User:Kevmin/sandbox/Paleobiota of the Latah Formation
Numerous fossil plants and insects have been recovered from the formation and described.[1] The Latah Formation includes the Clarkia fossil beds lagerstätte in Idaho, which are currently understood to be Early Barstovian in age.[2] One unnamed Sciuridae fossil was described in 2018, and fish belonging to the salmonid, cyprinid, and centrarchid groups are known.
Plants
[edit]The initial taxonomic work on the flora was undertaken by Frank Knowlton with assistance from diatom specialist Albert Mann and bryologist Elizabeth Britton.[3] Their combined work was published as a supplemental chapter to the initial 1926 descriptive work by Joseph Pardee and Kirk Bryan. After Knowltons death in November 1926, his revision of the Latah flora was taken over by Edward W. Berry who also erroneously included strata of the much older Klondike Mountain Formation around Republic, Washington.[4] This error was noted and corrected in later works by Roland W. Brown.[5] Ralph W. Cheney and Daniel I. Axelrod broke the Latah into four major florules, Grand Coulee and Spokane in Washington plus Coeur d'Alene and Whitebird in Idaho, while noting several "miscellaneous" sites as well.[6]
Mosses
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Author/year | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
A possible polytrichaceous moss |
![]() | |||||
incertae sedis | †Hypnites |
|
A moss of uncertain affiliation. |
|
![]() | ||
(Britton) Miller |
|
A moss of uncertain affiliation |
![]() |
Lycopods
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Author/year | Florule | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowlton |
|
A possible lycopod clubmoss |
![]() |
Ferns
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Author/year | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Berry |
|
![]() | |||||
Brown |
|
||||||
(Dorf) Graham |
|
A Pteridium fern species |
|||||
(Berry) Brown |
|
A royal fern species |
|
![]() | |||
Berry |
|
![]() |
Ginkgos
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Author/year | Florule | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Unger) Heer |
|
![]() |
Conifers
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cupressaceae |
Ashlee |
|
A juniper species |
||||
|
A dawn redwood species. |
||||||
(Sternberg) Heer |
|
A bald-cypress. |
![]() | ||||
(Knowlton) Kvaček & Manchester |
A Tetraclinis species. |
![]() | |||||
(Oliver) Chaney & Axelrod |
|
||||||
Pinaceae |
(Berry) Brown |
A Keteleeria species. |
![]() | ||||
Pinus |
Chaney & Axelrod 1959 |
|
A pine |
![]() | |||
Cockerell |
A pine |
|
|||||
Berry |
|
First described as a hemlock conescale.[17] |
![]() | ||||
(Knowlton) Cheney & Axelrod |
|
A yew |
![]() |
Basal dicots
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unidentified[18]. |
|
A Nymphaea species leaf |
Monocots
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Araceae |
Knowlton |
|
An Arisaema species. |
![]() | |||
Berry |
|
First described as a skunk cabbage.[17] |
![]() | ||||
Smilacaceae | Smilax |
Chaney |
A green briar species |
|
![]() | ||
Ashlee |
|
A green briar species |
|||||
Cockerell |
A cattail species |
|
![]() | ||||
Unidentified | Unidentified |
Unidentified |
|
A poaceous like leaf. |
![]() | ||
Unidentified |
|
Possibly a poalean plant |
![]() |
Magnoliids
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lauraceae | Machilus |
Brown |
|
A Machilus species |
|||
Brown |
|
A Machilus species |
|||||
(Berry) Brown |
![]() | ||||||
(Knowlton & Cockerell) LaMotte |
|
|
![]() | ||||
Magnoliaceae |
Berry |
|
![]() | ||||
Magnolia |
Cockerell |
![]() | |||||
(Berry) Brown |
|
![]() |
Ceratophyllales
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ashlee |
|
First described as a Ceratophyllum |
Basal eudicots
