einsatzkommando trial (1958)
War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia (1961–1962)
Eichmann trial (1961)
Belzec trial (1963–1965)
Frankfurt Auschwitz trials (1963–1989)
Treblinka trials (1964–1970)
Sobibor trial (1965–1966)
Fedorenko trial (1986)
Finta trial (1994)

20th century

Budak trial (1945)
International Military Tribunal for the Far East (1946–1948)
Belgrade Process (1946)
Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal (1946–1948)
Bosnian genocide case (1993–2007)
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993–2017)
- Slobodan Milošević (2002–2006)
- Radovan Karadžić (2008–2016)
- Ratko Mladić (2011–2017)
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (1994–2015)
Khmer Rouge Tribunal (1997–2022)
Croatia–Serbia genocide case (1999–2015)

21st century
International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh (2012–) Rohingya genocide case (2019–) Uyghur Tribunal (2020–2021) South Africa v. Israel (2023–) Defense for Children International-Palestine et al v. Biden et al (2023–2024) Nicaragua v. Germany (2024)

Disinformation and misinformation

Types

Books and documentaries
Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy The KGB and Soviet Disinformation Who's Who in the CIA Merchants of Doubt After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News

Examples

Health	5G COVID-19 misinformation by governments Ebola HIV/AIDS denialism Mental illness denial Misinformation related to abortion Vaccines anti-vaccination autism COVID-19 Water fluoridation controversy

Operations and events by country

Canada

Jihadunspun.com

China

Czechoslovakia

Operation Neptune

Germany

India

Israel

Team Jorge

Korea

Voluntary Agency Network of Korea

Kuwait

Fintas Group

Mexico

Peñabots

Philippines

Russia /
Soviet Union

Soviet era	Active Measures K-1000 battleship Operation INFEKTION Operation Toucan Seat 12 Soviet influence on the peace movement U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B Useful idiot
Post-Soviet era	Cyberwarfare on Estonia during the Russo-Georgian War Information war against Ukraine Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine On US elections 2016 2018 2020 2016 Brexit referendum Russian Institute for Strategic Studies Trolls from Olgino Web brigades

South Africa

HIV/AIDS denialism

Turkey

United Kingdom

United States

Venezuela

Bolivarian Army of Trolls

Vietnam

Opposition
Fact-checking Fact-checking website Active Measures Working Group Counter disinformation unit Counter Misinformation Team Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act The Disinformation Project East StratCom Task Force FactCheck.org Full Fact Logically NewsGuard PolitiFact Snopes StopFake United States Information Agency USAFacts