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-Bischoff HA, Stähelin HB, Dick W, Akos R, Knecht M. Salis C, Nebiker M, Theiler R, Pfeifer M, Begeros B, Lew RA, Conzelmann M. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: A randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2003 Feb; 18(2):343-351. [1]

-Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Willett SC, Staehelin HB, Basemore MB, Zee RY, Wong JB Effect of vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2004 Apr 28; 291(16):1999- 2006 [2]

-Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jul;84(1):18-28. [3]

-Bioastronautics Roadmap. A risk reduction strategy for space exploration. NASA SP-2004- 6113[4]

-Bloomberg JJ, Mulavara AP. Changes in walking strategies after spaceflight. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 2003 Mar-Apr;22(2):58-62. [5]

-Bonnick SL and Shulman L. Monitoring Osteoporosis Therapy: Bone Mineral Density, Bone Turnover Markers, or Both? Am J Med. 2006 Apr;119:255-315. [6]

-Carpenter RD, Beaupré GS, Lang TF, Orwoll ES, Carter DR; Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Group. New QCT analysis approach shows the importance of fall orientation on femoral neck strength. J Bone Miner Res. 2005 Sep;20(9):1533-42. [7]

-Chesnut CH 3rd, Majumdar S, Newitt DC, et al Effects of salmon calcitonin on trabecular microarchitecture as determined by magnetic resonance imaging: results from the QUEST study. J Bone Miner Res. 2005 Sep; 20(9):1548-1561. [8]

-Courtine G, Pozzo T. 2004. Recovery of the locomotor function after prolonged microgravity exposure. I. Head-trunk movement and locomotor equilibrium during various tasks. Exp Brain Res. 2004 Sep;158(1):86-99. [9]

-Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, Stone K, Fox KM, Ensrud KE, Cauley J, Black D, Vogt TM. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Risk Factors for hip fracture in white women. N Engl J Med. 1995 Mar 23;332(12):767-73 [10]

-Cummings SR, Black DM, Thompson DE, et al. Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA. 1998 Dec 23-30; 280(24):2077-82. [11]

-De Laet C, Odén A, Johansson H, Johnell O, Jöonsson B, Kanis JA. The impact of the use of multiple risk indicators for fracture on case-finding strategies: A mathematical approach. Osteoporos Int. 2005 Mar;16(3):313-318. [12]

-Espallargues M, Sampietro-Colom L, Estrada MD, Solà M, del Rio L, Setoain J, Granados A. 2001. Identifying bone-mass-related risk factors for fracture to guide bone densitometry measurements: a systematic review of the literature. Osteoporos Int. 2001 12(10):811-822. [13]

-Garnero P, Hausherr E, Chapuy MC, Marcelli C, Grandjean H, Muller C, Cormier C, Breart G, Meunier PJ, Delmas PD. Markers of Bone resorption predict hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS Prospective study. J Bone Miner Res. 1996 Oct;11(10):1531-8. [14]

-Garnero P, Sornay-Rendu E, Duboeuf F, Delmas PD. Markers of bone turnover predict postmenopausal forearm bone loss over 4 years: The OFELY study. J Bone Miner Res. 1999 Sep;14(9):1614-1621. [15]

-Gutteridge DH, Stewart GO, Prince RL, Price RI, Retallack RW, et al. A randomized trial of sodium fluoride (60 mg) +/- estrogen in postmenopausal osteoporotic vertebral fractures: increased vertebral fractures and peripheral bone loss with sodium fluoride; concurrent estrogen prevents peripheral loss, but not vertebral fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2002 13(2):158-170. [16]

-Hernandez CJ, Gupta A, Keaveny T. A biomechanical analysis of the effects of resorption cavities on cancellous bone strength. J Bone Miner Res. 2006 Aug;21(8):1248-1255. [17]

-JAMA. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis. JAMA 2001 285:785-795.[18]

-Kanis J.A. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: synopsis of a WHO Report, WHO Study Group. Osteoporo Int. 1994 4(6):368-81. [19]

-Kanis JA, Oden A, Johnell O, Johansson H, De Laet C, Brown J, et al. The use of clinical risk factors enhances the performance of BMD in the prediction of hip and osteoporotic fractures in men and women. Osteoporos Int. 2007 Aug;18(8):1033-1046. [20]

-Keyak JH, Kaneko TS, Tehranzadeh J, Skinner HB. Predicting proximal femoral strength using structural engineering models. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005 Aug:(437):219-228. [21]