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Newberry) Arnold |
An oregon grape species. |
||||||
Platanaceae | Platanus |
Lesquereux |
A Platanus subg. Platanus sycamore leaf species.[22] |
![]() | |||
Huegele, Spielbauer, & Manchester |
|
A Platanus subg. Platanus sycamore fruit species. |
|
||||
Manchester, Pigg, & DeVore |
|
A Trochodendron fruit species. |
|||||
?Trochodendraceae |
(Hollick) Manchester, Crane, & Dilcher |
A stem-group trochodendralean fruit species. |
|
![]() | |||
(Heer) Manchester, Crane, & Dilcher |
A stem-group trochodendralean leaf species. |
![]() |
Superasterids - basal
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cornaceae | Cornus |
Berry |
|
A dogwood species. |
|||
Chaney and Axelrod |
|
A dogwood species. |
|||||
(Lesquereux) Chaney & Axelrod |
|
A persimmon species |
![]() | ||||
Ericaceae |
Berry |
|
A manzanita species |
![]() | |||
Brown |
|
A Gaultheria species |
|||||
Smith & Manchester |
|
A vaccinioid fruit. |
|||||
Ashlee |
|
A Kalmia species |
|||||
Berry |
|
A Rhododendron species |
![]() | ||||
Vaccinium |
Berry |
|
A Vaccinium species |
![]() | |||
Knowlton |
|
First named as a huckleberry leaf species |
![]() | ||||
(Knowlton) Brown |
A Vaccinium species |
![]() | |||||
Hydrangeaceae |
(Berry) Chaney & Axelrod |
A hydrangea species |
![]() | ||||
(Knowlton) Brown |
|
A mock-orange species |
![]() | ||||
(Berry) Brown |
A stickleaf species |
![]() | |||||
Nyssaceae | Nyssa |
Berry |
A tuplo species of the N. sylvatica complex.[27] |
||||
(Knowlton) Berry |
|
A tuplo species of the N. javanica complex.[27] |
![]() | ||||
Brown |
|
A silverbell fruit species |
|||||
Brown |
A ash species. |
|
|||||
(Knowlton) Berry |
A Gordonia species. |
|
![]() |
Superasterids
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adoxaceae | Viburnum |
Berry |
|
A Viburnum seed morphospecies. |
![]() | ||
Berry |
|
A Viburnum species. |
![]() | ||||
LaMotte |
|
A Viburnum species. |
|
![]() | |||
Berry |
|
![]() | |||||
MacGinitie |
|
A holly species. |
|||||
|
A Porana species |
![]() | |||||
Chaney & Axelrod |
|
An ash species. |
Superrosids - Basal
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowlton |
A sweet gum species. |
![]() | |||||
(Chaney) Brown |
An Exbucklandia species |
|
![]() | ||||
Vitaceae | Vitis |
Berry |
A grape species. |
||||
(Knowlton) Brown |
A grape species. |
![]() |
Superrosids - Fabids
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Betulaceae | Alnus |
An alder. |
![]() | ||||
(Knowlton) Wolfe[31] |
A birch |
![]() | |||||
Jennings |
|
An alder |
![]() | ||||
(Knowlton) Brown |
|
An alder |
|
![]() | |||
Betula |
Knowlton |
|
A birch |
![]() | |||
Brown |
|
A birch |
|||||
Chaney |
|
||||||
Brown |
|
A wintercreeper species |
|||||
Fabaceae |
(Knowlton) Herendeen & Dilcher |
|
A Caesalpinia fruit |
![]() | |||
Unnamed |
Brown |
Leaves first placed as Cercis spokanensis |
|||||
Berry |
|
A fabaceous fruit species |
![]() | ||||
Ashlee |
|
A fabaceous fruit species |
|||||
Knowlton |
A Sophora species. |
![]() | |||||
Fagaceae |
(Knowlton) Chaney & Axelrod |
A Chestnut species |
![]() | ||||
Castanopsis |
(Knowlton) Brown |
|
A Chestnut species |
![]() | |||
(Brown) Chaney & Axelrod[6] |
|
A chinquapin species |
|||||
Fagus |
Chaney |
||||||
LaMotte |
A Beech species |
||||||
Smiley & Huggins |
|
A fagaceous genus |
|||||
Quercus |
Brown |
|
An oak. |
||||
Chaney |
|
An oak. |
|||||
Chaney |
|
An oak. |
|||||
Knowlton |
|
An oak. |
|||||
Smith |
|
An oak. |
|||||
Berry |
|
An oak. |
![]() | ||||
Knowlton |
An oak. |
![]() | |||||
Lesquereux |
An oak. |
||||||
Knowlton |
An oak species |
![]() | |||||
Quercus sp. |
Isolated acorn nuts |
![]() | |||||
Quercus sp. |
|
Isolated acorn cupules |
![]() | ||||
Juglandaceae |
(Lesquereux) Chaney & Axelrod |
|
A hickory species |
![]() | |||
(Brown) Manchester |
|
A Palaeocarya species |
|||||
