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Catholic Church in Vietnam
Giáo hội Công giáo Việt Nam
The Cathedrals of Phát Diệm, Bùi Chu, Hanoi, and Saigon represent various architectural styles of Vietnamese, Baroque, Gothique, and Romanesque.
ClassificationCatholic
OrientationLatin
ScriptureBible
PolityEpiscopal
GovernanceCatholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam
PopeFrancis
CBCV PresidentJoseph Nguyễn Năng
Papal RepresentativeMarek Zalewski
LanguageVietnamese, Latin, English
Origin1615
Members7 million

The Catholic Church in Vietnam is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of bishops in Vietnam who are in communion with the pope in Rome. Catholicism was introduced to Vietnam in the 16th century and firmly established by Portuguese and Italian missionaries of the Jesuit Order in the early 17th century.[1]

This foundation was upheld by the French Paris Foreign Missions Society and the Spanish Dominican Order. The first Vietnamese priests were ordained in 1668, and the first Vietnamese bishops were appointed in the 1930s. In 1960, the Vietnamese Hierarchy was formally established. Once known as the eldest daughter of the Church in the Far East, Vietnam currently has approximately 7 million Catholics.

Làng Sông Church, once the seat of the Apostolic Vicariate of Quinhon.
A 19th-century khảm xà cừ cross.
Three Catholics confess their faith and refuse to step over the cross.
A procession to venerate Our Lady. The wooden palanquin has been constructed using traditional methods.

Missions in Cochinchina and Tonkin

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Early encounters, pre-1615

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Padroado and Jesuits, from 1615

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Apostolic vicariates, from 1664

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Diverse & dynamic Catholicism

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Late feudal wars, 1770s–1802

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Mid Modern periods

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Early Nguyễn dynasty, 1802–1858

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Toleration of Christians
Persecution of Christians

French conquest of Vietnam, 1858–1887

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Anti-Christian massacres

French Indochina, 1887–1945

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Emergence of a national church

Intense decade of 1945–1954

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Vietnam divided, 1954–1975

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1954–1955 Great Migration

Catholics in North Vietnam

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Catholics in South Vietnam

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Vietnam since 1975

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Bao cấp

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Đổi mới

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Present time

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Church–State relations

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Overseas communities

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Cultural and intellectual contributions of Vietnamese Catholicism

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References

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Bibliography

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Monographs

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Doctoral theses:

Book chapters

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  • Alberts, Tara (2013). "Priests of a Foreign God: Catholic Religious Leadership and Sacral Authority in Seventeenth-Century Tonkin and Cochinchina". In Alberts, Tara; Irving, D. R. M. (eds.). Intercultural Exchange in Southeast Asia: History and Society in the Early Modern World. I.B. Tauris. pp. 84–117. ISBN 9780857722836.
  • Alberts, Tara (2018). "Missions in Vietnam". In Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia (ed.). A Companion to the Early Modern Catholic Global Missions. Brill. pp. 269–302. ISBN 9789004355286.
  • Cooke, Nola (2013). "Early Christian Conversion in Seventeenth-Century Cochinchina". In Young, Richard Fox; Seitz, Jonathan A. (eds.). Asia in the Making of Christianity: Conversion, Agency, and Indigeneity, 1600s to the Present. Brill. pp. 29–52. ISBN 9789004251298.
  • Daughton, James P. (2006). "Recasting Pigneau de Béhaine: Missionaries and the Politics of French Colonial History, 1894–1914". In Tran, Nhung Tuyet; Reid, Anthony (eds.). Viêt Nam: Borderless Histories. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 290–322. ISBN 9780299217747.
  • Dutton, George (2006). "Christians and Christianity in the Tây Sơn Era". The Tay Son Uprising: Society and Rebellion in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam. University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 175–196. ISBN 9780824829841.
  • Goscha, Christopher E. (2011). "Catholics in Vietnam and the War; Lê Hữu Từ; Vatican". Historical Dictionary of the Indochina War (1945–1954): An International and Interdisciplinary Approach. NIAS Press. pp. 90–91, 262–263, 481–482. ISBN 9788776940638. Online resource.
  • Hoang, Tuan (2023). "Pray the Rosary and Do Apostolic Work: The Modern Vietnamese Catholic Associational Culture". In Luu, Trinh M.; Vu, Tuong (eds.). Republican Vietnam, 1963–1975: War, Society, Diaspora. University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 189–202. ISBN 9780824895181.
  • Makino, Motonori (2009). "The Vietnamese Written Languages and European Missionaries: From the Society of Jesus to the Société des Missions Étrangères de Paris". In Shinzo, Kawamura; Veliath, Cyril (eds.). Beyond Borders: A Global Perspective of Jesuit Mission History. Sophia University Press. pp. 342–349. ISBN 9784324086100.
  • Makino, Motonori (2020). "Native Priests in Christian Societies in the Northern Regions of Pre-Colonial Vietnam: The Appearance of a Glocal Elite?". In Hirosue, Masashi (ed.). A History of the Social Integration of Visitors, Migrants, and Colonizers in Southeast Asia: Role of Local Collaborators. Toyo Bunko. pp. 35–73. ISBN 9784809703034.
  • Marr, David G. (2013). "Catholics: Allies or Enemies?". Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946). University of California Press. pp. 428–441. ISBN 9780520274150.
  • Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2023). "Vietnamese Catholics' Search for Independence, 1941–1963". In Foster, Elizabeth A.; Greenberg, Udi (eds.). Decolonization and the Remaking of Christianity. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 51–66. ISBN 9781512824971.
  • Ostrowski, Brian (2010). "The Rise of Christian Nôm Literature in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Fusing European Content and Local Expression". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.). Vietnam and the West: New Approaches. Cornell University Press. pp. 19–39. ISBN 9780877277828.
  • Ramsay, Jacob (2007). "Miracles and Myths: Vietnam Seen through Its Catholic History". In Taylor, Philip (ed.). Modernity and Re-Enchantment: Religion in Post-Revolutionary Vietnam. ISEAS Publishing. pp. 371–398. ISBN 9789812304568.
  • Stur, Heather Marie (2020). "The Catholic Opposition and Political Repression". Saigon at War: South Vietnam and the Global Sixties. Cambridge University Press. pp. 195–222. ISBN 9781316676752.
  • Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2004). "Les catholiques et la République démocratique du Viêt Nam (1945–1954): une approche biographique". In Goscha, Christopher E.; de Tréglodé, Benoît (eds.). Naissance d’un État-Parti: Le Viêt Nam depuis 1945. Les Indes savantes. pp. 253–276. ISBN 9782846540643.
  • Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2009). "Les catholiques vietnamiens et le mouvement moderniste: quelques éléments de réflexion sur la question de modernité fin xixe – début xxe siècle". In Gantès, Gilles de; Nguyen, Phuong Ngoc (eds.). Vietnam: Le moment moderniste. Presses universitaires de Provence. pp. 177–196. ISBN 9782821885653.
  • Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2005). "Les Amantes de la Croix: An Early Modern Vietnamese Sisterhood". In Bousquet, Gisèle; Taylor, Nora (eds.). Le Viêt Nam au féminin. Les Indes savantes. pp. 51–66. ISBN 9782846540759.
  • Wilcox, Wynn (2010). "Đặng Đức Tuấn and the Complexities of Nineteenth-Century Vietnamese Christian Identity". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.). Vietnam and the West: New Approaches. Cornell University Press. pp. 71–87. ISBN 9780877277828.

