User:InsaneHacker/sandbox/Rainbow Warrior
The sinking of the Rainbow Warrior and resulting death of Fernando Pereira caused by French foreign intelligence agents while the ship was moored in Auckland, New Zealand resulted in multiple international legal cases, two between New Zealand and France, and one between France and Greenpeace, the owner and operator of the ship.
Of the cases between New Zealand and France, one was a non-binding 'ruling' by the Secretary-General of the United Nations Javier Pérez de Cuéllar regarding responsibility, reparations, and the fate of the French agents who committed the scuttling, which the two countries adopted as binding in a subsequent exchange of letters. The other was an arbitration case at the Permanent Court of Arbitration regarding the removal of the French agents from the island on which they were detained in contravention of the agreements concluded after the ruling of the Secretary-General.
The case between France and Greenpeace was an arbitration to determine the damages owed by France to Greenpeace. Going into the case, France had already acknowledged liability for the scuttling, and thus the only task for the arbitrators was to determine the amount owed. The tribunal awarded Greenpeace more than 8.1 million dollars, including expenses, legal fees and interest.
France and the family of Pereira settled the matter of compensation for his death privately.
Secretary-General decision and subsequent arbitration[edit]
| Ruling on the Rainbow Warrior affair between France and New Zealand | |
|---|---|
| Decided | July 6, 1986 |
| Citation(s) |
|
| Case opinions | |
| Decision by | Javier Pérez de Cuéllar |
| Case concerning the difference between New Zealand and France concerning the interpretation or application of two agreements, concluded on 9 July 1986 between the two States and which related to the problems arising from the Rainbow Warrior Affair | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Court | Permanent Court of Arbitration |
| Citation(s) | (1990) XX RIAA 215 |
France–Greenpeace arbitration[edit]
| France–Greenpeace arbitration | |
|---|---|
| Court | Ad hoc arbitral tribunal |
| Citation(s) | Unreported |
| Court membership | |
| Judge(s) sitting | |
| Case opinions | |
| Greenpeace awarded 8.1 million dollars. 5 million for the loss of the Rainbow Warrior, 1.2 million for 'aggrevated damages', the remainder for expenses, legal fees and interest. | |
Shortly following the incident and subsequent reveal of the French involvement, France and 'the various organizations that constitute the Greenpeace movement' agreed to have the matter of compensation decided by an arbitral tribunal.[1] The tribunal consisted of Professor Emeritus Claude Reymond of the University of Lausanne, President of the Court of Appeal of New Zealand Sir Owen Woodhouse and Professor François Terré of the University of Paris II Panthéon-Assas.[1][2]
Due to the principles of state and sovereign immunity, Greenpeace would have had difficulties pursuing the matter in a New Zealand, French, or other national court, and in leiu of arbitration would have had to convince a state to elevate the case to the International Court of Justice.[2][1] In a speech at the Geneva Global Arbitration Forum, Reymond noted that France entering into an arbitration agreement 'had the great advantage of providing a forum for Greenpeace'.[1] According to a report by The New York Times Greenpeace had threatened to sue France in a New Zealand court prior to the arbitration agreement.[3]
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ^ a b c d Claude Reymond, 'The Rainbow Warrior Arbitration between Greenpeace and France' (1992) 9(1) Journal of International Arbitration 91, 92.
- ^ a b Alexandra Shmarko, 'Interview with Gary Born' (Arbitration Journal, 7 February 2019) <https://journal.arbitration.ru/interview/interview-with-gary-born/> accessed 25 October 2019.
- ^ Philip Shabecoff, 'France Must Pay Greenpeace $8 Million in Sinking of Ship' The New York Times (New York, 3 October 1987) 2.
Bibliography[edit]
- Hoss C and Morgan-Foster J, 'Rainbow Warrior, The', Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Last updated April, 2010) <https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e198> accessed 14 November 2019.
- Reymond C, 'The Rainbow Warrior Arbitration between Greenpeace and France' (1992) 9(1) Journal of International Arbitration 91.
- Shabecoff P, 'France Must Pay Greenpeace $8 Million in Sinking of Ship' The New York Times (New York, 3 October 1987) 2.
- Shmarko A, 'Interview with Gary Born' (Arbitration Journal, 7 February 2019) <https://journal.arbitration.ru/interview/interview-with-gary-born/> accessed 25 October 2019.