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History[edit]
Incense was used by Chinese cultures from Neolithic times and became more widespread in the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties.[1] The earliest documented instance of incense utilization comes from the ancient Chinese, who employed incense composed of herbs and plant products (such as cassia, cinnamon, styrax, sandalwood, amongst others) as a component of numerous formalized cerimonial rites.[2] Eventually, the Hindus adopted the use of incense from the Chinese, adapting the inherited formulation to encompass aromatic roots and other indigenous flora. This comprised the initial usage of subterranean plant parts within the fabrication of incense.[2]
In conjuction, combustible vegetal boutiques were used by the ancient Egyptians, who employed incense within both pragmatic and mystical capacities. Within quotidan instances, incense was burnt to counteract or obscure malodorous scents, but was putatively perceived to also deter malevolent demons and appease the gods with its pleasant aroma.[3] Resin balls were found in many prehistoric Egyptian tombs in El Mahasna, furnishing tangible archaeological substantiation to the prominence of incense and related compounds within Egyptian antiquity.[4] The oldest extant incense burner originates from the 5th dynasty.[4] The Temple of Deir-el-Bahari in Egypt contains a series of carvings that depict an expedition for incense.[5]
Some of the oldest known references of incense appear within the Vedas (ancient Hindu texts) themselves, with frequent mention within the Atharva Veda, indicating that the use of incense is quite old, dating back at least 3500 years and more likely closer to 6000 to 8500 years old at a minimum.[6]
At around 2000 BC, Ancient China was the first civilization who began the use of incense in the religious sense, namely for worship.[7]
The Babylonians used incense while offering prayers to divining oracles.[8] Incense spread from there to Greece and Rome.
The Indus Civilization used incense burners.[9] Evidence suggests oils were used mainly for their aroma.
Brought to Japan in the 6th century by Korean Buddhist monks, who used the mystical aromas in their purification rites, the delicate scents of Koh (high-quality Japanese incense) became a source of amusement and entertainment with nobles in the Imperial Court during the Heian Era 200 years later.
In China, incense usage reached its peak during the Song Dynasty with numerous buildings erected specifically for incense ceremonies.[1]
During the 14th century Shogunate, a samurai warrior might perfume his helmet and armor with incense to achieve an aura of invincibility (as well as to make a noble gesture to whomever might take his head in battle). It wasn't until the Muromachi Era during the 15th and 16th century that incense appreciation (Kōdō) spread to the upper and middle classes of Japanese society.
- ^ a b 劉良佑，《香學會典》，臺北：東方香學研究會，2003
- ^ a b Stoddart, D. Michael (1990). The scented ape: The biology and culture of human odour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 169. ISBN 0-521-37511-8.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Aromatherapywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Nielsen, Kjeld. Incense in ancient Israel. p. 3.
- ^ Stoddart, D. Michael (1990). The scented ape: The biology and culture of human odour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 0-521-37511-8.
- ^ Yogacharya, Yogi Baba Prem. "Incense, the Important Indian Attribute that has Influenced the World".
- ^ Herrera, Matthew D. (2012). Holy Smoke: The Use of Incense in the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). San Luis Obispo: Tixlini Scriptorium. Page 1.
- ^ Foreign trade in the old Babylonian period: as revealed by texts from southern Mesopotamia. Brill Archive. 1960.
- ^ John Marshall (1996). Mohenjo Daro And The Indus Civilization 3 Vols. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-1179-9.