Journal articles

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  • Alberts, Tara (2012). "Catholic Written and Oral Cultures in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam". Journal of Early Modern History. 16 (4–5): 383–402. doi:10.1163/15700658-12342325.
  • Chu, Lan T. (2008). "Catholicism vs. Communism, Continued: The Catholic Church in Vietnam". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 3 (1): 151–192. doi:10.1525/vs.2008.3.1.151.
  • Cooke, Nola (2004). "Early Nineteenth-Century Vietnamese Catholics and Others in the Pages of the Annales de la Propagation de la Foi". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 35 (2): 261–285. doi:10.1017/S0022463404000141.
  • Cooke, Nola (2008). "Strange Brew: Global, Regional and Local Factors behind the 1690 Prohibition of Christian Practice in Nguyễn Cochinchina". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 39 (3): 383–409. doi:10.1017/S0022463408000313.
  • Du, Yuqing (2022). "Reconfiguring Inculturations: Hội Đồng Tứ Giáo and Interfaith Dialogues in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 17 (2–3): 38–63. doi:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.38.
  • Hansen, Peter (2009). "Bắc Di Cư: Catholic Refugees from the North of Vietnam, and Their Role in the Southern Republic, 1954–1959". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 4 (3): 173–211. doi:10.1525/vs.2009.4.3.173.
  • Hoang, Tuan (2019). "Ultramontanism, Nationalism, and the Fall of Saigon: Historicizing the Vietnamese American Catholic Experience". American Catholic Studies. 130 (1): 1–36. doi:10.1353/acs.2019.0014.
  • Hoang, Tuan (2022). ""Our Lady's Immaculate Heart Will Prevail": Vietnamese Marianism and Anticommunism, 1940–1975". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 17 (2–3): 126–157. doi:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.126.
  • Keith, Charles (2008). "Annam Uplifted: The First Vietnamese Catholic Bishops and the Birth of a National Church, 1919–1945". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 3 (2): 128–171. doi:10.1525/vs.2008.3.2.128.
  • Makino, Motonori (2013). "Local Administrators and the Nguyen Dynasty's Suppression of Christianity during the Reign of Minh Mang 1820–1841". Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (71): 109–139.
  • Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2016). "Fighting the First Indochina War Again? Catholic Refugees in South Vietnam, 1954–59". Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 31 (1): 207–246. doi:10.1355/sj31-1f.
  • Nguyen, Thao (2019). "Resistance, Negotiation and Development: The Roman Catholic Church in Vietnam, 1954–2010". Studies in World Christianity. 25 (3): 297–323. doi:10.3366/swc.2019.0269.
  • Nguyen-Marshall, Van (2009). "Tools of Empire? Vietnamese Catholics in South Vietnam". Journal of the Canadian Historical Association. 20 (2): 138–159. doi:10.7202/044402ar.
  • Ngô, Lân (2022). "Prophets and Zealots: The 1873 Synodal Document, Nonconformist Confucianism, and the Vietnamese Clergy". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 17 (2–3): 64–92. doi:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.64.
  • Nyan, Francis (2011). "Half-Brothers: The Frères des Écoles Chrétiennes in Vietnam, 1900–1945". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 6 (3): 1–43. doi:10.1525/vs.2011.6.3.1.
  • Ramsay, Jacob (2004). "Extortion and Exploitation in the Nguyễn Campaign against Catholicism in 1830s–1840s Vietnam". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 35 (2): 311–328. doi:10.1017/S0022463404000165.
  • Tran, Anh Q. (2022). "Catholicism and the Development of the Vietnamese Alphabet, 1620–1898". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 17 (2–3): 9–37. doi:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.9.
  • Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2005). "The Catholic Question in North Vietnam: From Polish Sources, 1954–56". Cold War History. 5 (4): 427–449. doi:10.1080/14682740500284747.
  • Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2013). "The Challenge for Peace within South Vietnam's Catholic Community: A History of Peace Activism". Peace & Change: A Journal of Peace Research. 38 (4): 446–473. doi:10.1111/pech.12040.
  • Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2020). "The Role of Education Mobilities and Transnational Networks in the Building of a Modern Vietnamese Catholic Elite (1920s–1950s)". Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 35 (2): 243–270. doi:10.1355/sj35-2c.
  • Trần, Claire Thị Liên (2022). "Thanh Lao Công [Young Christian Workers] in Tonkin, 1935–1945: From Social to Political Activism". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 17 (2–3): 93–125. doi:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.93.

Supplementaries

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Comparative history
General history
Miscellaneous

Critical primary sources: