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The Eocene-aged Monte Bolca fossil site near Verona, Italy was one of the first lagerstatte to be discovered to science, and still has one of the most prominent vertebrate faunas of all Cenozoic lagerstatte. It has the highest fish diversity of all known Cenozoic fossil sites, with many fossils having extremely detailed preservation. In addition, numerous marine invertebrates and a small number of land vertebrates & plants are also known.

The Monte Bolca complex comprises two major marine limestone localities, the Pesciara (where fossils are found in caves) and the Monte Postale site (where fossils are directly quarried). The Pesciara is thought to represent a marine structural basin dominated by planktivorous fish, with an anoxic environment at the bottom that led to excellent preservation of fossils. Meanwhile, the Monte Postale site is thought to represent a turbid coastal area surrounded by mangroves, seagrass meadows, and coral reefs, with poorer fossil preservation.[1] In addition, a few small, slightly younger lignitic sites that preserve a Messel Formation-esque freshwater or brackish habitat are known nearby, which are the Purga di Bolca and Vegroni sites. These sites preserve aquatic reptiles, plants, and freshwater mollusks, which are otherwise not present in the complex.[2]

Cartilaginous fishes

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Based on Marrama et al, 2021:[3]

Chimaeras

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Chimaeras reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Ischyodus I. sp. Monte Postale A relative of plough-nosed chimaeras, known from a single dorsal spine.
I. quenstedti, a related species

Sharks

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Sharks reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Brachycarcharias B. lerichei Pesciara A sand shark.
Eogaleus E. bolcensis Pesciara & Monte Postale A requiem shark.
Galeorhinus G. cuvieri Pesciara & Monte Postale A relative of the school shark.

Rays

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Chondrichthyans reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Arechia A. crassicaudata Monte Postale A stingaree.
Dasyomyliobatis D. thomyorkei Pesciara A dasyomyliobatid stingray.[4]
Eoplatyrhina E. bolcensis Monte Postale A thornback ray.
Eorhinobatos E. primaevus Pesciara A guitarfish.
Lessiniabatis L. aenigmatica Pesciara A bizarre stingray of uncertain affinities.
Plesiozanobatus P. egertoni Pesciara A relative of panrays.
Promyliobatis P. gazolai Pesciara A potential eagle ray.
Pseudorhinobatos P. dezignii Monte Postale A guitarfish.
Tethytrygon T. muricatus Pesciara A whiptail stingray.
Titanonarke T. megapterygia Monte Postale An electric ray.
T. molini

Ray-finned fishes

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Primarily based on Papazzoni et al. 2014, with more recent taxa also added.[5] Taxonomic order and arrangement based on Fishes of the World (2016):[6]

Pycnodontiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Abdobalistum A. thyrsus A nursalliine pycnodont.
Nursallia N. veronae A nursalliine pycnodont.
Palaeobalistum P. orbiculatum A nursalliine pycnodont.
P. goedeli, a related species
Pycnodus P. apodus A pycnodontine pycnodont.

Crossognathiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Platinx P. macropterus A pachyrhizodontid, the last crossognathiform.

Osteoglossiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Foreyichthys F. bolcensis A bonytongue.
Monopteros M. gigas A bonytongue.
Thrissopterus T. catullii A bonytongue, related to the arapaima.

Anguilliformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Anguilloides A. branchiostegalis An angulloidid eel.
Bolcanguilla B. brachycephala An eel of uncertain affinities
Bolcyrus B. bajai A conger eel.
B. formosissimus
Dalpiazella D. brevicauda A paranguillid eel.
Eoanguilla E. leptoptera An anguillid eel.
Gazolapodus G. homopterus An eel of uncertain affinities.
Goslinophis G. acuticaudus A snake-eel.
Milananguilla M. lehmani A milanguillid eel.
Paracongroides P. heckeli A conger eel.
Paranguilla P. tigrina A paranguillid eel.
Patavichthys P. bolcensis A patavichthyid eel.
Proteomyrus P. ventralis A proteomyrid eel.
Voltaconger V. latispinus A conger eel.
Whitapodus W. breviculus A false moray.

Clupeiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Bolcaichthys B. catopygopterus Pesciara & Monte Postale A true herring. The most common fish of the formation.[7]
Eoalosa E. janvieri Pesciara A shad.[8]
Eoengraulis E. fasoloi Pesciara An anchovy.[9]
Trollichthys T. bolcensis Pesciara A round herring.[10]

Ellimmichthyiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Eoellimmichthys E. superstes Pesciara A paraclupeid, the last marine ellimmichthyiform.[11]

Gonorynchiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Chanos C. forcipatus A milkfish.[12]
C. chanos, a related species
Coelogaster C. leptostea A relative of the milkfish.

