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This page will be used for developing the Felidae cladogram.

Cladogram with newick trees for lineages

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Molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests that living (extant) felids fall into eight lineages (clades).[1][2][3][4] In 2006, Johnson et al. presented the following cladogram (the genera shown are those included in the analysis):[2]

Felidae
Felidae

The placement of the cheetah within the Puma lineage invalidates the traditional subfamily Acinonychinae, and recent sources use only two subfamilies for extant genera.[1] The eight lineages divide between these as follows:

The last four lineages are more related to each other than to any of the first four, so form a clade within the Felinae subfamily of family Felidae.[2]

Cladogram replacing newick trees and adding with Linnaean names

[edit]
Felidae
Felidae
Panthera lineage
Pantherinae
Neofelis

Neofelis nebulosa (clouded leopard)

Neofelis diardi (Sunda clouded leopard)

Panthera

Panthera uncia (snow leopard)

Panthera tigris (tiger)

Panthera pardus (leopard)

Panthera onca (jaguar)

Panthera leo (lion)

Felinae
Bay cat lineage
Pardofelis

Pardofelis marmorata (marbled cat)

(Catopuma)

Catopuma badia (bay cat)

Catopuma temminckii (Asian golden cat)

Caracal lineage
Caracal

Caracal serval (serval)

Caracal caracal (caracal)

Caracal aurata (African golden cat)

Ocelot lineage
Leopardus

Leopardus jacobita (Andean mountain cat)

Leopardus colocolo (Pampas cat)

Leopardus geoffroyi (Geoffroy's cat)

Leopardus guigna (kodkod)

Leopardus tigrinus (oncilla or tigrina)

Lynx lineage
Lynx

Lynx rufus (bobcat)

Lynx canadensis (Canadian lynx)

Lynx lynx (Eurasia lynx)

Lynx pardinus (Iberian lynx)

Puma lineage
Acinonyx

Acinonyx jubatus (cheetah)

Puma

Puma concolor (cougar or mountain lion)

Puma yagouaroundi (jaguarundi)

Leopard cat lineage
Felis
 

Felis chaus (jungle cat)

Felis nigripes (black-footed cat)

Felis margarita (sand or desert cat)

Felis bieti (Chinese desert cat)

Felis libyca (African wild cat)

Felis silvestris (European wild cat)

Felis catus (domestic cat)

Domestic cat lineage    

Modular version

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The phylogenetic relationships of living felids are shown in the following cladogram:[2][5]

  Felidae  
Panthera lineage
  Pantherinae  
  Panthera  

Leopard (P. pardus)

Lion (P. leo)

Jaguar (P. onca)

Snow leopard (P. uncia)

Tiger (P. tigris)

  Neofelis  

Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)

Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi)

  Felinae  
Caracal lineage
  Caracal  

Caracal (C. caracal)

African golden cat (C. aurata)

  Leptailurus  

Serval (L. serval)

Ocelot lineage
  Leopardus  

Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi)

Kodkod (L. guigna)

Southern tiger cat (L. guttulus)

Oncilla or Northern tiger cat (L. tigrina)

Pampas cat (L. colocola)

Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)

Ocelot (L. pardalis)

Margay (L. wiedii)

Bay cat lineage
  Catopuma  

Bay cat (C. badia)

Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)

  Pardofelis  

Marbled cat (P. marmorata)

  Lynx  

Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)

Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)

Canada lynx (L. canadensis)

Bobcat (L. rufus)

Lynx lineage    

Puma lineage
  Puma  

Cougar (P. concolor)

  Herpailurus  

Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi)

  Acinonyx  

Cheetah (A. jubatus)

Leopard cat lineage
  Otocolobus  

Pallas's cat (O. manul)

  Prionailurus  

Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)

Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps)

Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)

Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis)

Leopard cat (P. bengalensis)

  Felis  

Jungle cat (F. chaus)

Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)

Sand cat (F. margarita)

  wildcats  

Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)

African wildcat (F. lybica)

European wildcat (F. silvestris)

Domestic cat (F. catus)

Domestic cat lineage    

Cladogram with extinct species

[edit]

This is based on the above molecular cladogram with addition extinct species as illustrated by a figure on the Goswamu lab website [1].

Felidae
Felidae
Panthera lineage
Pantherinae
Neofelis

Neofelis nebulosa (clouded leopard)

Neofelis diardi (Sunda clouded leopard)

Panthera

Panthera palaeosinensis

Panthera blytheae

Panthera uncia (snow leopard)

Panthera tigris (tiger)

Panthera zdanskyi (Longdan tiger)

Panthera pardus (leopard)

Panthera onca (jaguar)

Panthera gombaszoegensis (European jaguar)

Panthera leo spelaea (European cave lion)

Panthera atrox (American lion)

Panthera leo (lion)

Felinae
Bay cat lineage
Pardofelis

Pardofelis marmorata (marbled cat)

(Catopuma)

Catopuma badia (bay cat)

Catopuma temminckii (Asian golden cat)

Caracal lineage
Caracal

Caracal serval (serval)

Caracal caracal (caracal)

Caracal aurata (African golden cat)

Ocelot lineage
Leopardus

Leopardus jacobita (Andean mountain cat)

Leopardus colocolo (Pampas cat)

Leopardus geoffroyi (Geoffroy's cat)

Leopardus guigna (kodkod)

Leopardus tigrinus (oncilla or tigrina)

Lynx lineage
Lynx

Lynx issiodorensis (Issoire lynx)

Lynx rufus (bobcat)

Lynx canadensis (Canadian lynx)

Lynx lynx (Eurasia lynx)

Lynx pardinus (Iberian lynx)

Puma lineage
Acinonyx

Acinonyx jubatus (cheetah)

Acinonyx pardinensis (giant cheetah)

Miracinonyx trumani (American cheetah)

Miracinonyx inexpectatus (American cheetah)

Puma

Puma concolor (cougar or mountain lion)

Puma pardoides (Owen's panther)

Puma yagouaroundi (jaguarundi)

Leopard cat lineage
 

Pristifelis attica

 Felis

Felis chaus (jungle cat)

Felis nigripes (black-footed cat)

Felis margarita (sand or desert cat)

Felis bieti (Chinese desert cat)

Felis libyca (African wild cat)

Felis silvestris (European wild cat)

Felis catus (domestic cat)

Domestic cat lineage    

Machairodontinae (Wallace & Hulbert, 2013)

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Phylogenetic relationships of Rhizosmilodon with other Machairodonts based on analysis of 37 cranio-mandibular characters.[6]

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Proailurus lemanensis

Machairodontinae

Promegantereon ogygia

Paramachaerodus

Paramachaerodus orientalis

Paramachaerodus maximiliani

Smilodontini

Rhizosmilodon fiteae

Smilodon

Smilodon gracilis

Smilodon fatalis

Smilodon populator

Megantereon

Megantereon cultridens

Megantereon hesperus

Machairodontini
Machairodus

Machairodus aphanistus

Machairodus coloradensis

Homotherium serum

(=Homotherini)

Extinct and extant cats (Piras et al., 2013)

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Based on Piras et al. (2013) [7] and the supplementary material in the Dryad data repository.[8] [9]


Evolution of cats summary:

[edit]
  • TODO Add to Pseudaelurus article with explanatory section on evolution of three cat lineages.

Taxonomy of †Pseudaelurus Leidy 1858[10] after Werdelin et al (2010).[11]

  • Pseudaelurus (Gervais 1850, type species P. quadridentatus),
  • Schizailurus (Viret 1951, type species P. lorteti),
    • Schizailurus is an objective junior synonym of Miopanthera Kretzoi (1938)[12] (based on the same type species),
    • Miopanthera is a subjective junior synonym of Styriofelis Kretzoi (1929a[13]; type species F. turnauensis).
  • Hyperailurictis (Kretzoi 1929b[14], type species P. intrepidus).


Species Authority Type locality Status and notes
P. quadridentatus de Blainville 1843 Type species. Originally described as Felis quadridentata; assigned to Pseudaelurus by Gervais 1850.
P. intrepidus Leidy 1858[10] Described as Felis (Pseudaelurus) intrepidus? Considered type species of Hyperailurictis by Kretzoi (1929b)[14] and reassigned to Hyperailurictis by Werdelin et al (2010).[15]
P. edwardsi Filhol 1872 ?