-Keyak JH, Koyama GK, LeBlanc A, Lu Y, Lang TF. Reduction in proximal femoral strength due to long-duration spaceflight. Bone. 2008 Mar;44(3):449-453. [22]

-Lang T. 2006. What do we know about fracture risk in long-duration spaceflight? J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2006 Oct-Dec;6(4):319-21. [23]

-Lang T, LeBlanc A, Evans H, Lu Y, Genant H, Yu A. Cortical and trabecular bone mineral loss from the spine and hip in long-duration spaceflight. J Bone Miner Res. 2004 Jun;19(6):1006-12. [24]

-LeBlanc A, Schneider V, Shackelford L, West S, Oganov V, Bakulin A, Voronin L. Bone mineral and lean tissue loss after long duration spaceflight. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2000 Dec;1(2):157-160. [25]

-LeBlanc A, Lin C, Shackelford L, Sinitsyn V, Evans H, Belichenko O, et al. Muscle volume, MRI relaxation times (T2) and body composition after spaceflight. J Appl Physiol. 2000 Dec;89(6):2158-64. [26]

-LeBlanc AD, Spector ER, Evans HJ, Sibonga JD. Skeletal responses to spaceflight and the bed rest analog: a review. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2007 Jan-Mar;7(1):33-47. [27]

-Nelson ES, Lewandowski BE, Licata A, Myers JG, Development and validation of a predictive bone fracture risk model for astronauts, Ann Biomed Eng, 37(11), 2009, pg. 2337 - 2359. [28]

National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. South Med J. 2001 Jun;94(6):569-73.[29]

-Newman DJ, Jackson DK, Bloomberg JJ. Altered astronaut lower-limb and mass center kinematics in downward jumping following spaceflight. Exp Brain Res. 1997 Oct ;117(1):30-42. [30]

-Peters BT, Bloomberg JJ, Layne CS, McDonald PV, Huebner WP. Eye, head, and trunk phase relationships during treadmill locomotion while viewing visual targets at different distances. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 1996 22(3): 1848.[31]

-Riggs BL, Hodgson SF, O’Fallon WM. et al. Effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 1990 Mar 22;322(12):802-809. [32]

-Riggs BL, Khosla S, Melton LJ III. A unitary model for involutional osteoporosis: Estrogen deficiency causes both type I and type II osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and contributes to bone loss in aging men. J Bone Miner Res. 1998 May;13(5):763-773. [33]

-Riggs BL, Melton LJ 3rd, Robb RA, Camp JJ, Atkinson EJ, Oberg AL, Rouleau PA, McCollough CH, Khosla S, Bouxsein ML. Population-based analysis of the relationship of whole bone strength indices and fall-related loads to age- and sex-specific patterns of hip and wrist fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2006 Feb;21(2):315-323. [34]

-Robinovitch SN, Hayes WC, McMahon TA. Prediction of femoral impact forces in falls on the hip. J Biomech Eng. 1991 Nov;113(4):366-374. [35]

-Sibonga JD, Evans HJ, Sung HG, Spector ER, Lang TF, Oganov VS, Bakulin AV, Shackelford LC, LeBlanc AD. Recovery of Spaceflight-induced Bone Loss: Bone Mineral Density after Long-duration Missions as Fitted with an Exponential Function. Bone. 2007 41(6):973-978. [36]

-Smith SM, Wastney ME, Morukov BV, Larina IM, Nyqyust LE, et al. Calcium metabolism before, during and after a 3-mo spaceflight: kinetic and biochemical changes. Am J Physiol. 1999 Jul;277(1 pt 2):R1-10. [37]

-Smith SM, Wastney ME, O’Brien KO, Morukov BV, Larina IM, Abrams SA, Davis-Street JE, Oganov V, Shackelford L. Bone markers, calcium metabolism, and calcium kinetics during extended-duration spaceflight on the mir space station. J Bone Miner Res. 2005 Feb;20(2):208-218 [38]

-Sornay-Rendu E, Munoz F, Garnero P, Duboeuf F, Delmas PD. Identification of osteopenic women at high risk of fracture: the OFELY study. J Bone Miner Res. 2005 Oct;20(10):1813-9. Epub 2005 Jun 20 [39]

-Sornay-Rendu E, Boutroy S, Munoz F, Delmas PD. Alterations of cortical and trabecular architecture are associated with fractures in postmenopausal women, partially independent of decreased BMD measuring DXA: the OFELY study. J Bone Miner Res. 2007 Mar;22(3):425-33. [40]