Otophysi

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Chanoides C. macropoma A stem-otophysan.[13]

Aulopiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Holosteus H. esocinus A barracudina.

Lampriformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
“Pegasus” P. volans Initially placed as a seamoth, but now considered a taenosome lampriform.
Veronavelifer V. sorbinii A sailfin velifer.
Wettonius W. angeloi A sailfin velifer. (=Velifer carosii)

Zeiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Bajaichthys B. elegans A zeiform (initially considered a lamprimorph)

Holocentriformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Berybolcensis B. leptacanthus A basal holocentrid.
Eoholocentrum E. macrocephalum A soldierfish.
Tenuicentrum T. lanceolatum A basal holocentrid.

Ophidiiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
"Ophidium" "O." voltianum A cusk-eel.

Kurtiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Apogoniscus A. pauciradiatus A cardinalfish.
Bolcapogon B. johnsoni A cardinalfish.
Eoapogon E. fraseri A cardinalfish.
Eosphaeramia E. pygopterus A cardinalfish.
Leptolumamia L. vetula A cardinalfish.[14]

Gobiiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Carlomonnius C. quasigobius A gobioid of uncertain affinities.[15]

Ovalentaria

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Lorenzichthys L. olihan A damselfish.
Palaeopomacentrus P. orphae A damselfish.
Sorbinichromis S. francescoi A damselfish.

Atheriniformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
"Atherina" "A." macrocephala An Old World silverside.
Latellagnathus L. teruzzii A mesogasterid.
Mesogaster M. sphyraenoides A mesogasterid.
Rhamphognathus R. paralepoides A rhamphognathid.

Beloniformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
“Engraulis” E. evolans A flying fish.
Hemiramphus H. edwardsi A halfbeak.
Rhamphexocoetus R. volans A flying fish.

Carangiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Ceratoichthys C. pinnatiformis A bizarre carangid.
Ductor D. vesternae A ductorid.
Eastmanalepes E. primaevus A carangid.
Lichia L. veronensis A relative of the leerfish.
Mene M. oblonga A moonfish.
M. rhombea
Paratrachinotus P. tenuiceps A carangid.
Trachicaranx T. pleuronectiformis A carangid.
Zorzinia Z. postalensis Monte Postale A medusafish.

Istiophoriformes

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Genus Species Notes Images
Blochius B. longirostris A blochiid billfish.
B. macropterus
Palaeorhynchus P. zorzini A palaeorhynchid billfish.
Sphyraena S. bolcensis A barracuda.

Pleuronectiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Amphistium A. paradoxum Pesciara An amphistiid flatfish.
Eobothus E. minutus Pesciara A flatfish of uncertain affinities.
Heteronectes H. chaneti Monte Postale A potentially amphistiid flatfish.

Syngnathiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Aeoliscoides A. longirostris A shrimpfish.
Aulorhamphus A. bolcensis An aulorhamphid.
A. capellinii
A. chiarasorbiniae
Aulostomoides A. tyleri An indeterminate aulostomoid.
Calamostoma C. breviculum A relative of the ghost pipefish.
Eoaulostomus E. bolcensis A relative of the trumpetfish.
E. gracilis
Fistularioides F. phyllolepis A fistularioidid.
F. veronensis
Jungersenichthys J. elongatus A relative of the trumpetfish.
Macraulostomus M. veronensis A relative of the trumpetfish.
Paraeoliscus P. robinetae A paraeoliscid.
Paramphisile P. weleri A shrimpfish.
Parasynarcualis P. longirostris A parasynarcualid.
Pesciarhamphus P. carnevalei An aulorhamphid.
Prosolenostomus P. lessinii A pipefish.
Pseudosyngnathus P. opisthopterus A fistularioidid.
Pterygocephalus P. paradoxus A relative of the flying gurnards.
Rhamphosus R. biserratus Pesciara A rhamphosid.[16]
R. bloti
R. brevirostris
R. longispinatus
R. rastrum
R. tubulirostris
Solenorhynchus S. elegans A relative of the ghost pipefish.
"Syngnathus" "S." bolcensis A pipefish.
"S." heckeli
Synhypuralis S. banisteri A relative of the trumpetfish.
S. jungerseni
Tyleria T. necopinata A relative of the trumpetfish.
Urosphen U. dubius A urosphenid.
Veronarhamphus V. canossae An aulorhamphid.

Callionymiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Gilmourella G. minuta Pesciara A callonymoid.

Scombriformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Auxides A. propterygius A scombrid.
Godsilia G. lanceolata A scombrid.
Pseudauxides P. speciosus A scombrid.
Thunnoscomberoides T. bolcensis A scombrid.
Veronaphleges V. brunae A euzaphlegid.

Labriformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Bellwoodilabrus B. landinii A wrasse.
Eocoris E. bloti A wrasse.
"Labrus" "L." merula (="L." valenciennesi)[17] A labroid of uncertain affinities.
Labrobolcus L. giorgioi Pesciara A wrasse.
Paralabrus P. rossiae Pesciara A presumed wrasse.
Phyllopharyngodon P. longipinnis A wrasse related to hogfish and tuskfishes.[17]
Sorbinia S. caudopunctata A labroid of uncertain affinities.
Zorzinilabrus Z. furcatus Pesciara A wrasse.

Perciformes

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Using the sensu lato definition of Perciformes and Percoidei:[18]

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Acanthopygaeus A. agassizi A relative of rabbitfish.
Acropoma A. lepidotum A lanternbelly.
Aspesiganus A. margaritae A relative of rabbitfish.
Aspesiperca A. ruffoi Possibly a mojarra.
Bassanichthys B. pesciaraensis Pesciara An eocottid.
Blotichthys B. coleanus A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Bolcaperca B. craccorum A percoid of uncertain affinities.[19]
Bradyurus B. alessandroi A percoid of uncertain affinities.[20]
B. szainochae
Callipteryx C. speciosus A callipterygid.[21]
Carangodes C. bicornis A carangodid.
Carangopsis C. brevis A relative of bluefish.
C. dorsalis
Cyclopoma C. gigas Either a temperate perch or a relative of snooks.
Eocottus E. veronensis An eocottid.
Eolates E. gracilis A lates perch.
Eoleiognathus E. dorsalis A ponyfish.
Eoscatophagus E. frontalis A scat.
Exellia E. velifer An exellid.
Frigoichthys F. margaritae A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Frippia F. labriformis A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Gillidia G. antiqua A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Goujetia G. crassispina A snapper.
Hendrixella H. grandei A robertanniid.
Jimtylerius J. temnopterus A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Latellopsis L. latellai A perciform of uncertain affinities.[22]
Lessinia L. horrenda A snapper.
L. sp.
Malacopygaeus M. oblongus A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Montepostalia M. annamariae Monte Postale A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Ottaviania O. leptacanthus A snapper.
O. mariae
Parapelates P. quindecimalis A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Pavarottia P. astescalpone Monte Postale A pavarottiid.[20]
P. lonardonii Monte Postale
P. maiseyi Pesciara
Pristigenys P. substriatus A bigeye.
Psettopsis P. subarcuatus A moonyfish.
Pygaeus P. bolcanus A percoid of uncertain affinities.
P. nobilis
P. nuchalis
Quasimullus Q. sorbinii A quasimullid.
Robertannia R. sorbiniorum A robertanniid.
Ruffoichthys R. bannikovi A relative of rabbitfish.
R. spinosus
Squamibolcoides S. minciottii A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Stefanichthys S. mariannae A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Veranichthys V. ventralis A snapper.
Veronabrax V. schizurus A percoid of uncertain affinities.
Zaiaichthys Z. postalensis A moonyfish.[19]
Z. wattersi

Scorpaeniformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Scorpaenoidei indet. Monte Postale A scorpionfish of uncertain affinities.[23]

Moroniformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Archaephippus A. asper A spadefish.
Eoplatax E. papilio A spadefish.

Acanthuriformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Acanthonemus A. subaureus An acanthonemid.
Acanthuroides A. massalongoi A surgeonfish.
Angiolinia A. mirabilis Pesciara A zanclid.
Eorandallius E. elegans A surgeonfish.
E. rectifrons
Eozanclus E. brevirostris A zanclid.
Frigosorbinia F. baldwinae A surgeonfish.
Gazolaichthys G. vestenanovae A surgeonfish.
Lehmanichthys L. lessiniensis A surgeonfish.
Massalongius M. gazolai A massalongiid.
Metacanthurus M. veronensis A surgeonfish.
Metaspisurus M. emmanueli A surgeonfish.
Padovathurus P. gaudryi A surgeonfish.
Pesciarichthys P. punctatus A surgeonfish.
Proacanthurus P. bonatoi A surgeonfish.
P. elongatus
P. ovalis
P. tenuis
Protozebrasoma P. bloti A surgeonfish.
Sorbinithurus S. sorbinii A surgeonfish.
Tauichthys T. aspesae A surgeonfish.
T. padremenini
Tylerichthys T. milani A surgeonfish.
T. nuchalis

Spariformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Abromasta A. microdon A seabream.
"Dentex" "D." microdon A seabream, "D." ventralis is a nomen dubium.
"D." ventralis
Ellaserrata E. monksi A seabream.
Pseudosparnodus P. microstomus A seabream.
Sparnodus S. elongatus A seabream.
S. vulgaris

Caproiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Eoantigonia E. veronensis A boarfish.

Lophiiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Caruso C. brachysomus A goosefish.
Eophryne E. barbutii A frogfish.
Histionotophorus H. bassanii A handfish.
Neilpeartia N. ceratoi Pesciara A frogfish.[24]
Orrichthys O. longimanus A handfish.
Sharfia S. mirabilis A goosefish.
Tarkus T. squirei A batfish.

Tetraodontiformes

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Bolcabalistes B. varii A bolcabalistid.
Eolactoria E. sorbinii A boxfish.
Eoplectus E. bloti An eoplectid.
Eotetraodon E. pygmaeus A pufferfish.
E. tavernei
Heptadiodon H. echinus A porcupinefish.
Proaracana P. dubia A deepwater boxfish.
Prodiodon P. erinaceus A porcupinefish.
P. tenuispinus
Protacanthodes P. nimesensis A triplespine.
P. ombonii
Protobalistum P. imperiale A protobalistid.
Spinacanthus S. cuneiformis A protobalistid.
Zignoichthys Z. oblongus A zignoichthyid.
Zignodon Z. fornasieroae A porcupinefish.

Percomorpha incertae sedis

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Acronuroides A. eocaenicus Pesciara An indeterminate percomorph.
Anorevus A. lorenzonii Pesciara Possibly a stem-flatfish.[25]
Guus G. microcephalus Pesciara A tortonesid (formerly considered a gobioid).
Parapygaeus P. polyacanthus An indeterminate percomorph.
Pietschellus P. aenigmaticus Monte Postale A pietschellid.[26]
Nickcaves N. pterygocephalus Monte Postale A pietschellid.[26]
Quasicichla Q. mucistonaver An indeterminate percomorph.
Quasinectes Q. durello Monte Postale Possibly a stem-flatfish.
Sorbinicapros S. sorbiniorum A sorbinipercid.
Sorbiniperca S. scheuchzeri A sorbinipercid.
Tortonesia T. esilis A tortonesid.
Zorzinichthys Z. annae A zorzinichthyid.

Acanthomorpha incertae sedis

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Oncolepis O. isseli An acanthomorph of uncertain affinities, possibly a goby.[27]
Protoaulopsis P. bolcensis An acanthomorph of uncertain affinities.
Xiphopterus X. falcatus An acanthomorph of uncertain affinities.

Reptiles

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Based on Seghetti et al, 2022:[28]

Crocodilia

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Crocodilians reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Asiatosuchus A. cf. depressifrons Purga di Bolca A crocodyloid, previously classified under "Crocodylus vicetinus"
Boverisuchus B. sp. A planocraniid, previously classified under "C. bolcensis"
Hassiacosuchus H. cf. haupti An alligatorid, previously classified under "C. vicetinus"

A record of "C. cf. vicetinus" that is now assigned to Diplocynodon is thought to actually originate from the Oligocene-aged Monteviale site, as opposed to Bolca.[28]

Testudines

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Turtles reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Neochelys N. capellinii Purga di Bolca A podocnemidid turtle.
N. franzeni, a related species
"Trionyx" "T". capellinii A softshell turtle.

Squamata

[edit]
Squamates reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Anomalophis A. bolcensis Pesciara An anomalophiid snake.
Archaeophis A. proavus A palaeophiid snake.
"Coluber" "C." ombonii Purga di Bolca A snake of uncertain affinities.

Arthropods

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Arachnida

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Eoeuscorpius E. ceratoi Pesciara A scorpion, possibly a euscorpiid.[29]
Pseudoscorpiones indet. A possible pseudoscorpion.[29]

Insecta

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[30][31]

Odonata

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Bolcacordulia B. paradoxa Pesciara A bolcacorduliid dragonfly.[32]
Bolcathemis B. nervosa A palaeomacromiid dragonfly.[32][33]
Bolcathore B. colorata A bolcathorid damselfly.[32]

Orthoptera

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Pterotriamescaptor P. tridactylina Pesciara A mole cricket.