(Knowlton) Brown |
|
A wingnut species |
|||||
(Berry) Graham |
|
A Hiraea species. |
|||||
Myricaceae |
Berry |
|
|||||
LaMotte |
|
A Myrica species. |
|||||
Rhamnaceae |
Berry |
|
A Paliurus species |
![]() | |||
Chaney & Axelrod |
|
A buckthorn species |
|||||
Rosaceae |
(Berry) Brown |
A service berry species |
![]() | ||||
Berry |
|
A mountain mahogany species |
![]() | ||||
Ashlee |
|
A hawthorn species |
|||||
Ashlee |
|
A bramble species |
|||||
Salicaceae | Populus |
Knowlton |
|
A cottonwood species |
|||
Knowlton |
A cottonwood species |
||||||
Chaney & Axelrod |
|
A cottonwood species |
|||||
Unnamed[4] |
Berry |
|
Unnamed cottonwood species flower bracts |
![]() | |||
Salix |
(Knowlton) Condit |
A willow species |
![]() | ||||
Ashlee |
|
A willow species |
|||||
Berry |
|
A willow species |
|||||
(Berry) Brown |
|
A willow species |
|
![]() | |||
Unnamed[4] |
Berry |
|
Unnamed willow species stipules |
![]() | |||
Ulmaceae |
(Lesquereux) Manchester |
|
An ulmaceous species. |
||||
Ulmus |
Knowlton |
|
Elm species fruits. |
![]() | |||
Chaney & Elias |
An Elm species |
||||||
Newberry |
An Elm species |
![]() | |||||
Tanai & Wolfe |
|
An Elm species |
![]() |
Superrosids - Malvids
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowlton |
|
A water caltrop species |
|||||
Malvaceae |
(Lesquereux) MacGinitie |
|
A malvalean flower. |
||||
(Newberry) LaMotte |
A linden species |
![]() | |||||
(Berry) Brown |
A Cedrela. |
synonymy |
![]() | ||||
Berry |
A Ptelea species |
![]() | |||||
Sapindaceae | Acer |
Wolfe & Tanai |
|
An Acer species |
|||
Wolfe & Tanai |
|
An Acer species |
|||||
Knowlton |
|
An Acer species |
![]() | ||||
Wolfe & Tanai |
|
An Acer species |
![]() | ||||
Wolfe & Tanai |
|
An Acer species |
|||||
Knowlton |
|
An Acer species |
|||||
Wolfe & Tanai |
|
An Acer species |
|||||
Wolfe & Tanai |
|
An Acer species |
|||||
Chelebaeva |
|
An Acer species |
![]() | ||||
(Ashlee) Wolfe & Tanai |
An Acer species |
||||||
Brown |
|
A Dilodendron species |
incertae sedis
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Author | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incertae sedis | †Carpites |
Knowlton |
|
Seeds or nutlets of uncertain affinity |
![]() | ||
Knowlton |
|
A fruit/seed on a "fleshy" axis |
![]() | ||||
Knowlton |
|
Possible seeds or fruits |
![]() | ||||
Knowlton |
|
A seed or other reproductive organ |
![]() | ||||
Manchester & Uemura |
|
A winged fruit |
Insects
[edit]Order | Family | Genus | Species | Year named | Florule | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blattodea |
Snyder, 1949 |
|
|||||
Indeterminate[46] |
1990 |
|
drywood termite |
||||
(Snyder, 1931) |
|
A Stylotermitid termite |
|||||
Coleoptera |
Unidentified |
Unidentified[12] |
"Smiley et al. 1975" |
|
Two partial adults |
||
Carabidae |
Cockerell, 1925 |
|
|||||
Wickham, 1931 |
|
||||||
Wickham, 1931 |
|
A predaceous diving beetle |
|||||
Unidentified |
Unidentified[12] |
"Smiley et al. 1975" |
|
Two partial adults |
|||
Unidentified |
Unidentified[12] |
"Smiley et al. 1975" |
|
A single whole adult. |
|||
Diptera |
(Lewis) Evenhuis, 1994 |
|
A wood gnat |
||||
Lewis, 1969 |
|
A bee fly |
|||||
Bibionidae | Bibio |
Lewis, 1969 |
|
||||
Lewis, 1969 |
|
||||||
Indeterminate |
1969 |
|
An unidentified march fly |
||||
Lewis, 1969 |
|
A bolitophilid gnat |
|||||
Mycetophilidae |
Indeterminate[46] |
1990 |
|
||||
Lewis, 1969 |
|
||||||
Lewis, 1969 |
|
||||||
Indeterminate |
Indeterminate[46] |
1990 |
|
Unidentified mycetophiline and mycetophilid fugus gnats |
|||
Lewis, 1969 |
|
||||||
Lewis, 1969 |
|
||||||
Hemiptera |
Lewis, 1969 |
|
|||||
(Lewis) Polhemus, 1985 |
|
A shore bug |
|||||
|
|||||||
Hymenoptera |
|
A Bumblebee |
|||||
Formicidae |
Indeterminate[46] |
1990 |
|
Unidentified carpenter ants |
|||
Indeterminate[46] |
1990 |
|
Unidentified Dolichoderus species ants |
