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Ingrid Wallberg-Göthlin
Ingrid Wallberg-Göthlin
	Ingrid Wallberg in 1920.
Born	4 May 1890; Halmstad, Sweden
Died	23 January 1965 (aged 74); Gothenburg, Sweden
Nationality	Swedish
Occupation	Architect
Practice	Gothenburg, later Halmstad
Buildings	Sofiagatan 48 in Strömmensberg är ett flerfamiljshus i kvarteret Helagsfjället for HSB (1929-1930),; Simonsson's house (Fritidshus) in Onsala, Kungsbacka (1930),; Landshövdingehus, Fjällgatan 7-9, Stigberget in Göteborg (1930),; Villor, Thorild Wulffsgatan at Änggården, Gothenburg (1938)
Projects	Radhus och flerfamiljshus, Daltorpsgatan 15-29 and 16-28 in Bö, Gothenburg (1937–1938)

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Ingrid Wallberg-Göthlin, (née Wallberg; 4 May 1890 – 23 January 1965) Swedish architect, was the first female architect in Sweden to run her own firm. She was also the first Swedish female architect who seriously challenged public taste with her functionalist designs.

Early life[edit]

Ingrid Wallberg was born in Halmstad in 1890. She grew up in a large, culturally aware, and linguistically knowledgeable, family at Villa Ekebo in Halmstad. Her father, Alfred Wallberg, was the MD of Wallbergs Fabriks AB, the leading industrial business in Halmstad. Her closest sibling – out of ten – was her sister Lotti, who went on to become a reporter and a writer.

In 1905 Wallberg began to attend the Djursholm school, and her last school grade is from the classical studies section at the Stockholms samgymnasium. However, she fell ill and in 1908 she travelled to Berlin to stay with one of her sisters. In 1909 she re-initiated her studies at the urban construction programme in Berlin. In 1915 she enrolled in the architecture class at the Königliche Kunstgewerbeschule in Munich. Whilst doing this course she also took private lessons in constructional drawing and perspective drawing.

Career[edit]

Ingrid Wallberg shared her first husband Albert Lilienberg's (1879–1967) professional interests and sometimes they worked together. They put forward joint proposals for several town-planning competitions in Scandinavia and in the USA. They won third prize in Chicago 1913 out of a total of 39 submissions. Following the 1916 town fire in Bergen they submitted a winning proposal there. That same year Wallberg entered another Norwegian competition in Skien and her proposal was accepted. She also debated housing issues in the daily press and the trade press and gave talks on the principle of the garden city movement. She criticised the proposal for The Woodland Cemetery in Stockholm due to its lack of a feeling for nature and respect for the dead. She won third prize in a competition for a new cemetery in Malmö in 1916, which also received submissions from Sigurd Lewerentz and Sven Markelius.

Ahead of the Gothenburg exhibition of 1923 Ingrid Wallberg worked intensely with the Förening Hus och Hem (House and Home Society) exhibition apartments as part of the social welfare section of the display. It was precisely the housing needs of those of little means which piqued her interest and she wanted to simplify things for housewives by supplying light, efficient kitchens and clean air to help them with their housework. Wallberg was exhausted by her efforts for the Gothenburg exhibition and afterwards she withdrew to a rest home in St Moritz, Switzerland. Throughout her life she had to endure this rollercoaster ride of intensive work periods followed by recuperation time which involved diets and medication for her troublesome stomach, heart palpitations, and other physical problems.

Ingrid Wallberg, with the help of a gardener and several employees, ran a commercial garden business, Stora Gårda Trädgård, with large greenhouses and open land at her estate in Gothenburg. At this point Wallberg set up a shop called "Blåklockan" in Haga where she sold cut flowers and plants that she had grown herself. She also let out most of her estate.

After the divorce from Albert Lilienberg in 1927 Ingrid Wallberg began to focus fully on architecture and during the 1927–1928 period she sometimes travelled to Paris. She interned with the functionalist architect Charles Édouard Jeanneret – also known as Le Corbusier – and in the evenings she and the designer Charlotte Perriand took lessons with Alfred Roth, an architect who was also Le Corbusier’s chief engineer. Ingrid Wallberg’s son Björn lived with his aunt Lotti whenever his mother was in Paris and attended an American school. Meanwhile Wallberg rented a place close to Le Corbusier’s office.

In the autumn of 1928 Alfred Roth accompanied Wallberg to Sweden and together they set up a company called "R & W". Their first design for a house in 1929 was immediately appealed by the neighbours. Construction work was repeatedly stopped by court-order despite the support of the planning committee and the county architect. Wallberg made her last revision in 1935 and the building was finally completed. Wallberg was, however, tired of compromising and sold the house. Roth only stayed in Sweden for a couple of years whilst Wallberg continued to design apartment buildings, terraced houses, detached houses, and factory buildings in the functionalist style. Her design for master tailor Simonsson’s house in Onsala, which was constructed on rocks with an extensive view, gained a national attention.