P. turnauensis Hoernes 1882 Includes P. transitorius. Considered type species of Styriofelis by Kretzoi (1929a)[13]; assigned to Styriofelis by Werdelin et al (2010).Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).
P. lorteti Gaillard 1899 Considered type species of Miopanthera by Kretzoi (1938)[12] and type species of Schizailurus by Viret (1951); assigned to Styriofelis by Werdelin et al (2010).Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).
P. africanus Andrews 1914 Karungu (Kenya) Assigned to Metailurus africanus[16] or Afrosmilus africanus[17]
P. marshi Thorpe 1922[18] Mouth of Minnechaduza Creek (Nebraska, USA) Assigned to Hyperailurictis by Werdelin et al (2010).[15]
P. romieviensis Roman and Viret 1934 Assigned to Styriofelis by Werdelin et al (2010).[15]


P. aeluroides Macdonald 1954[19] Northeast rim of Sinclair Draw, Sioux County (Nebraska, USA) ?
P. stouti Schultz and Martin 1972[20] Described as Lynx stouti; assigned to P. stouti;[21] assigned to Hyperailurictis by Werdelin et al (2010).[15]


P. guangheensis Cao et al. 1990
P. cuspidatus Wang et al. 1998
P. validus Rothwell 2001[22] Assigned to Hyperailurictis by Werdelin et al (2010).[15]
P. skinneri Rothwell 2003[23] Assigned to Hyperailurictis by Werdelin et al (2010).[15]
"P." vallesiensis Salesa et al. 2012[24] Batallones-1 and Batallones-3, Spain Decribed as Styriofelis vallesiensis
  • Rothwell (2003)[23] - relationships of North American Pseudaelurus


 

Didymictidae (=Viverravidae)

Stenogale gracilis

Felidae

Proailurus lemanensis

Pseudoaelurus

Pseudoaelurus validus

Pseudoaelurus skinneri

Pseudoaelurus marshi

Pseudoaelurus intrepidus

Pseudoaelurus stouti

modern felids

Felis concolor

Lynx canadensis

(+ modern felids)

Misc and temp

[edit]
  • Leopard subspecies added to Leopard article (further modifications made there)


Common name Traditional subspecies name Authority Revised subspecies
Barbary leopard P. p. panthera Schreber 1777 P. p. pardus
(African leopard)
North African leopard P. p. pardus Linneaus 1758
Eritrean leopard P. p. antinorii de Beaux 1923
West African leopard P. p. reichenowi Odbrera 1918
West African forest leopard P. p. leopardus Schreber 1777
Central African leopard P. p. shortridgei Pocock 1932
Cape leopard P. p. melanotica Gunther 1885
East African leopard P. p. suahelicus Neumann 1900
Zanzibar leopard P. p. adersi Pocock 1932
Ugandan leopard P. p. chui Heller 1913
Congo leopard P. p. iturensis Auen 1924
Somalian leopard P. p. nanopardus Thomas 1904
Asia Minor or Anatolian leopard P. p. tulliana Vaienciennes 1856 P. p. nimr
(Arabian leopard)
Sinai leopard P. p. jarvisi Pocock 1932
South Arabian leopard P. p. nimr Ehrenberg & Hemprich 1833
Caucasus leopard P. p. ciscaucasicus Satunin 1914 P. p. saxicolor
(Caucasus or Persian leopard)
Central Persian leopard P. p. dathei Zukowsky 1964
North Persian leopard P. p. saxicolor Pocock 1927
Sind or Baluchistan leopard P. p. sindica Pocock 1930a
Kashmir leopard P. p. millardi Pocock 1930b P. p. fusca
(Indian leopard)
Nepal leopard P. p. pernigra Hodgson 1863
Indian leopard P. p. fusca Meyer 1794
Sri Lankan leopard P. p. kotiya Deraniyagala 1956 P. p. kotiya
South Chinese or Indochinese leopard P. p. delacouri Pocock 1930b P. p. delacouri
Siberian or Amur leopard P. p. orientalis Schlegel 1857 P. p. orientalis
North Chinese leopard P. p. japonensis Gray 1862 P. p. japonensis
Javan leopard P. p. melas Cuvier 1809 P. p. melas

