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Jean Aitchison's Metaphors[edit]

Jean Aitchison's Metaphors
Image of a crumbling castle
LanguageEnglish
GenreSociolinguistics
Publication date
1997
Theory from The Language Web: The Power and Problem of Words-The 1996 BCC Reith Lectures.

Introduction[edit]

On the topic of Language Change , Linguist, Jean Aitchison highlights its prescriptivist (a person whom is against the idea of language change) views, using a metaphorical perspective.

The Crumbling Castle[edit]

The Crumbling Castle metaphor refers to the notion and image of an ancient, beautiful and finite structure of a castle, crumbling over a slow period of time. Consequently with language (The English Language in particular), the notion of language change reflects a crumbling castle. Therefore, loosing its beauty that was difficult to create, and as a result, the efforts and detail are not noticeable, since the castle/language is crumbling. However as Aitchison explored, this idea can be disproved;

'It implies that the castle of English was gradually and lovingly assembled until it reached a point of maximum splendour at some unspecified time in the past. Yet no year can be found when language achieved some peak of perfection, like a vintage wine.'

[1]

The Damp Spoon[edit]

Contrasting ideas slightly, but not completely, Damp Spoon Syndrome, refers to the notion of laziness- the "vulgar" image of a damp spoon dipped in the sugar bowl. It is implied that "sloppiness and laziness cause much of language change" [2] The idea of laziness is the pinnacle of this metaphor; it places blame upon the users of non-standard forms.

There is a strong link to conconscious language which can be explored through William Labov's New York Department Store study.

He chose stores catering to different classes of customers: Saks for the upper class, Macy’s for the middle class, and S. Klein’s for the working class. He developed an innovative procedure for gathering examples of natural speech. Posing as a customer he entered each store and approached the staff to ask where he would find a department he knew to be on the fourth floor. When the employee answered “fourth floor,” Labov pretended not to hear which elicited a repetition of the phrase. In this way, he collected tokens of the /r/ variable in two different phonological environments (pre-consonantal in fourth and word-final in floor) and two stylistic contexts (the initial utterance and the more careful repetition).

[3]

The results showed the middle class store had the highest frequency of hypercorrection. Therefore, proving that conscious language is not always apparent.

It would be thought that laziness is a conscious state of mind. However, in regard to language change, it's proven to not always be the case. Furthermore, reflecting the ideologies of Aitchison's Damp Spoon Syndrome, is 'laziness' a conscious state? - language is not being disrespected by its change occurring. Rather, the change is constant, and the notion of linguistic laziness is but a prescriptive opinion.

The Infectious Disease[edit]

The Infectious Disease assumption was put forward by Douglas Bush- Polluting our Language. [4] The notion refers to the hyperbolic idea of non-standard or 'incorrect' language use spreading quickly, like a virus, causing mayhem; and sickness; and that we ought to combat language change as if it were an infectious disease.

However, famous Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Saussure displayed a more descriptivist view:

"Time changes all things: there is no reason why language should escape this universal law."

[5]

Bibliography[edit]

  • Aitchison, J., 1997. The Language Web: The Power and Problem of Words-The 1996 BBC Reith Lectures. Cambridge University Press[1]
  • Aitchison, J., 2001. Language change: Progress or decay?. Cambridge university press.[2]
  • Gordon, M.J., 2017. William Labov. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics.[3]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The Language Web, 1997, Aitchison J pg12
  2. ^ The Language Web, 1997, Aitchison J pg10
  3. ^ Gordon, M.J., 2017. William Labov. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics.
  4. ^ The Language Web, 1997, Aitchison J pg110
  5. '^ Language change: Progress or decay?' Aitchison J 2001