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Modern Panjistani (Northern Lahnda or Pothwari/Mirpuri/Western Pahari/Dhanni/Jehlumi/Poonchi) Language
[edit]پنجستانی
Introduction
[edit]Panjistani language was a term formulated in the 2000s by m. afzal and others and the standard language is based on the literary varieties of pothoary-pahahri-Mirpuri/Noterhn Lahnda cluster of Northern Panjab and Kashmir (covering pothohar, Jehlum, shahpur, Chahwal and mirpur/poonch regions of azad kashmir) It has been noted by Gierson and others that Kashmiri/Dadic langauges has had very large influnce on modern panjistani (Pothwari-Mirpuri-Pahari) langauge.
The origins of Panjistani comes from Panjistan Region (for Northen Panjab) which most probably means the land of 5 localities or areas e.g. Rawalpindi, Jehlum, Chalwal, Poonch, and Mirpur(parts of Kashmir).
It is spoken by aprrox. 10-12 million people of Nothern Pakistan and Jummu and Kashmir presently and it is the 5th most popular and very important langauge in the country nowdays.
Present time
[edit]It is widely spoken in the northern parts of Pakistan and in Kashmir, Major places are Chakwal,Jehlum, Poonch, Rawalpindi and Mirpur. It is psuedo-officially written in the Perso-Arabic script at the regional level presntly. Some older Speakers of Kashmiri/Urdu who write in the Perso-Arabic style and before did not regard Panjistani as a literary language. Now when Modern Panjistani is written, the Perso-Arabic orthography is utilised or it is written in Roman Panjistani, which is used for the writing of Kashmiri/Urdu and other regional lanaguges in the Latin script. This is largely the case in the UK where a large percentage of panjistani (Pahari-Potohari) speakers reside, who are found to constitute the majority of the expatriate Pakistani (from greater Potohar or panjistan plateau e.g. Gujar Khan, Rawalpindi, Kahuta etc.) and Jammu & Kashmir region. Panjistani or the kashmiri community call it Pahari is widely spoken and is used in many traditional poetry due to its richness, the most famous of which is by the poet Mian Muhammad Bakhsh, whose poetry is still performed and enjoyed to this present day in North-Eastern Punjab (Panjistan region) and Jumma Kashmir. Panjistani is an interestingly unique language that has some resemblance and close relations to hindko, seariki,Eastern or Jurdgha Punjabi, but more interestingly has Dardic/Kashmiri inflections to the soundings of the words.
The Main Lahnda Langauges
[edit]Modern classification of Lahnda from Indo-Aryan
Indo-Aryan (Sanskirt or Indic)
Northwestern zone
Lahnda (Lahndi)
Norhten Lahnda
1)Panjistani, Pothwari/mirpuri/pahari, [pjt] (Pakistan/Kashmir)
Southern Lahnda
2)Seraiki, Multani/Derwali [skr] (Pakistan)
Western Lahnda
3)Hindko, Sarhadi/peshwari/western panjandi [hno] (Pakistan)
Jurghda (Jurghdi)
1)Dogri
2)Eastern or Sardari Panjabi (Majhi)
briefly Hindko/sarhardi and seraiki/multani
[edit]These two languages; Hindko and seraiki have been influnced by pakhto/pashto and sindhi/sindhi seraiki lanaguges respectively for a very long time so they have many words borrowed from these neighbouring language groups.
The basis of panjistani langauge
[edit]Since the times of both Geroge Gierson and Christpher Shackle these northern panjabi or Nortern Lahnda cluster of dialects did not have proper literary name and it was only Afzal, london uk (1997) starting in the early 2000's that the word Panjistani was used to cover these divergent and hetergenoius Northern Lahnda dialects in place of mirpuri, pahari or pothwari etc.
Panjistani comes from Panjistan most probably meaning "the land of 5 regions/areas, ie Poonch, Jhelum chakwal,rawalpindi and mirpur", as stated by Mohammad Afzal, London, UK (1997).
Summary
[edit]The expert m . afzal, london,2002 has been the first one to come to "compromise position" between Sir Geroge Gierson and C. Shackle with repesct to Panjistani(pahari/pothohari etc), hinkdko (jandali, ghebi etc), seariki (multani) and panjbai (majhi/central)lanaguges classifaiction within the North-Western zone of Indo-Aryan family of langauges (of south asian region).
He has proposed recently that panjistani be divided into six main dialects/varities.
The six major dalicets of modern panjistani, are as follows;
1/Mirpuri (Western Pahari/Eastern); M.
2/Pothohari (pothwari/Central), P.
3/Dhanni (chakwali), D.
4/Jehlumi, (southern) J.
5/Northern shahpuri, NS.
6/Poonchi (Northern) Pn.
Famous panjistani people
[edit]Raja mohammad afzal-from Jhelum, politician
Sheikh Rashid from Rawalpindi, political leader of AML
Raja Mohammad Afzaal Khan (living in London,UK) lahnda specailist, critic and original formulater of name Panjistani
Current script used for Modern Panjistani
[edit]a modified version of Arabo-Persian or Shahmuhki script called the "Afzaali Script" (named after Raja mohammad afzaal khan, London; UK) is nowadays used to write the literary language in northern Panjab or (Panjistan region) and Azad Kashmir.
Further References
[edit]1)"Panjistani langauge: Development from Northern Lahnda (NL) cluster" by m. afzal,london, uk; 2001.
2)"Hindko/sarhardi lanaguage from Western Lahnda,peashwari-jandali cluster" By m. afzal,london,uk; 2002
2)"The three main Lahnda langauges and (Eastern) jurghda panjabi and semi-officail status since 1981 of Hindko (North-Western Lahndi/awankari/ghebi/jandali), Panjistani ( North-Eastern Lahndi/pahari/mirpuri/pothwari) and Seraiki (Southern Lahndi/derwali/multani/riysati ), london,uk ;1998.
3)"The 'New compromised position' within the gierson and shackle Lahnda sub-divions and classisfaction of Modren panjistani(Nortehn Lahndi), Hindko(Westren Lahndi, WL) and seraiki (Southern Lahndi,SL) and modern jurgdha/Eastern panjabi or "Eastern Lahndi", by m. afzal, london uk, 2001
4)The shortcomings of classification models of C. shackle and Sir Greoge Gierson of lahnda sub-divisons and Eastern lahndaor jurghda panjabi lanaguges, by m. afzal,london, uk; 2002
5)Modern Panjistani langauge from pothoari-mirpuri/northern lahndi cluster by m. afzal, london, uk;2003
6)"The third model of classification 'panjistani, Jurdgha/Eastern Panjabi seraiki/multani and hindko/sarhadi' langauge groups" by m. afzal,london,uk; 2003
7)"The evlotion of Seariki (southern lahndi/multani), Panjistani (north-eastern lahndi/pothohari/mirpuri/pahari) and Hindko (north-western lahndi/Sarhadi/peshwari/jandali)language groups" by m. afzal, london, UK; 2009
8)"panjistani from potwari/pahari/mirpuri" by m. afzal,london,uk; 2004
9)"Panjistani lanaguge from north-eastren lahnda (potwari/pahari/mirpuri) and partial influnces from kashmiri/dardic lanaguges" by m. afzal,london,uk; 2005
10)The linguistic survey of pakistani by mohammd afzal,london,uk; 2006
11)works of R. somoro on saraiki and panjistani lanaguges, karachi, pakistan
12)Marriage Among Muslims: Preference and Choice in Northern Pakistan ,page 37 By Hastings Donnan