Following four rejections Wallberg was finally recognised as a member of Sveriges Arkitekters Riksförbund (SAR), later Sveriges Arkitekter, (Swedish national association of architects) in 1938. Almost all of the initially negatively viewed "square boxes" with rows of windows and roof terraces designed by Ingrid Wallberg still survive in good condition, serving as a living memorial of a time during which there was a strong belief in improving living conditions for all members of society.

When Ingrid Wallberg’s father’s business Wallbergs Fabriks AB developed financial troubles she and her husband and her brother-in-law Axel Rääf stepped in. Ingrid Wallberg served as CEO from 1955 until her death, running the business’s foreign connections and travelling to Italy in order to set up a textile industry on the spot with business partners which would allow them to avoid customs and transport costs. She also sought out experienced workers for Sweden. These workers required housing and Wallberg designed and oversaw the construction of workers’ homes, new factory spaces, and a hydro station.

In 1960 she purchased the Kragenäs farm south of Strömstad which she farmed through a factor. At her estate she set up a branch of the Wallbergs Fabriks AB to produce machine felt.

Personal life[edit]

Ingrid Wallberg met her first husband, Albert Lilienberg, when he was working at a bridge-construction site in Halmstad. Their civil wedding ceremony took place in 1909, and that year Albert Lilienberg became chief town-planning engineer in Gothenburg. A couple of years later the couple acquired the Stora Gårda estate which became Ingrid Wallberg’s home for the rest of her life. Her first marriage was, however, an unhappy one. Ingrid Wallberg’s constant spells in hospital abroad can almost be taken as a form of exile. She used her time away from home to read books on town-planning and philosophy, as well as fiction written in German, English, and French. Her son Björn was born in 1917.

Ingrid Wallberg and Albert Lilienberg divorced in January 1927 – although he in the autumn of 1925 had already moved into the city of Gothenburg. Wallberg hired the Stockholm lawyer Mathilda Staël von Holstein as her divorce lawyer and in order to avoid a legal battle she retracted a demand for alimony for their son Björn, who stayed with her at Stora Gårda.

Ingrid Wallberg had a much happier second marriage, to Gustav "Gösta" Göthlin, chief town doctor, whom she married in 1929. They shared common interests, not just in buildings and roads but also in how people lived in and around their homes. He had started work in Gothenburg at a tuberculosis clinic and as housing inspector and he was the town’s first healthcare inspector. Gösta Göthlin was a great music lover and sat on the boards of the Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra society and the Lyriska theatre.

Ingrid Wallberg never retired. She enjoyed working with her niece Margareta’s husband, Peter Rautenberg, who was a German refugee who worked on future developments. Having lost her son Björn in 1934 Wallberg wrote a will in 1961 in favour of Margareta's and Peter’s son, Sven, who was only eight years old at the time. When Ingrid Wallberg died in 1965 the national press mentioned the inheritance worth millions and eventually Sven took over the business.

Her grave at Örgryte Old Church – where her son Björn (1917–1934) and her second husband "Gösta" Gustav Valdemar Göthlin (1877–1966) also lie – is overshadowed by an large rhododendron plant and there is a tombstone below it, which Wallberg had designed herself.^[1]

Gallery[edit]

Detached house at Prytzgatan in Örgryte, Gothenburg by Ingrid Wallberg and Alfred Roth.
Terraced house at Brödragatan in Örgryte, Gothenburg by Ingrid Wallberg.
Sofiagatan 48 A in Strömmensberg is a apartment building in kvarteret Helagsfjället, from 1929-1930 for HSB from the architect firm R & W – architects Roth and Wallberg.
Terraced house at Daltorpsgatan 20 in Örgryte, Gothenburg from 1938 by Ingrid Wallberg.

Major works[edit]

