Reliable publications include established newspapers, academic journals and books, textbooks, and other published sources with reputations for accuracy and fact-checking.
Unreliable sources include blog posts and other self-published works, press releases, and social media posts.
In order for a source to be considered verifiable, other editors should be able to consult the source.
Is the source independent of the subject?
Is the source connected in any way to the subject? This is especially important when writing biographies or about organizations.
For example, if you were writing a biography, sources like the person's webpage or personal blog would not be considered independent.
Is the source primary or secondary?
Primary sources include first-hand accounts, autobiographies, and other original content.
Wikipedia allows limited use of primary sources, but typically only for straightforward, descriptive statements of facts, and only if they are published and verifiable without requiring specialized knowledge.
Secondary sources should be the main basis for a biography on Wikipedia.
If you're working on a topic related to medicine or psychology, ensure that your sources follow these special guidelines.
If you're creating a new article, consider the following:
Ensure that your topic meets Wikipedia's notability guidelines.
In order for a topic to meet the notability requirement, you must be able to identify 2-3 sources that are reliable, verifiable, and independent of the subject you're writing about.
Finding sufficient sources to establish notability can be especially hard when writing about people or organizations.
Sources that are not independent of the subject might be useful additions, but don't count towards the notability requirement.
Wikipedia has developed special guidelines for writing about living persons. Please follow these carefully.
Wikipedia has a series of guidelines for writing about different categories of people, such as academics and artists. If you're trying to create a new entry about a living person, please look at these carefully.
If you're not sure whether a source is reliable, ask a librarian! If you have questions about Wikipedia's sourcing rules, you can use the Get Help button below to contact your Wikipedia Expert.
This is where you will compile the bibliography for your Wikipedia assignment. Add the name and/or notes about what each source covers, then use the "Cite" button to generate the citation for that source.
Atherton, K. D. (2021, August 30 “U.S. forces are leaving a toxic environmental legacy in Afghanistan. Scientific American.” Retrieved May 26, 2022
Bae, Yooil & Han, Heejin. (2015). “Reality Revealed: U.S. Military Bases, Environmental Impacts, and Civil Society in South Korea.” Retrieved May 26, 2022
"How The Military Helped Bring Back The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker" . NPR.org. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
Jivnani, K., & Kang, I. (2021, October 1). “Building Smarter Military Bases for Climate Resilient Communities.” Atlantic Council. Retrieved May 26, 2022, from
Lawrence, M. J., Stemberger, H. L. J., Zolderdo, A. J., Struthers, D. P., &; Cooke, S. J. (2015). “The effects of modern war and military activities on biodiversity and the environment.” Environmental Reviews, 23(4), 443–460. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2015-0039
Martini, E. A. (Ed.). (2015). “Proving Grounds: Militarized Landscapes, Weapons Testing, and the Environmental Impact of U.S. Bases.” University of Washington Press.
“Military Bases Serve As Safe Haven For Endangered Species" &. NPR.org. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
Prăvălie, Remus (2014-10-01). "Nuclear Weapons Tests and Environmental Consequences: A Global Perspective". AMBIO. 43 (6): 729–744. doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0491-1. ISSN 1654-7209. PMC 4165831. PMID 24563393.
Roels, C. (2019, January 28). “Military bases' contamination will affect water for generations.” Center for Public Integrity. Retrieved May 26, 2022
Sobczyk, N. (2018, January 30). “Half of U.S. military facilities vulnerable to extreme weather and climate risks.” Science. Retrieved May 26, 2022
"The Rising Environmental Toll of China's Offshore Island Grab". Yale E360. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
