User:Joe Betts-LaCroix/The Hallmarks of Aging
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"The Hallmarks of Aging"[1] is a seminal peer-reviewed article published in the journal Cell in June 2013 by the European researchers Carlos López-Otín, Maria A. Blasco, Linda Partridge, Manuel Serrano, and Guido Kroemer.
The paper's name is a reference to the 2000 paper The Hallmarks of Cancer, which, as of 2011, was Cell's most cited paper at over 15,000 citations, and which had a fundamental impact on the field of cancer research. True to its namesake, *The Hallmarks of Aging* has, according to Google Scholar as of 2020, been cited over 6,000 times. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%22the+hallmarks+of+aging%22&btnG= It has made a fundamental contribution to the field of aging research and spawned numerous spinoffs and derivatives.
As a testament to the significance of this paper, the title has come to signify not just the paper, but more generically the various causes of aging itself https://www.afar.org/what-are-the-hallmarks-of-aging
The tremendous impact of the article is due to the authors laying out, for the first time in the aging field, a rational rubric for including each underlying mechanism of the aging process in their list. They did so by defining criteria for an ideal hallmark: "(1) it should manifest during normal aging; (2) its experimental aggravation should accelerate aging; and (3) its experimental amelioration should retard the normal aging process and hence increase healthy lifespan."
By applying these criteria, the authors proposed nine hallmarks of aging:
- genomic instability,
- telomere attrition,
- epigenetic alterations,
- loss of proteostasis,
- deregulated nutrient sensing,
- mitochondrial dysfunction,
- cellular senescence,
- stem cell exhaustion, and
- altered intercellular communication.
They grouped these hallmarks into three categories:
- primary hallmarks (causes of damage): genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis
- antagonistic hallmarks (responses to damage): deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence
- integrative hallmarks (culprits of the phenotype): stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication
References[edit]
- ^ Carlos López-Otín, et al. (January 2000). "The Hallmarks of Aging". Cell. 153 (6): 1194–1217. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039. PMID 23746838.
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External links[edit]