/Övervåning på herrgården/ Second floor of main building at Stora Gårda, Örgryte i Göteborg (1928)
/Villor, radhus och hyreshus/ for exempel: Bostadshus för HSB, Sofiagatan 48-56, Bagaregården i Göteborg, (1929–30 tillsammans med Alfred Roth)
/Skräddarmästare Simonssons fritidshus/ in Onsala, Kungsbacka (1930)
Landshövdingehus, Fjällgatan 7-9, Stigberget in Göteborg (1930, 1935)
/Radhus/, Bångejordsgatan 1-15, 2-16, Bö (1934–35)^[2]
/Villa/ in Örgryte (1935)
/Radhus, flerfamiljshus/, Daltorpsgatan 15-29, 16-28, Bö, in Göteborg (1937-38)
/Tvåfamiljshus/, Lillkullegatan 6B-12, Bö, in Göteborg (1937-38)
/Radhus/, Brödragatan 18, 28-36, 48-64, Bö, Örgryte in Göteborg (1937-43)^[3]
/Radhus/, Silvandersgatan 19-37, Bö, in Göteborg (1938-39)
/Villor/, Thorild Wulffsgatan, Änggården in Göteborg (1938).^[4]
/Bostadshus/ in Halmstad, /bland annat radhus/ at Idrottsgatan, Smedsängsgatan, Skånegatan, Gymnasiegatan and kraftverket at Slottsmöllan.^[5]

References[edit]

Ciations[edit]

^ Ingrid Wallberg, svenskagravar.se. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
^ Caldenby, Claes (2006). Guide till Göteborgs arkitektur (in Swedish). Stockholm: Arkitektur i samarbete med Göteborgs stadsbyggnadskontor och Formas. p. 224-225. ISBN 91-86050-67-2. SELIBR 10203533. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Niklasson, Olle (2014). Fyrtiotvå hus och en bockkran i Göteborg (in Swedish). Göteborg: Tre böcker. p. 84-86. ISBN 978-91-7029-752-6. SELIBR 16997623.
^ Caldenby, Claes (2006). Guide till Göteborgs arkitektur (in Swedish). Stockholm: Arkitektur i samarbete med Göteborgs stadsbyggnadskontor och Formas. p. 148-149. ISBN 91-86050-67-2. SELIBR 10203533. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Ingrid Wallberg – arkitektpionjär, destinationhalmstad.se. Retrieved 20 November 2020.

Webbsources[edit]

Ingrid Wallberg, svenskagravar.se. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
"Ingrid Wallberg – En modernistisk arkitekt". Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 15 november 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
Ingrid Wallberg, Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon, article by Anne Brügge. Retrieved 15 November 2020.

Printed sources[edit]

In Swedish

Bjur, Hans; Engström, Krister (2018). Lilienbergs stad: Göteborg 1900-1930 (in Swedish) (First ed.). Stockholm: Balkong. p. 13-16. ISBN 978-91-87553-23-3. SELIBR 20872931.
Brügge, Anne (2020). Ingrid Wallberg: arkitekt och funktionalist (in Swedish) (Första upplagan ed.). Stockholm: Balkong. ISBN 9789187553431. SELIBR mzskc3sdk1696f6g.
Caldenby, Claes; Linde Bjur, Gunilla; Ohlsson, Sven-Olof; Engström, Krister (2006). Guide till Göteborgs arkitektur (in Swedish). Stockholm: Arkitektur i samarbete med Göteborgs stadsbyggnadskontor och Formas. p. 14-15, 148, 218, 224. ISBN 91-86050-67-2. SELIBR 10203533.
Niklasson, Olle (2014). Fyrtiotvå hus och en bockkran i Göteborg (in Swedish). Göteborg: Tre böcker. p. 84-86. ISBN 978-91-7029-752-6. SELIBR 16997623.
Sommar, Ingrid; Lindman, Åke E:son (2006). Funkis: stilen som byggde Sverige (in Swedish). Stockholm: Forum. p. 26-36. ISBN 9789137128603. SELIBR 10138809.
Werner, Helena (2006). Kvinnliga arkitekter: om byggpionjärer och debatterna kring kvinnlig yrkesutövning i Sverige. Gothenburg studies in art and architecture, 0348-4114;23 (in Swedish). Göteborg: Acta Universitets Gothoburgensis. ISBN 91-7346-571-2. SELIBR 10236287.
Historien om Wallbergs industrier och Slottsmöllan: Halmstads industrihistoria del V (in Swedish). Halmstad: Föreningen Gamla Halmstad i samarbete med Utblick Media i Halland AB. 2015. ISBN 978-91-86709-47-1.

External links[edit]

Ingrid Wallberg – arkitektpionjär, arkitekt.se

Category:1890 births]] Category:1965 deaths]] Category:20th-century Swedish architects]] Category:People from Halmstad]] Category:People from Scania]]

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Inga-Britt Fredholm[edit]

Original text:

Med vilken ömhet man kan famna minnen

som, om de kläds i ord, står sorgset blyga

och liksom vädjar milt till våra sinnen

att åter in i tystnaden få smyga

Current translation:

With such tender you can embrace memories

as, if they were dressed in words, standing sadly and bashfully

and as appealing softly to our minds

that once more sneak unto silence

My translation:

With what tenderness to embrace memories

which, if dressed in words, stand sadly shy

and as gently appeal to our minds

to again into silence slip