||||
Indeterminate[46] |
1990 |
|
Unidentified Lasius species ants |
||||
Messor ? |
Indeterminate[46] |
1990 |
|
Unidentified possible Messor species ants |
|||
Indeterminate |
Indeterminate |
1931 |
|
Unidentified ants |
|||
Ichneumonidae |
Lewis, 1969 |
|
|||||
Indeterminate[46] |
1990 |
|
|||||
Indeterminate |
Indeterminate[46] |
1990 |
|
Unidentified cryptine ichneumonid wasps |
|||
Indeterminate |
Indeterminate[46] |
1990 |
|
Unidentified [pimpline ichneumonid wasps |
|||
Indeterminate |
Indeterminate[46] |
1990 |
|
Unidentified megachiline carpenter bees |
|||
Lewis, 1969 |
|
||||||
Odonata |
Kennedy, 1931 |
|
|||||
Lewis, 1969 |
|
A macromiid skimmer |
|||||
indeterminate |
Indeterminate |
Indeterminate |
1990 |
|
Unidentified dragonflies |
||
Undescribed |
Undescribed[12] |
"Smiley et al. 1975" |
|
Partial katydid specimens |
|||
Lewis, 1969 |
|
||||||
Trichoptera | Limnephilidae |
Indeterminate |
1990 |
|
An unidentified northern caddisfly |
||
†Miopsyche |
|
||||||
|
|||||||
Indeterminate[12] |
1990 |
|
An unidentified northern caddisfly |
||||
Phryganeidae |
|
A phryganeid giant caddisfly larval case indusigenus |
|||||
Phryganea |
|
||||||
Indeterminate |
1990 |
|
An unidentified giant caddisfly |
Fish
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Florule | Year named | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Smith & Miller, 1985 |
A sun fish |
||||
Unnamed[54] |
|
Possibly 2 species of western chub |
||||
Unnamed[54] |
|
An unnamed salmonid |
||||
Unidentified |
Unidentified |
Unidentified[4] |
Isolated scales and vertebrae |
![]() |
Mammals
[edit]Family | Genus | Species | Florule | Year named | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
incertae sedis |
incertae sedis |
Clarkia |
"2018" |
The first tetrapod from Clarkia |
![]() Burke Museum #UWBM 113209 |
Algae
[edit]An initial survey of Latah Formation diatoms was conduced by Albert Mann at the behest of Frank Hall Knowlton. Based on sample material recovered from a well 0.25 mi (0.40 km) west of Mica, Washington, itself southeast of Spokane, Mann identified a large number of diatomaceous species, including 10 new species. Mann noted the diatoms appear to have lived under stressed conditions caused by caustic water, with many of the specimens showing malformed shapes or blurred ornamentations. The typical cause of this in diatoms is a high concentration of dissolved mineral salts in the water body.[56]
Family | Genus | Species | Author/year | Florule | Notes | Synonyms | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amphipleuraceae |
Grunow |
|
An amphipleuraceous diatom |
||||
(Ehrenberg) De Toni |
|
An amphipleuraceous diatom |
![]() | ||||
Aulacoseiraceae | Aulacoseira |
(Ehrenberg) Simonsen |
|
A aulacoseiraceous diatom |
|||
(Ehrenberg) Simonsen |
|
A aulacoseiraceous diatom |
|||||
(Grunow ex A.Schmidt) D.G.Mann & A.J.Stickle |
|
A cavinulaceous diatom |
|||||
Rattray |
|
A coscinodiscaceous diatom |
![]() | ||||
Cymbellaceae | Cymbella |
A.W.F.Schmidt |
|
A cymbellaceous diatom |
![]() | ||
Näegeli |
|
A cymbellaceous diatom |
|||||
Kützing |
|
A cymbellaceous diatom |
|||||
(Ehrenberg) Rabenhorst |
|
A cymbellaceous diatom |
|||||
Mann |
|
A cymbellaceous diatom |
![]() | ||||
Mann |
|
A cymbellaceous diatom |
![]() | ||||
Eunotiaceae |
Grunow |
|
A eunotiaceous diatom |
||||
Grunow |
|
A eunotiaceous diatom |
|||||
Eunotia |
Grunow |
|
A eunotiaceous diatom |
||||
Ehrenberg |
|
A eunotiaceous diatom |
|||||
(Kuetzing) Rabenhorst |
|
A eunotiaceous diatom |
|||||
Ralfs |
|
A eunotiaceous diatom |
|||||
Fragilariaceae | Fragilaria |
(A.Cleve) Hustedt |
|
A fragilariaceous diatom |
|||
Ehrenberg |
|
A fragilariaceous diatom |
|||||
Gomphonemataceae | Gomphonema |
Ehrenberg |
|
A gomphonemataceous diatom |
|||
Ehrenberg |
|
A gomphonemataceous diatom |
|||||
(Kützing) Kützing |
