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User:Loop 9/China OSS

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1. Physical and demographic geographies of China.

2. Spatial dimension of economic changes: (a) agriculture; (b) transportation; (c) energy production and transportation; (d) industrial development; and (e) urbanization.

3. Physical and economic geographies of the two regions.

4. Export oriented and foreign investment - led industrialization of the Pearl River Delta region in the last 20 years.

5. Import-substitution and domestic firms – led industrialization of the Yangtze River Delta region in the last 20 years and its recent reorientation towards exports and foreign investment.

6. Regional industrial clustering, the development of metropolitan belts/region and the role of the state – comparison and contrast of the two regions.

7. Competition and/or cooperation between the two regions and the implications for Hong Kong.


Issues[edit]

http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~kaplan/H371/ae02.pdf

http://www.archive.org/stream/chinaschangingma027784mbp/chinaschangingma027784mbp_djvu.txt

other[edit]

Studies the geography of development processes, patterns, and problems in "Greater China": mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Covers physical geography, history, and economic and political systems, with major focus on geographical issues in China's development: agriculture, population, industry and trade, and relations with Hong Kong and Taiwan. Offered: jointly with SISEA 236.

Many studies of regional disparity in China have focused on the preferential policies received by the coastal provinces. We decomposed the location dummies in provincial growth regressions to obtain estimates of the effects of geography and policy on provincial growth rates in 1996?99. Their respective contributions in percentage points were 2.5 and 3.5 for the province-level metropolises, 0.6 and 2.3 for the northeastern provinces, 2.8 and 2.8 for the coastal provinces, 2.0 and 1.6 for the central provinces, 0 and 1.6 for the northwestern provinces, and 0.1 and 1.8 for the southwestern provinces. Because the so-called preferential policies are largely deregulation policies that have allowed coastal Chinese provinces to integrate into the international economy, it is far superior to reduce regional disparity by extending these deregulation policies to the interior provinces than by re-regulating the coastal provinces. Two additional inhibitions to income convergence are the household registration system, which makes the movement of the rural poor to prosperous areas illegal, and the monopoly state bank system that, because of its bureaucratic nature, disburses most of its funds to its large traditional customers, few of whom are located in the western provinces. Improving infrastructure to overcome geographic barriers is fundamental to increasing western growth, but increasing human capital formation (education and medical care) is also crucial because only it can come up with new better ideas to solve centuries-old problems like unbalanced growth.

http://www.ndu.edu/inss/Repository/INSS_Proceedings/AEI-NDU%20China%20Seminar%20Series%202005/Seminar_5_July05/China_in_Asia_Seminar5.pdf

Economic reform in China since the late 1970s has led to remarkable economic growth and many changes in China's economic geography. Privatization, an important process in deregulating a centrally controlled economy, has been a significant component of China's economic reform and restructuring. Privatization also has significant spatial consequences linked to its role in China's regional economic development. With data from policy documents and state statistical sources, we use descriptive statistics and correlation analysis to describe, map, analyze, and explain the changing spatial dimensions of China's privatization process. A complex pattern of spatial variation in privatization has emerged related to the recent historical legacy of socialist development and new economic opportunities in different regions. Empirical analysis shows that unemployment was influential to privatization in the late 1970s, but in the 1990s, strong state employment in the commercial sector has been associated with the growth of the urban private sector. Moreover, it is geographically significant that the stronger the private sector in the provincial level, the faster the province's economic growth. Findings on the spatial variation and changes of privatization enhance our understanding of the complex processes of regional development under way in China today and can contribute to the formulation of innovative regional development policies.

http://www.cbrc.gov.cn/chinese/files/2007/2007053142A307E4C74B2FD0FFB06344E5935D00.0826.pdf

MFOZ[edit]