Hemiptera

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Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Halobates H. ruffoi Pesciara A sea skater, the earliest known from the fossil record.
H. matsumurai, a modern species

Diptera

[edit]
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Bibio B. sereri Pesciara A march fly.
B. hortulanus, a modern species.
Dipterites D. angelinii A brachyceran fly.
Gnophomyia G. gentilinii A limoniid crane fly.
G. tristissima, a modern species
Gonomyia G. sp. A limoniid crane fly.
G. alexanderi, a modern species
Tipulidae indet. A tipulid crane fly.

References

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  1. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Tyler, James C.; Zorzin, Roberto; Carnevale, Giorgio (2016-07-15). "Controlled excavations in the Pesciara and Monte Postale sites provide new insights about the palaeoecology and taphonomy of the fish assemblages of the Eocene Bolca Konservat-Lagerstätte, Italy". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 454: 228–245. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.04.021. ISSN 0031-0182.
  2. ^ "The Purga di Bolca-Vegroni sites". iris.cnr.it. Retrieved 2024-08-31.
  3. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio; Kriwet, Jürgen (2021). "Diversity, palaeoecology and palaeoenvironmental significance of the Eocene chondrichthyan assemblages of the Bolca Lagerstätte, Italy". Lethaia. 54 (5): 736–751. doi:10.1111/let.12436. ISSN 0024-1164. PMC 9291491. PMID 35873368.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  4. ^ Marramà, G.; Villalobos-Segura, E.; Zorzin, R.; Kriwet, J.; Carnevale, G. (2023). "The evolutionary origin of the durophagous pelagic stingray ecomorph". Palaeontology. 66 (4). e12669. Bibcode:2023Palgy..6612669M. doi:10.1111/pala.12669. PMC 7614867. PMID 37533696.
  5. ^ Carnevale, G.; Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Marramà, G.; Tyler, James C.; Zorzin., R. (2014). "The Bolca Fossil-Lagerstätte: A window into the Eocene World. 5. The Pesciara- Monte Postale Fossil-Lagerstätte: 2. Fishes and other vertebrates. Excursion guide" (PDF). Rendiconti della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 4 (1): i–xxvii. hdl:10088/25678.
  6. ^ Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016-02-22). Fishes of the World. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  7. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio (2015-11-02). "The Eocene sardine † Bolcaichthys catopygopterus (Woodward, 1901) from Monte Bolca, Italy: osteology, taxonomy, and paleobiology". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (6): e1014490. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1014490. ISSN 0272-4634.
  8. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio (2018). "Eoalosa janvieri gen. et sp. nov., a new clupeid fish (Teleostei, Clupeiformes) from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy". PalZ. 92 (1): 107–120. doi:10.1007/s12542-017-0378-0. ISSN 1867-6812. PMC 5830460. PMID 29515269.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  9. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio (2016). "An Eocene anchovy from Monte Bolca, Italy: The earliest known record for the family Engraulidae". Geological Magazine. 153 (1): 84–94. doi:10.1017/S0016756815000278. ISSN 0016-7568.
  10. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio (2014). "Eocene round herring (Teleostei: Clupeidae) from Monte Bolca, Italy". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.00057.2014. ISSN 0567-7920.
  11. ^ Marramà, Giuseppe; Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Kriwet, Jürgen; Carnevale, Giorgio (2019). Cavin, Lionel (ed.). "An Eocene paraclupeid fish (Teleostei, Ellimmichthyiformes) from Bolca, Italy: the youngest marine record of double‐armoured herrings". Papers in Palaeontology. 5 (1): 83–98. doi:10.1002/spp2.1230. ISSN 2056-2799. PMC 6392134. PMID 30854219.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  12. ^ Fara, Emmanuel; Gayet, Mireille; Taverne, Louis (2010-01-01), "The Fossil Record of Gonorynchiformes", Gonorynchiformes and Ostariophysan Relationships, CRC Press, pp. 173–226, ISBN 978-0-429-06156-1, retrieved 2024-07-11
  13. ^ Mayrinck, D.; Brito, P. M.; Otero, O. (2015-05-04). "Review of the osteology of the fossil fish formerly attributed to the genus † Chanoides and implications for the definition of otophysan bony characters". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 13 (5): 397–420. doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.893260. ISSN 1477-2019.
  14. ^ "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  15. ^ "†Carlomonnius quasigobius gen. et sp. nov.: the first gobioid fish from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy". iris.unito.it. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
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