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Grisham, Charles M.; Reginald H. Garrett (2001). Principles of Biochemistry With a Human Focus. Pacific Grove: Brooks Cole. ISBN 0-03-097369-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

VandenLangenberg GM, Brady WE, Nebeling LC; et al. (December 1996). "Influence of using different sources of carotenoid data in epidemiologic studies". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 96 (12): 1271–5. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(96)00332-X. PMID 8948389. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Kim SJ, Nara E, Kobayashi H, Terao J, Nagao A (February 2001). "Formation of cleavage products by autoxidation of lycopene". Lipids. 36 (2): 191–9. doi:10.1007/s11745-001-0706-8. PMID 11269700.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Etminan M, Takkouche B, Caamaño-Isorna F (March 2004). "The role of tomato products and lycopene in the prevention of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 13 (3): 340–5. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.340.13.3.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Gann PH, Ma J, Giovannucci E; et al. (March 1999). "Lower prostate cancer risk in men with elevated plasma lycopene levels: results of a prospective analysis". Cancer Research. 59 (6): 1225–30. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Miller EC, Giovannucci E, Erdman JW, Bahnson R, Schwartz SJ, Clinton SK (February 2002). "Tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk". The Urologic Clinics of North America. 29 (1): 83–93. doi:10.1016/S0094-0143(02)00020-4. PMID 12109359.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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Di Mascio P, Kaiser S, Sies H (November 1989). "Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 274 (2): 532–8. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(89)90467-0. PMID 2802626.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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McNulty H, Jacob RF, Mason RP (May 2008). "Biologic activity of carotenoids related to distinct membrane physicochemical interactions". The American Journal of Cardiology. 101 (10A): 20D–29D. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.004. PMID 18474269.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Moussa M, Landrier JF, Reboul E; et al. (August 2008). "Lycopene absorption in human intestinal cells and in mice involves scavenger receptor class B type I but not Niemann-Pick C1-like 1". The Journal of Nutrition. 138 (8): 1432–6. doi:10.1093/jn/138.8.1432. PMID 18641187. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Khachik F, Carvalho L, Bernstein PS, Muir GJ, Zhao DY, Katz NB (November 2002). "Chemistry, distribution, and metabolism of tomato carotenoids and their impact on human health". Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.). 227 (10): 845–51. doi:10.1177/153537020222701002. PMID 12424324.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Khan N, Afaq F, Mukhtar H (March 2008). "Cancer chemoprevention through dietary antioxidants: progress and promise". Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 10 (3): 475–510. doi:10.1089/ars.2007.1740. PMID 18154485.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Rao AV, Rao LG (March 2007). "Carotenoids and human health". Pharmacological Research : The Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 55 (3): 207–16. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.012. PMID 17349800.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC (December 1995). "Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 87 (23): 1767–76. doi:10.1093/jnci/87.23.1767. PMID 7473833.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

van Breemen RB, Pajkovic N (October 2008). "Multitargeted therapy of cancer by lycopene". Cancer Letters. 269 (2): 339–51. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2008.05.016. PMC 2615641. PMID 18585855.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

Stahl W, Sies H (November 1992). "Uptake of lycopene and its geometrical isomers is greater from heat-processed than from unprocessed tomato juice in humans". The Journal of Nutrition. 122 (11): 2161–6. doi:10.1093/jn/122.11.2161. PMID 1432255.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

Ryan L, O'Connell O, O'Sullivan L, Aherne SA, O'Brien NM (September 2008). "Micellarisation of carotenoids from raw and cooked vegetables". Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 63 (3): 127–33. doi:10.1007/s11130-008-0081-0. PMID 18587647.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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Gajic M, Zaripheh S, Sun F, Erdman JW (June 2006). "Apo-8'-lycopenal and apo-12'-lycopenal are metabolic products of lycopene in rat liver". The Journal of Nutrition. 136 (6): 1552–7. doi:10.1093/jn/136.6.1552. PMID 16702320.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Korytko PJ, Rodvold KA, Crowell JA; et al. (September 2003). "Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of orally administered lycopene in male dogs". The Journal of Nutrition. 133 (9): 2788–92. doi:10.1093/jn/133.9.2788. PMID 12949366. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Parker RS (April 1996). "Absorption, metabolism, and transport of carotenoids". The FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 10 (5): 542–51. doi:10.1096/fasebj.10.5.8621054.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