Ｍａｊｏｒ　ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ　ｏｒｉｅｎｔｅｄ　ｚｏｎｉｎｇ　（ＭＦＯＺ　ｈｅｒｅａｆｔｅｒ）　ｉｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅ　ｆｏｒ　ｏｐｔｉｍｉｚｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ　ｓｐａｔｉａｌ　ｐａｔｔｅｒｎ　ｏｆ　ｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌ　ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ　ｉｎ　Ｃｈｉｎａ，　ｗｈｉｃｈ　ｅｎｔａｉｌｓ　ｂｏｔｈ　ｔｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌ　ａｎｄ ｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ　ｉｎｎｏｖａｔｉｏｎ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ａｃａｄｅｍｉｃ　ｆｉｅｌｄ　ｏｆ　ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ　ｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ．　Ｔｈｉｓ　ｓｔｕｄｙ　ａｎａｌｙｚｅｓ ｔｈｅ　ｂａｓｉｃ　ｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓ　ｏｆ　ｔｅｒｒｉｔｏｒｉａｌ　ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ　ａｎｄ　ｐｕｔｓ　ｆｏｒｗａｒｄ　ａ　ｓｐａｔｉａｌｌｙ　ｅｑｕｉｌｉｂｒｉｕｍ　ｍｏｄｅｌ　ｆｏｒ ｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌ　ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ．　Ｉｔ　ａｒｇｕｅｓ　ｔｈａｔ　ｔｈｅｒｅ　ｅｘｉｓｔｓ　ａ　ｔｒｅｎｄ　ｏｆ　ｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌ　ｃｏｎｖｅｒｇｅｎｃｅ　ｉｎ　ａｌｍｏｓｔ　ａｎｙ ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｏｒ　ｍｅａｓｕｒｉｎｇ　ｔｈｅ　ａｖｅｒａｇｅ　ｌｅｖｅｌ　ｏｆ　ｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌ　ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ　ｓｔａｔｕｓ．　Ｂａｓｅｄ　ｏｎ　ｔｈｉｓ　ｆｉｎｄｉｎｇ， ｔｈｅ　ｓｔｕｄｙ　ｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｅｓ　ｔｈａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ　ｚｏｎｅ　ｓｈｏｕｌｄ　ｂｅ　ｃｏｎｄｕｃｉｖｅ　ｔｏ　ｔｈｅ　ｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ　ｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌ　ｉｎｅｑｕａｌｉｔｙａｎｄ　ｔｈａｔ　ｆｒｅｅ　ｆｌｏｗ　ｏｆ　ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ　ａｃｒｏｓｓ　ｒｅｇｉｏｎ　ｉｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｐｒｅｒｅｑｕｉｓｉｔｅ　ｔｏ　ｓｐａｔｉａｌ ｅｑｕｉｌｉｂｒｉｕｍ．　Ｉｔ　ａｌｓｏ　ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｉｍｐａｃｔ　ｏｆ　ｔｅｒｒｉｔｏｒｉａｌ　ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ　ｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ　ｏｎ　ｓｐａｔｉａｌ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ　ｏｆ　ｅｑｕｉｌｉｂｒｉｕｍ　ａｎｄ　ｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｓ　ｔｈａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔ　ｔｏ　ｂｅ　ｄｅｒｉｖｅｄ　ｆｒｏｍ　ｚｏｎｉｎｇ　ｐｒｏｐｏｓａｌ　ｉｓ ｃｏｎｔｉｎｇｅｎｔ　ｕｐｏｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｅｔｈｏｄ　ｏｆ　ｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌ　ｄｉｖｉｓｉｏｎ　ａｎｄ　ｃｏｒｒｅｃｔ　ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ　ｏｆ　ｔｅｍｐｏｒａｌ　ｃｈａｎｇｅ ｏｆ　ｔｅｒｒｉｔｏｒｉａｌ　ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ．　Ａｆｔｅｒ　ｔｈａｔ，　ｔｈｉｓ　ｓｔｕｄｙ　ｇｏｅｓ　ｔｏ　ｅｘａｍｉｎｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃ　ｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ ｓｅｖｅｒａｌ　ｉｓｓｕｅｓ　ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｉｎｇ　ｔｈｅ　ｒｅｃｏｎｃｉｌｉａｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｃｏｎｔｒａｄｉｃｔｏｒｙ　ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ　ｏｆ　ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ　ａｎｄ ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ，　ｔｈｅ　ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｏｒｓ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｐａｔｉａｌ　ａｎｄ　ｔｅｍｐｏｒａｌ　ｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓ　ｏｆ　ＭＦＯＺ．　Ｉｔ　ｉｓ ｔｈｅｎ　ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ　ｂｙ　ａｎ　ｉｎｔｅｒｒｏｇａｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｒａｔｉｏｎａｌｉｔｙ　ｏｆ　ａｃｈｉｅｖｉｎｇ　ｄｕａｌ　ｇｏａｌｓ　ｏｆ　ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ　ａｎｄ ｅｑｕａｌｉｔｙ　ｓｉｍｕｌｔａｎｅｏｕｓｌｙ　ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ　ｔｈｒｅｅ－ｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌ　ｆｌｏｗ　ａｎｄ　ｓｐａｔｉａｌ　ｅｑｕｉｌｉｂｒｉｕｍ．　Ｔｈｅ　ｐａｐｅｒ ｅｎｄｓ　ｗｉｔｈ　ａ　ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ，　ｉｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ　ａｎｄ　ｃｏｏｒｄｉｎａｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ＭＦＯＺ　ｆｒｏｍ　ｔｈｅ ｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ　ｏｆ　ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎａｌ　ａｒｒａｎｇｅｍｅｎｔｓ　ｏｆ　ｓｐａｔｉａｌ　ｇｏｖｅｒｎａｎｃｅ　ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ　ｌａｗ，　ｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇ　ａｎｄ government policy

NIN[edit]

In the PRC, an ID card is mandatory for all citizens who are over 16 years old. The ID number has 18 digits and is in the format RRRRRRYYYYMMDDSSSC, which is the sole and exclusive identification code for the holder (an old ID card only has 15 digits in the format RRRRRRYYMMDDIII). RRRRRR is a standard code for the political division where the holder is born (county or a district of a city), YYYYMMDD is the birth date of the holder, and SSS is a sequential code for distinguishing people with identical birthdates and birthplaces. The sequential code is odd for males and even for females. The final character, C, is a checksum value over the first 17 digits. To calculate the checksum, each digit in order is multiplied by a weight in the ordered set [7 9 10 5 8 4 2 1 6 3 7 9 10 5 8 4 2] and summed together. The sum modulus 11 is used as an index into the ordered set [1 0 X 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2], with the first index being zero. The indexed value is the checksum digit. In 15 digit IDs, III is an identification number created through certain mathematical methods (the last digit might be an English letter, such as X). The ID card is used for residential registration, army enrollment registration, registration of marriage/divorce, going abroad, taking part in various national exams, and other social or civil matters.

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