Cited references

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  1. ^ a b Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Felidae". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–548. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b c d Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The late miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146.
  3. ^ Johnson, WE; O'Brien, SJ (1997). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Felidae using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 mitochondrial genes". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 44 Suppl 1: S98–116. doi:10.1007/PL00000060. PMID 9071018.
  4. ^ O'Brien, S. J.; Johnson, W. E. (2005). "Big cat genomics". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 6: 407–429. doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162151. PMID 16124868.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Li_al2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Wallace, S. C.; Hulbert, R. C. (2013). Larson, Greger (ed.). "A New Machairodont from the Palmetto Fauna (Early Pliocene) of Florida, with Comments on the Origin of the Smilodontini (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)". PLoS ONE. 8 (3): e56173. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056173. PMC 3596359. PMID 23516394.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ Piras, P.; Maiorino, L.; Teresi, L.; Meloro, C.; Lucci, F.; Kotsakis, T.; Raia, P. (2013). "Bite of the Cats: Relationships between Functional Integration and Mechanical Performance as Revealed by Mandible Geometry". Systematic Biology. 62 (6): 878–900. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syt053. ISSN 1063-5157.
  8. ^ Piras P, Maiorino L, Teresi L, Meloro C, Lucci F, Kotsakis T, Raia P (2013) Data from: Bite of the cats: relationships between functional integration and mechanical performance as revealed by mandible geometry. Dryad Digital Repository. http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.kp8t3
  9. ^ Piras, P.; Maiorino, L.; Teresi, L.; Meloro, C.; Lucci, F.; Kotsakis, T.; Raia, P. "Bite of the Cats: Relationships between Functional Integration and Mechanical Performance as Revealed by Mandible Geometry". Dryad Digital Repository. doi:10.5061/dryad.kp8t3.
  10. ^ a b J. Leidy. 1858. Notice of Remains of Extinct Vertebrata, from the Valley of the Niobrara River, Collected during the Exploring Expedition of 1857, in Nebraska, under the Command of Lieut. G. K. Warren, U. S. Top. Eng., by Dr. F. V. Hayden, Geologist to the Expedition. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 10:15-89
  11. ^ Werdelin, L; O'Brien, S.J.; Johnson, W.E.; Yamaguchi, N. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)" (PDF). In Macdonald, D.W.; Loveridge, A.J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  12. ^ a b Kretzoi M (1938) Die Raubtiere von Gombaszög nebst einer Übersicht der Gesamtfauna. Ann Mus Nat Hungar 31: 88–157
  13. ^ a b Kretzoi, M. (1929). Feliden-Studien. A Magyar Királyi Földtani Intézet Hazinyomdaja, 24: 1-22.
  14. ^ a b Kretzoi 1929. Materialien zur phylogenetischen Klassifikation der Aeluroideen. Int Cong Zool Budapest, 10 1929: pp. 1293-1355
  15. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference Werdelin-2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ unknown
  17. ^ J. Morales, M. Pickford, and M. J. Salesa. 2008. Creodonta and Carnivora from the Early Miocene of the Northern Sperrgebiet, Namibia. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Namibia 20:291-310
  18. ^ M. R. Thorpe. 1922. Some Tertiary Carnivora in the Marsh collection, with descriptions of new forms. American Journal of Science 3(18):423-455
  19. ^ J. R. Macdonald. 1954. A new Pseudaelurus from the lower Snake Creek fauna of Nebraska. Journal of Paleontology 28(1):67-69
  20. ^ C. B. Schultz and L. D. Martin. 1972. Bulletin of the Nebraska State Museum 9(7)
  21. ^ T. Rothwell. 2003. Phylogenetic systematics of North American Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae). American Museum Novitates 3403:1-64
  22. ^ T. M. Rothwell. 2001. A Partial Skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico. American Museum Novitates 3342:1-31
  23. ^ a b Rothwell, T. (2003). "Phylogenetic systematics of North American Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae)". American Museum novitates. 3403: 1–64. ISSN 0003-0082.
  24. ^ Salesa, Manuel J.; Antón, Mauricio; Morales, Jorge; Peigné, Stéphane (2012). "Systematics and phylogeny of the small felines (Carnivora, Felidae) from the Late Miocene of Europe: a new species of Felinae from the Vallesian of Batallones (MN 10, Madrid, Spain)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10 (1): 87–102. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.566584. ISSN 1477-2019.