-Turner RT. 2000 Invited review: what do we know about the effects of spaceflight on bone? J Appl Physiol. 2000 Aug;89(2):840-847. [41]

-Van der Linden JC, Homminga J, Verhaar J, Weinans H. Mechanical consequences of bone loss in cancellous bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2001 Mar;16(3):457-465. [42]

-Vico L, Collet P, Guignandon A, Lafage-Proust MH, Thomas T, Rehaillia M, Alexandre C. Effects of long-term microgravity exposure on cancellous and cortical weight-bearing bones of cosmonauts. The Lancet. 2000. May 6;355(9215):1607-11. [43]

-Wainright SA, Marshall LM, Ensrud KE, Cauley JA, Black DM, Hiller A, Hochberg MC, Vogt MT, Orwoll ES; Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Hip Fracture in women without osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 May;90(5):2787-2793. [44]

-Warming L, Hassager C, Christiansen C. Changes in bone mineral density with age in men and women: a longitudinal study. Osteoporos Int 2002 13(2):105-112. [45]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bischoff, Heike A.; Stähelin, Hannes B.; Dick, Walter; Akos, Regula; Knecht, Margrith; Salis, Christian; Nebiker, Matthias; Theiler, Robert; Pfeifer, Michael; Begerow, Bettina; Lew, Robert A.; Conzelmann, Martin (1). "Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: a randomized controlled trial". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 18 (2): 343–51. doi:10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.2.343. PMID 12568412. S2CID 24772744. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ^ Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Dawson-Hughes, B.; Willett, W. C.; Staehelin, H. B.; Bazemore, M. G.; Zee, R. Y.; Wong, J. B. (28). "Effect of Vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis". JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association. 291 (16): 1999–2006. doi:10.1001/jama.291.16.1999. PMID 15113819. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A.; Giovannucci, E.; Willett, W. C.; Dietrich, T.; Dawson-Hughes, B. (2006). "Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes" (PDF). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 84 (1): 18–28. doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.1.18. PMID 16825677. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  4. ^ Bioastronautics Roadmap. A risk reduction strategy for space exploration. NASA SP-2004- 6113 http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/trs/_techrep/SP-2005-6113.pdf
  5. ^ Bloomberg, J.J.; Mulavara, A.P. (1). "Changes in walking strategies after spaceflight". IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine. 22 (2): 58–62. doi:10.1109/MEMB.2003.1195697. PMID 12733460. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Bonnick, Sydney Lou; Shulman, Lee (2006). "Monitoring osteoporosis therapy: bone mineral density, bone turnover markers, or both?". The American Journal of Medicine. 119 (4 Suppl 1): S25-31. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.12.020. PMID 16563938. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  7. ^ Carpenter, R Dana; Beaupré, Gary S.; Lang, Thomas F.; Orwoll, Eric S.; Carter, Dennis R.; Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Group (2005). "New QCT analysis approach shows the importance of fall orientation on femoral neck strength". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 20 (9): 1533–42. doi:10.1359/JBMR.050510. PMID 16059625. S2CID 26378682. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  8. ^ Chesnut, Charles H.; Majumdar, Sharmilla; Newitt, David C.; Shields, Andrew; Van Pelt, Jan; Laschansky, Ellen; Azria, Moise; Kriegman, Audrey; Olson, Melvin; Eriksen, Erik F.; Mindeholm, Linda (2005). "Effects of salmon calcitonin on trabecular microarchitecture as determined by magnetic resonance imaging: results from the QUEST study". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 20 (9): 1548–61. doi:10.1359/JBMR.050411. PMC 4445726. PMID 16059627. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  9. ^ Courtine, Gr�Goire; Pozzo, Thierry (2004). "Recovery of the locomotor function after prolonged microgravity exposure. I. Head-trunk movement and locomotor equilibrium during various tasks". Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 158 (1): 86–99. doi:10.1007/s00221-004-1877-2. PMID 15164151. S2CID 20834070. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); replacement character in |first1= at position 3 (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  10. ^ Cummings, S. R.; Nevitt, M. C.; Browner, W. S.; Stone, K.; Fox, K. M.; Ensrud, K. E.; Cauley, J.; Black, D.; Vogt, T. M. (23). "Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group". The New England Journal of Medicine. 