|
A gomphonemataceous diatom |
|||||
Melosiraceae | Melosira |
(Ehrenberg) Schmidt |
|
A melosiraceous diatom |
|||
Ehrenberg |
|
A melosiraceous diatom |
|||||
Brun |
|
A melosiraceous diatom |
|||||
(Ehrenberg) Kützing |
|
A melosiraceous diatom |
|||||
Naviculaceae |
(W.Smith) Hendey |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
||||
Navicula |
F.W. Mills |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
||||
Grunow |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
|||||
Ehrenberg |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
|||||
Grunow ex A.Schmidt |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
|||||
Mann |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
![]() | ||||
Grunow |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
|||||
A.Schmidt |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
|||||
Mann |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
![]() | ||||
Pantocsek |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
|||||
Mann |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
![]() | ||||
Mann |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
![]() | ||||
Mann |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
![]() | ||||
Grunow |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
|||||
Donkin |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
|||||
Kützing |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
|||||
Mann |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
![]() | ||||
Schumann |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
|||||
(Ehrenberg) Ralfs |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
|||||
Mann |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
![]() | ||||
(Ehrenberg) Kützing |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
|||||
A.Schmidt |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
|||||
(Nitzsch) Kutzing |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
|||||
Neidiaceae | Neidium |
(Ehrenberg) Cleve |
|
A neidiaceous diatom |
|||
(Mann) VanLandingham |
|
A naviculaceous diatom |
![]() | ||||
(Ehrenberg) Cleve |
|
A neidiaceous diatom |
|||||
Pinnulariaceae | Pinnularia |
Ehrenberg |
|
A pinnulariaceous diatom |
|||
W.Gregory |
|
A pinnulariaceous diatom |
![]() | ||||
(Kützing) Rabenhorst |
|
A pinnulariaceous diatom |
|||||
Ehrenberg |
|
A pinnulariaceous diatom |
|||||
(Ehrenberg) W.Smith |
|
A pinnulariaceous diatom |
|||||
Hantzsch |
|
A pinnulariaceous diatom |
|||||
W.Gregory |
|
A pinnulariaceous diatom |
|||||
Stauroneidaceae | Stauroneis |
Mann |
|
A stauroneidaceous diatom |
![]() | ||
Ehrenberg |
|
A stauroneidaceous diatom |
![]() | ||||
(Nitzsch) Ehrenberg |
|
A stauroneidaceous diatom |
![]() | ||||
Surirellaceae | Surirella |
Ehrenberg |
|
A surirellaceous diatom |
|||
A.W.F.Schmidt |
|
A surirellaceous diatom |
|||||
Turpin |
|
A surirellaceous diatom |
|||||
Tabellariaceae | Tabellaria |
(Lyngbye) Kützing |
|
A tabellariaceous diatom |
|||
(Roth) Kützing |
|
A tabellariaceous diatom |
|||||
Tetracyclus |
(Ehrenberg) Grunow |
|
A tabellariaceous diatom |
||||
Ralfs |
|
A tabellariaceous diatom |
|||||
incertae sedis | Diatoma |
W. Smith |
|
A diatom of uncertain familial affiliation |
|||
Grunow |
|
A diatom of uncertain familial affiliation |
|||||
Bory de Saint-Vincent |
|
A diatom of uncertain familial affiliation |
|||||
(Kützing) Braun in Rabenhorst |
|
A bacillariophyceopus diatom of uncertain affiliation |
|||||
Himantidium |
Ehrenberg |
|
A diatom of uncertain familial affiliation |
||||
Ehrenberg |
|
A diatom of uncertain familial affiliation |
![]() | ||||
Kützing |
|
A diatom of uncertain familial affiliation |
Referecnes
[edit]- ^ Kirkham, V.; Melville, M. (1929). "The Latah Formation". The Journal of Geology. 37 (5): 483–504. Bibcode:1929JG.....37..483K. doi:10.1086/623639. S2CID 128833093.
- ^ Calede, J.; Orcutt, J.; Kehl, W.; Richards, B. (2018). "The first tetrapod from the mid-Miocene Clarkia lagerstätte (Idaho, USA)". PeerJ. 6 (e4880): e4880. doi:10.7717/peerj.4880. PMC 5995101. PMID 29900070.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Knowlton, F.H. (1926). "Flora of the Latah Formation of Spokane, Washington, and Coeur d'Alene, Idaho". Shorter contributions to general geology, 1925 (PDF) (Report). Professional Paper. Vol. 140. United States Geological Survey. pp. 17–55, plates VIII-XXXI. doi:10.3133/pp140A.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Berry, E.W. (1929). A revision of the flora of the Latah Formation (Report). Professional Paper. United States Geological Survey. pp. 225–265. doi:10.3133/pp154h. 154-H.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Brown, R. W. (1937). Additions to some fossil floras of the Western United States (PDF) (Report). Professional Paper. Vol. 186. United States Geological Survey. pp. 163–206. doi:10.3133/pp186J.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba Chaney, R.; Axelrod, D. (1959). Miocene Floras of the Columbia Plateau: Part II. Systematic Considerations, by Ralph W. Chaney and Daniel I. Axelrod. Carnegie Institution of Washington. pp. 1–226.Miocene Floras of the Columbia Plateau at the HathiTrust Digital Library
- ^ Miller, N. G. (1980). "Fossil mosses of North America and their significance". The Mosses of North America. pp. 9–36.
- ^ a b c d LaMotte, R.S. (1952). Catalogue of the Cenozoic plants of North America through 1950. Geological Society of America Memoirs. Vol. 51. Geological Society of America. doi:10.1130/MEM51.
- ^ a b Graham, A. (1963). "Systematic revision of the Sucker Creek and Trout Creek Miocene floras of southeastern Oregon". American Journal of Botany. 50 (9): 921–936. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1963.tb06572.x.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm Berry, E. W. (1934). Miocene plants from Idaho (PDF) (Report). Professional Paper. Vol. 185. United States Geological Survey. pp. 97–125. doi:10.3133/pp185E.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ashlee, T.R. (1932). "A contribution to the Latah flora of Idaho". Journal of Geology: 1–55. Cite error: The named reference "Ashlee1932" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c d e f g h Smiley, C.J.; Gray, J.; Huggins, L.M. (1975). "Preservation of Miocene fossils in unoxidized lake deposits, Clarkia, Idaho; with a section on fossil Insecta by WF Barr and JM Gillespie". Journal of Paleontology. 49 (5): 833–844. JSTOR 1303276.
- ^ a b c d Chaney, R.W. (1951). "A revision of fossil Sequoia and Taxodium in western North America based on the recent discovery of Metasequoia". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 40 (3): 231.
- ^ Kvaček, Z.; Manchester, S.; Schorn, H. (2000). "Cones, seeds, and foliage of Tetraclinis salicornioides (Cupressaceae) from the Oligocene and Miocene of western North America: a geographic extension of the European Tertiary species". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 161 (2): 331–344.
- ^ a b Meyer, H. W.; Manchester, S. R. (1997). The Oligocene Bridge Creek flora of the John Day Formation, Oregon (Report). University of California Press. p. 99. ISBN 0520098161. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
- ^ a b c Brown, R. (1935). "Miocene leaves, fruits, and seeds from Idaho, Oregon, and Washington". Journal of Paleontology. 9: 572–587.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Berry, E.W. (1931). "A Miocene flora from Grand Coulee, Washington". Shorter contributions to general geology, 1931 (Report). Professional Paper. United States Geological Survey. pp. 31–42. doi:10.3133/pp170C. 170-C.