Kirsh VA, Peters U, Mayne ST; et al. (August 2007). "Prospective study of fruit and vegetable intake and risk of prostate cancer". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 99 (15): 1200–9. doi:10.1093/jnci/djm065. PMID 17652276. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Kirsh VA, Mayne ST, Peters U; et al. (January 2006). "A prospective study of lycopene and tomato product intake and risk of prostate cancer". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 15 (1): 92–8. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0563. PMID 16434593. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Peters U, Leitzmann MF, Chatterjee N; et al. (May 2007). "Serum lycopene, other carotenoids, and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 16 (5): 962–8. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0861. PMID 17507623. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Kavanaugh CJ, Trumbo PR, Ellwood KC (July 2007). "The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review for qualified health claims: tomatoes, lycopene, and cancer". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 99 (14): 1074–85. doi:10.1093/jnci/djm037. PMID 17623802.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Basu A, Imrhan V (March 2007). "Tomatoes versus lycopene in oxidative stress and carcinogenesis: conclusions from clinical trials". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 61 (3): 295–303. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602510. PMID 16929242.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

Al-Delaimy WK, Natarajan L, Sun X, Rock CL, Pierce JP, Pierce JJ (March 2008). "Reliability of plasma carotenoid biomarkers and its relation to study power". Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 19 (2): 338–44. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181635dc2. PMC 2574518. PMID 18300693.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

VandenLangenberg GM, Brady WE, Nebeling LC; et al. (December 1996). "Influence of using different sources of carotenoid data in epidemiologic studies". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 96 (12): 1271–5. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(96)00332-X. PMID 8948389. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Van Lieshout M, West CE, Van De Bovenkamp P; et al. (August 2003). "Extraction of carotenoids from feces, enabling the bioavailability of beta-carotene to be studied in Indonesian children". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51 (17): 5123–30. doi:10.1021/jf0300240. PMID 12903979. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

van Lieshout M, West CE, Muhilal; et al. (May 2001). "Bioefficacy of beta-carotene dissolved in oil studied in children in Indonesia". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 73 (5): 949–58. doi:10.1093/ajcn/73.5.949. PMID 11333850. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

van Breemen RB, Xu X, Viana MA; et al. (April 2002). "Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of cis- and all-trans-lycopene in human serum and prostate tissue after dietary supplementation with tomato sauce". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50 (8): 2214–9. doi:10.1021/jf0110351. PMID 11929273. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Liu A, Pajkovic N, Pang Y; et al. (November 2006). "Absorption and subcellular localization of lycopene in human prostate cancer cells". Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 5 (11): 2879–85. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0373. PMID 17121935. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

van Lieshout M, West CE, van Breemen RB (January 2003). "Isotopic tracer techniques for studying the bioavailability and bioefficacy of dietary carotenoids, particularly beta-carotene, in humans: a review". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 77 (1): 12–28. doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.1.12. PMID 12499318.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Fang L, Pajkovic N, Wang Y, Gu C, van Breemen RB (February 2003). "Quantitative analysis of lycopene isomers in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry". Analytical Chemistry. 75 (4): 812–7. doi:10.1021/ac026118a. PMID 12622371.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Zhu D, Wang Y, Pang Y; et al. (2006). "Quantitative analyses of beta-carotene and retinol in serum and feces in support of clinical bioavailability studies". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : RCM. 20 (16): 2427–32. doi:10.1002/rcm.2601. PMID 16841362. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Tonucci L, Holden J; et al. (1995). "Carotenoid Content of Thermally Processed Tomato-Based Food Products". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 43 (3): 579–586. doi:10.1021/jf00051a005. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)

Unlu NZ, Bohn T, Francis DM, Nagaraja HN, Clinton SK, Schwartz SJ (July 2007). "Lycopene from heat-induced cis-isomer-rich tomato sauce is more bioavailable than from all-trans-rich tomato sauce in human subjects". The British Journal of Nutrition. 98 (1): 140–6. doi:10.1017/S0007114507685201. PMID 17391568.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Unlu NZ, Bohn T, Francis D, Clinton SK, Schwartz SJ (February 2007). "Carotenoid absorption in humans consuming tomato sauces obtained from tangerine or high-beta-carotene varieties of tomatoes". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 55 (4): 1597–603. doi:10.1021/jf062337b. PMID 17243700.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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Giovannucci E (August 2005). "Tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer: a review of the epidemiological literature". The Journal of Nutrition. 135 (8): 2030S–1S. doi:10.1093/jn/135.8.2030S. PMID 16046732.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

van Breemen RB (August 2005). "How do intermediate endpoint markers respond to lycopene in men with prostate cancer or benign prostate hyperplasia?". The Journal of Nutrition. 135 (8): 2062S–4S. doi:10.1093/jn/135.8.2062S. PMID 16046743.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

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Gutteridge, John M. C.; Halliwell, Barry (1999). Free radicals in biology and medicine. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850044-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Daniel, Wayne W. (2005). Biostatistics: a foundation for analysis in the health sciences. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-45654-3.

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