332 (12): 767–73. doi:10.1056/NEJM199503233321202. PMID 7862179. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ^ Cummings, S. R.; Black, D. M.; Thompson, D. E.; Applegate, W. B.; Barrett-Connor, E.; Musliner, T. A.; Palermo, L.; Prineas, R.; Rubin, S. M.; Scott, J. C.; Vogt, T.; Wallace, R.; Yates, A. J.; Lacroix, A. Z. (1998 Dec 23-30). "Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial". JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association. 280 (24): 2077–82. doi:10.1001/jama.280.24.2077. PMID 9875874. S2CID 11246427. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  12. ^ De Laet, Chris; Odén, Anders; Johansson, Helena; Johnell, Olof; Jönsson, Bengt; Kanis, John A. (2005). "The impact of the use of multiple risk indicators for fracture on case-finding strategies: a mathematical approach". Osteoporosis International : A Journal Established as Result of Cooperation Between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 16 (3): 313–8. doi:10.1007/s00198-004-1689-z. PMID 15241584. S2CID 9002143. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  13. ^ Espallargues, M.; Sampietro-Colom, L.; Estrada, M. D.; Solà, M.; Del Rio, L.; Setoain, J.; Granados, A. (2001). "Identifying bone-mass-related risk factors for fracture to guide bone densitometry measurements: a systematic review of the literature". Osteoporosis International : A Journal Established as Result of Cooperation Between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 12 (10): 811–22. doi:10.1007/s001980170031. PMID 11716183. S2CID 38705790.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  14. ^ Garnero, P.; Hausherr, E.; Chapuy, M.-C.; Marcelli, C.; Grandjean, H.; Muller, C.; Cormier, C.; Bréart, G.; Meunier, P.J.; Delmas, Pierre D. (2009). "Markers of bone resorption predict hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS Prospective Study". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 11 (10): 1531–8. doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650111021. PMID 8889854. S2CID 11769681. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ^ Garnero, Patrick; Sornay-Rendu, Elisabeth; Duboeuf, François; Delmas, Pierre D. (1999). "Markers of bone turnover predict postmenopausal forearm bone loss over 4 years: the OFELY study". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 14 (9): 1614–21. doi:10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.9.1614. PMID 10469291. S2CID 21984115. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  16. ^ Gutteridge, D. H.; Stewart, G. O.; Prince, R. L.; Price, R. I.; Retallack, R. W.; Dhaliwal, S. S.; Stuckey, B. G.; Drury, P.; Jones, C. E.; Faulkner, D. L.; Kent, G. N.; Bhagat, C. I.; Nicholson, G. C.; Jamrozik, K. (2002). "A randomized trial of sodium fluoride (60 mg) +/- estrogen in postmenopausal osteoporotic vertebral fractures: increased vertebral fractures and peripheral bone loss with sodium fluoride; concurrent estrogen prevents peripheral loss, but not vertebral fractures". Osteoporosis International : A Journal Established as Result of Cooperation Between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 13 (2): 158–70. doi:10.1007/s001980200008. PMID 11908491. S2CID 19310792.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  17. ^ Hernandez, Christopher J.; Gupta, Atul; Keaveny, Tony M. (2006). "A biomechanical analysis of the effects of resorption cavities on cancellous bone strength". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 21 (8): 1248–55. doi:10.1359/jbmr.060514. PMC 1876766. PMID 16869723. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  18. ^ JAMA. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis. JAMA 2001 285:785-795. http://consensus.nih.gov/2000/2000osteoporosis111html.htm
  19. ^ Kanis, JA (November 1994). "Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: synopsis of a WHO report. WHO Study Group". Osteoporosis International : A Journal Established as Result of Cooperation Between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 4 (6): 368–81. doi:10.1007/BF01622200. PMID 7696835. S2CID 12723114.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  20. ^ Kanis, J. A.; Oden, A.; Johnell, O.; Johansson, H.; De Laet, C.; Brown, J.; Burckhardt, P.; Cooper, C.; Christiansen, C.; Cummings, S.; Eisman, J. A.; Fujiwara, S.; Glüer, C.; Goltzman, D.; Hans, D.; Krieg, M.-A.; La Croix, A.; McCloskey, E.; Mellstrom, D.; Melton, L. J.; Pols, H.; Reeve, J.; Sanders, K.; Schott, A-M.; Silman, A.; Torgerson, D.; Van Staa, T.; Watts, N. B.; Yoshimura, N. (2007). "The use of clinical risk factors enhances the performance of BMD in the prediction of hip and osteoporotic fractures in men and women". Osteoporosis International : A Journal Established as Result of Cooperation Between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 18 (8): 1033–46. doi:10.1007/s00198-007-0343-y. PMID 17323110. S2CID 19510439. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  21. ^ Keyak, J. H.; Kaneko, T. S.; Tehranzadeh, J.; Skinner, H. B. (2005). "Predicting proximal femoral strength using structural engineering models". Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research (437): 219–28. doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000164400.37905.22. PMID 16056052. S2CID 21422887. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  22. ^ Keyak, J.H.; Koyama, A.K.; Leblanc, A.; Lu, Y.; Lang, T.F. (2009). "Reduction in proximal femoral strength due to long-duration spaceflight". Bone. 44 (3): 449–53. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2008.11.014. PMID 19100348. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. ^ Lang, TF (OCtober-December 2006). "What do we know about fracture risk in long-duration spaceflight?" (PDF). Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions. 6 (4): 319–21. PMID 17185806. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  24. ^ Lang, Thomas; Leblanc, Adrian; Evans, Harlan; Lu, Ying; Genant, Harry; Yu, Alice (2004 Jun). "Cortical and trabecular bone mineral loss from the spine and hip in long-duration spaceflight". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 19 (6): 1006–12. doi:10.1359/JBMR.040307. PMID 15125798. S2CID 21954206. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  25. ^ Leblanc, A.; Schneider, V.; Shackelford, L.; West, S.; Oganov, V.; Bakulin, A.; Voronin, L. (2000). "Bone mineral and lean tissue loss after long duration space flight" (PDF). Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions. 1 (2): 157–60. PMID 15758512. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  26. ^ Leblanc, A.; Lin, C.; Shackelford, L.; Sinitsyn, V.; Evans, H.; Belichenko, O.; Schenkman, B.; Kozlovskaya, I.; Oganov, V.; Bakulin, A.; Hedrick, T.; Feeback, D. (2000). "Muscle volume, MRI relaxation times (T2), and body composition after spaceflight". Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 89 (6): 2158–64. doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.6.2158. PMID 11090562. S2CID 3041264. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  27. ^ Leblanc, A. D.; Spector, E. R.; Evans, H. J.; Sibonga, J. D. (2007). "Skeletal responses to space flight and the bed rest analog: a review" (PDF). Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions. 7 (1): 33–47. PMID 17396004. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  28. ^ Nelson, E. S.; Lewandowski, B.; Licata, A.; Myers, J. G. (2009). "Development and validation of a predictive bone fracture risk model for astronauts". Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 37 (11): 2337–59. doi:10.1007/s10439-009-9779-x. PMID 19707874. S2CID 32233692. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  29. ^ National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. South Med J. 2001 Jun;94(6):569-73.
  30. ^ Newman, D. J.; Jackson, D. K.; Bloomberg, J. J. (1997). "Altered astronaut lower limb and mass center kinematics in downward jumping following space flight" (PDF). Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 117 (1): 30–42. doi:10.1007/pl00005788. PMID 9386002. S2CID 21900071. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  31. ^ Peters BT, Bloomberg JJ, Layne CS, McDonald PV, Huebner WP. Eye, head, and trunk phase relationships during treadmill locomotion while viewing visual targets at different distances. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 1996 22(3): 1848.
  32. ^ Riggs, B. Lawrence; Hodgson, Stephen F.; O'Fallon, W. Michael; Chao, Edmund Y.S.; Wahner, Heinz W.; Muhs, Joan M.; Cedel, Sandra L.; Melon, L. Joseph (22). "Effect of Fluoride Treatment on the Fracture Rate in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis". New England Journal of Medicine. 322 (12): 802–809. doi:10.1056/NEJM199003223221203. PMID 2407957. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  33. ^ Riggs, B. Lawrence; Khosla, Sundeep; Melton, L. Joseph (1998 May). "A unitary model for involutional osteoporosis: estrogen deficiency causes both type I and type II osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and contributes to bone loss in aging men". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 13 (5): 763–73. doi:10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.5.763. PMID 9610739. S2CID 24212885. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  34. ^ Riggs, B Lawrence; Melton, L Joseph; Robb, Richard A.; Camp, Jon J.; Atkinson, Elizabeth J.; Oberg, Ann L.; Rouleau, Peggy A.; McCollough, Cynthia H.; Khosla, Sundeep; Bouxsein, Mary L. (2005). "Population-based analysis of the relationship of whole bone strength indices and fall-related loads to age- and sex-specific patterns of hip and wrist fractures". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 21 (2): 315–23. doi:10.1359/JBMR.051022. PMID 16418788. S2CID 21606885. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  35. ^ Robinovitch, S. N.; Hayes, W. C.; McMahon, T. A. (1991). "Prediction of femoral impact forces in falls on the hip". Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 113 (4): 366–74. doi:10.1115/1.2895414. PMID 1762432. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  36. ^ Sibonga, J.D.; Evans, H.J.; Sung, H.G.; Spector, E.R.; Lang, T.F.; Oganov, V.S.; Bakulin, A.V.; Shackelford, L.C.; Leblanc, A.D. (2007). "Recovery of spaceflight-induced bone loss: bone mineral density after long-duration missions as fitted with an exponential function". Bone. 41 (6): 973–8. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2007.08.022. hdl:2060/20070032016. PMID 17931994. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  37. ^ Smith, S. M.; Wastney, M. E.; Morukov, B. V.; Larina, I. M.; Nyquist, L. E.; Abrams, S. A.; Taran, E. N.; Shih, C. Y.; Nillen, J. L.; Davis-Street, J. E.; Rice, B. L.; Lane, H. W. (1999). "Calcium metabolism before, during, and after a 3-mo spaceflight: kinetic and biochemical changes". The American Journal of Physiology. 277 (1 Pt 2): R1-10. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.1.r1. PMID 10409251. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  38. ^ Smith, S. M.; Wastney, M. E.; O'Brien, K. O.; Morukov, B. V.; Larina, I. M.; Abrams, S. A.; Davis-Street, J. E.; Oganov, V.; Shackelford, L. C. (2005). "Bone markers, calcium metabolism, and calcium kinetics during extended-duration space flight on the mir space station". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 20 (2): 208–18. doi:10.1359/JBMR.041105. PMID 15647814. S2CID 35909954. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  39. ^ Sornay-Rendu, Elisabeth; Munoz, Françoise; Garnero, Patrick; Duboeuf, François; Delmas, Pierre D. (2005). "Identification of osteopenic women at high risk of fracture: the OFELY study". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 20 (10): 1813–9. doi:10.1359/JBMR.050609. PMID 16160738. S2CID 19694381. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  40. ^ Sornay-Rendu, E.; Boutroy, S.; Munoz, F.; Delmas, P. D. (2007). "Alterations of cortical and trabecular architecture are associated with fractures in postmenopausal women, partially independent of decreased BMD measured by DXA: the OFELY study". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 22 (3): 425–33. doi:10.1359/jbmr.061206. PMID 17181395. S2CID 45552718. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  41. ^ Turner, RT (2000 Aug). "Invited review: what do we know about the effects of spaceflight on bone?". Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 89 (2): 840–7. doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.2.840. PMID 10926671. S2CID 5901155. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  42. ^ Van Der Linden, J. C.; Homminga, J.; Verhaar, J. A.; Weinans, H. (2001). "Mechanical consequences of bone loss in cancellous bone". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 16 (3): 457–65. doi:10.1016/S8756-3282(01)00673-1. PMID 11277263. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  43. ^ Vico, Laurence; Collet, Philippe; Guignandon, Alain; Lafage-Proust, Marie-Hélène; Thomas, Thierry; Rehailia, Mohamed; Alexandre, Christian (6). "Effects of long-term microgravity exposure on cancellous and cortical weight-bearing bones of cosmonauts". Lancet. 355 (9215): 1607–11. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02217-0. PMID 10821365. S2CID 42543806. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  44. ^ Wainwright, Stacey A.; Marshall, Lynn M.; Ensrud, Kristine E.; Cauley, Jane A.; Black, Dennis M.; Hillier, Teresa A.; Hochberg, Marc C.; Vogt, Molly T.; Orwoll, Eric S.; Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group (2005). "Hip fracture in women without osteoporosis". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 90 (5): 2787–93. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1568. PMID 15728213. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  45. ^ Warming, L.; Hassager, C.; Christiansen, C. (February). "Changes in bone mineral density with age in men and women: a longitudinal study". Osteoporosis International : A Journal Established as Result of Cooperation Between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 13 (2): 105–12. doi:10.1007/s001980200001. PMID 11905520. S2CID 618576. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
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