- ^ Gee, C.; Taylor, D.; Rember, W. (2022). "First water lily, a leaf of Nymphaea sp., from the Miocene Clarkia flora, northern Idaho, USA: Occurrence, taphonomic observations, floristic implications". Fossil Imprint. 78 (1): 288–297. doi:10.37520/fi.2022.011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Brown, R.W. (1946). "Alterations in some fossil and living floras". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 36 (10): 344–355.
- ^ Baghai, N.L. (1988). "Liriodendron (Magnoliaceae) from the Miocene Clarkia flora of Idaho". American journal of botany. 75 (4): 451–464. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1988.tb13463.x.
- ^ Herendeen, P.S.; Les, D.H.; Dilcher, D.L. (1990). "Fossil Ceratophyllum (Ceratophyllaceae) from the Tertiary of North America". American Journal of Botany. 77 (1): 7–16. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1990.tb13522.x.
- ^ a b c Huegele, I.B.; Spielbauer, R.J.; Manchester, S.R. (2020). "Morphology and systematic affinities of Platanus dissecta Lesquereux (Platanaceae) from the Miocene of western North America". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 181 (3): 324–341. doi:10.1086/706453.
- ^ Manchester, S.; Pigg, K. B.; Devore, M. L. (2018). "Trochodendraceous fruits and foliage in the Miocene of western North America" (PDF). Fossil Imprint. 74 (1–2): 45–54. doi:10.2478/if-2018-0004. S2CID 133942808.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Manchester, S. R.; Crane, P. R.; Dilcher, D. L. (1991). "Nordenskioldia and Trochodendron fruits (Trochodendraceae) from the Miocene of northwestern North America". Botanical Gazette. 152: 357–368. doi:10.1086/337898. S2CID 84230472.
- ^ Smith, M.; Manchester, S. (2019). "A new species of "gigantic" capsular fruits of Vaccinioideae from the Miocene of Idaho". Palaeontologia Electronica. 22 (3): Article number 22.3.65. doi:10.26879/982.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Knowlton1929
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Eyde, R.H. (1997). "Fossil record and ecology of Nyssa (Cornaceae)". The Botanical Review. 63: 97–123. doi:10.1007/BF02935928.
- ^ Manchester, S.R.; O’Leary, E.L. (2010). "Phylogenetic distribution and identification of fin-winged fruits". The Botanical Review. 76: 1–82. doi:10.1007/s12229-010-9041-0.
- ^ a b c LaMotte, R.S. (1952). Catalogue of the Cenozoic plants of North America through 1950. Geological Society of America Memoirs. Vol. 51. Geological Society of America. doi:10.1130/MEM51.
- ^ a b Berry, E. W. (1930). "A new Miocene Cercis from Idaho and Washington". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 57 (4): 239–244. doi:10.2307/2480616.
- ^ a b c Wolfe, J.A. (1966). Tertiary plants from the Cook Inlet region, Alaska (Report). Professional Paper. Vol. 398B. United States Geological Survey. pp. 1–32. doi:10.3133/pp398B.
- ^ a b c Herendeen, P. S.; Dilcher, D. L. (1991). "Caesalpinia subgenus Mezoneuron (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) from the Tertiary of North America". American Journal of Botany. 78 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1991.tb12566.x. JSTOR 2445223.
- ^ a b c Jia, H.; Manchester, S.R. (2014). "Fossil leaves and fruits of Cercis L. (Leguminosae) from the Eocene of western North America". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 175 (5): 601–612. doi:10.1086/675693. JSTOR 10.1086/675693.
- ^ Berry, E.W. (1929). "The genus Amygdalus in North America". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 19 (2): 41–43.
- ^ Smiley, C.J.; Huggins, L.M. (1981). "Pseudofagus idahoensis, n. gen. et sp. (Fagaceae) from the Miocene Clarkia flora of Idaho". American Journal of Botany. 68 (6): 741–761. ISSN 0002-9122.
- ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference
Columbia1959"
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Berry, E.W. (1928). "A Miocene Paliurus from the state of Washington". American Journal of Science. 5 (91): 39–44.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Brown1934
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Burge, D.O.; Manchester, S.R. (2008). "Fruit morphology, fossil history, and biogeography of Paliurus (Rhamnaceae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 169 (8): 1066–1085.
- ^ Li, X.; Wang, H.; Leng, Q.; Xiao, L.; Guo, J.; He, W. (2014). "Paliurus (Paliureae, Rhamnaceae) from the Miocene of East China and its Macrofossil-based Phylogenetic and Phytogeographical History". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 88 (5): 1364–1377. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12304. S2CID 129463506.
- ^ Manchester, S.R. (1989). "Attached reproductive and vegetative remains of the extinct American‐European genus Cedrelospermum (Ulmaceae) from the Early Tertiary of Utah and Colorado". American Journal of Botany. 76 (2): 256–276.
- ^ a b c d e f Tanai, T.; Wolfe, J.A. (1977). Revisions of Ulmus and Zelkova in the middle and late Tertiary of western North America (Report). Professional Paper. Vol. 1026. United States Geological Survey. pp. 1–14. doi:10.3133/pp1026.
- ^ Graham, S.A. (2013). "Fossil records in the Lythraceae". The Botanical Review. 79 (1): 48–145. doi:10.1007/s12229-012-9116-1.
- ^ Manchester, S. R.; Uemura, K. (2013). "Ozakia, a new genus of winged fruit shared between the Miocene of Japan and western North America". Journal of Plant Research. 127 (2): 187–92. doi:10.1007/s10265-013-0602-2. PMID 24306324. S2CID 22167161.
- ^ Snyder, T. (1949). "A new Miocene Ulmeriella (fossil Isoptera, Hodotermitidae)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 51 (4): 164–165.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lewis, S.; Heikes, P.; Lewis, K. (1990). "Entomofauna from Miocene deposits near Juliaetta, Idaho". Occasional Papers in Paleobiology, St Cloud State University. 4 (9): 1–22.
- ^ Emerson, A.E. (1971). "Tertiary fossil species of the Rhinotermitidae (Isoptera), phylogeny of genera, and reciprocal phylogeny of associated Flagellata (Protozoa) and the Staphylinidae (Coleoptera)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 146 (3): 243–304. hdl:2246/1093.
- ^ Cockerell, T.D.A. (1924). "Fossil insects in the United States National Museum". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 64 (13): 14-15.
- ^ Polhemus, J. (1985). Shore bugs (Heteroptera, Hemiptera; Saldidae): a world overview and taxonomy of Middle American forms. Englewood: Different Drummer. p. 252.
- ^ a b Carpenter, F. M.; Cockerell, T. D. A.; Kennedy, C. H.; Snyder, T. E.; Wickham, H. F. (1931). "Insects from the Miocene (Latah) of Washington II. Hymenoptera and Hemiptera". Annales of the Entomological Society of America. 24 (2): 309-312.
- ^ Carpenter, F. M.; Cockerell, T. D. A.; Kennedy, C. H.; Snyder, T. E.; Wickham, H. F. (1931). "Insects from the Miocene (Latah) of Washington II. Hymenoptera and Hemiptera". Annales of the Entomological Society of America. 24 (2): 313-316.
- ^ Brockhaus, T.; Müller, O.; Nel, A.; Poschmann, M.; Wappler, T. (2020). "Fossil dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera) from the late Oligocene Fossil-Lagerstätte Enspel (Rhineland-Palatinate, SW Germany)". Palaeoentomology. 3 (3): 284–300. doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.3.9. S2CID 225723434.
- ^ a b c Carpenter, F. M.; Cockerell, T. D. A.; Kennedy, C. H.; Snyder, T. E.; Wickham, H. F. (1931). "Insects from the Miocene (Latah) of Washington II. Hymenoptera and Hemiptera". Annales of the Entomological Society of America. 24 (2): 319-322.
- ^ a b c Smith, G.; Miller, R. (1985). "Taxonomy of fishes from Miocene Clarkia lake beds, Idaho.". Late Cenozoic history of the Pacific Northwest. San Francisco: American Association for the Advancement of Science. pp. 75–83.
- ^ Stearley, R.; Smith, G. (2016). "Salmonid Fishes from Mio-Pliocene Lake Sediments in the Western Snake River Plain, Oregon and Idaho, and Great Basin Salmonid Diversity". Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. 204: 13–15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz Mann, A. (1926). "The fossil diatom deposit at Spokane. In: Flora of the Latah Formation of Spokane, Washington, and Coeur d'Alene, Idaho". Shorter contributions to general geology, 1925 (PDF) (Report). Professional Paper. Vol. 140. United States Geological Survey. pp. 51–55, plates XXX-XXXI. doi:10.3133/pp140A.