User:Madalibi/Intellectual, religious, and cultural history of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234)

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Confucianism[edit]

Few contacts with the Southern Song, and so different kind of Confucianism than the "Learning of the Way" one that became orthodox in the south. More emphasis on Su Shi than on Zhu Xi.[1]

Zhao Bingwen (趙秉文; 1159–1232).

Daoism[edit]

Quanzhen Daoism[edit]

Significant branch of Daoism. Founded by Wang Zhe. Formal congregations founded in 1167 and 1168. Wang Zhe took disciples, who were retrospectively seen as the "seven patriarchs of Quanzhen."

Daoist Canon[edit]

The Jin state sponsored an edition of the Daoist Canon that is known as the Precious Canon of the Mysterious Metropolis of the Great Jin (Da Jin Xuandu baozang 大金玄都寶藏). Based on a smaller version of the Canon printed by Emperor Huizong (r. 1100–1125) of the Song dynasty, it was completed in 1192 under the direction and support of Emperor Zhangzong (r. 1190–1208).[2] In 1188, Zhangzong's grand-father and predecessor Shizong (r. 1161–1189) had ordered the woodblocks for the Song Canon transferred from Kaifeng (the former Northern Song capital that had now become the Jin "Southern Capital") to the Central Capital's "Abbey of Celestial Perpetuity" or Tianchang guan 天長觀, on the site of what is now the White Cloud Temple in Beijing.[2] Other Daoist writings were also moved there from another abbey in the Central Capital.[2] Zhangzong instructed the abbey's superintendant Sun Mingdao 孫明道 and two civil officials to prepare a complete Canon for printing.[2] After sending people on a "nationwide search for scriptures" (which yielded 1,074 fascicles of text that was not included in the Huizong edition of the Canon) and securing donations for printing, in 1192 Sun Mingdao proceeded to cut the new woodblocks.[3] The final print consisted of 6,455 fascicles.[4] Though the Jin emperors occasionally offered copies of the Canon as gifts, not a single fragment of it has survived.[4]

The blocks that were used to print it were probably destroyed when the Mongols destroyed the Abbey of Celestial Perpetuity after they took the Jin Central Capital in 1215.[4] A printed copy found in the former Jurchen outpost of Guanzhou 管州 (Shanxi), however, allowed Song Defang 宋德方 (1183–1247)—a disciple of the influential Quanzhen patriarch Qiu Chuji—to compile an expanded Canon.[5] This Canon, also titled Precious Canon of the Mysterious Metropolis but known as the Precious Canon of the Mysterious Metropolis of the Great Yuan to differentiate it from its Jin predecessor, was completed in 1244 and counted 7,000 or more fascicles, roughly two thousand more than the extant Daoist Canon, which was completed in 1445 under the Ming dynasty.[6] Song Defang's Canon was destroyed in 1281 on order of Khubilai Khan (r. 1260–1294).[7]

Buddhism[edit]

Buddhism also thrived during the Jin, both in its relation with the imperial court and in society in general.[8]

Sale of monk certificates initiated in 1162 by Shizong to fund his wars, and stopped three years later when war was over.[9] His successor Zhanzong used the same method to raise military funds in 1197 and one year later to raise money to fight famine in the Western Capital.[9] The same practice was used again in 1207 (to fight the Song and more famine) as well as under the reigns of emperors Weishao (r. 1209–1213) and Xuanzong (r. 1213–1224) to fight the Mongols.[10]

[11]

Compilation of a Buddhist Canon in Shanxi, the same place where the Taoist Canon would be reprinted in 1244.[12] The project was initiated in 1139 by a Buddhist nun named Cui Fazhen, who swore (and allegedly "broke her arm to seal the oath") that she would raise the necessary funds to make a new official edition of the Canon printed by the Northern Song.[13] Completed in 1173, the Jin Tripitaka counted about 7,000 fascicles, "a major achievement in the history of Buddhist private printing."[13] It was further expanded during the Yuan.[13]

Many sutras were also carved on stone tablets.[14] The donors who funded such inscriptions included members of the Jin imperial family, high officials, common people, and Buddhist priests.[14] Some sutras have only survived from these carvings, which are thus highly valuable to the study of Chinese Buddhism.[14]

Literature[edit]

Zhao Bingwen (趙秉文; 1159–1232). Yuan Haowen (1190–1259) and his Zhongzhou ji.

Flourishing of ci poetry, but two thirds of it was written by Quanzhen Daoists.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Tillman 1995, p. 71–114.
  2. ^ a b c d Boltz 2008a, p. 291.
  3. ^ Boltz 2008a, pp. 291–92.
  4. ^ a b c Boltz 2008a, p. 292.
  5. ^ Boltz 2008b, p. 1128.
  6. ^ Boltz, 2008b & Yao 1995.
  7. ^ Goossaert 2008, p. 916.
  8. ^ Yao 1995, p. 173.
  9. ^ a b Yao 1995, p. 161.
  10. ^ Yao 1995, p. 161–62.
  11. ^ Yao 1995.
  12. ^ Yao 1995, p. 174; Goossaert 2008, p. 916 (both Buddhist Canon and Daoist Canon printed in Shanxi).
  13. ^ a b c Yao 1995, p. 174.
  14. ^ a b c Yao 1995.

Works cited[edit]

  • Bol, Peter K. (1995), "Chao Ping-wen (1159–1232)", in Hoyt Cleveland Tillman and Stephen H. West (eds.) (ed.), China under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History, Albany, NY: SUNY Press, pp. 115–44, ISBN 0-7914-2274-7 {{citation}}: |editor-last= has generic name (help); 0-7914-2273-9.
  • Boltz, Judith (2008a), "Da Jin Xuandu baozang 大金玄嘟寶藏", in Pregadio, Fabrizio (ed.) (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Taoism, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 291–92, ISBN 978-0-7007-1200-7 {{citation}}: |editor-first= has generic name (help).
  • Boltz, Judith (2008b), "Xuandu baozang 玄嘟寶藏", in Pregadio, Fabrizio (ed.) (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Taoism, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 1128–29, ISBN 978-0-7007-1200-7 {{citation}}: |editor-first= has generic name (help).
  • Goossaert, Vincent (2008), "Song Defang 宋德方", in Pregadio, Fabrizio (ed.) (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Taoism, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 915–16, ISBN 978-0-7007-1200-7 {{citation}}: |editor-first= has generic name (help).
  • Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995), "Confucianism under the Chin and the Impact of Sung Confucian Tao-hsüeh", in Hoyt Cleveland Tillman and Stephen H. West (eds.) (ed.), China under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History, Albany, NY: SUNY Press, pp. 71–114, ISBN 0-7914-2274-7 {{citation}}: |editor-last= has generic name (help); 0-7914-2273-9.
  • Yao, Tao-chung (1995), "Buddhism and Taoism under the Chin", in Hoyt Cleveland Tillman and Stephen H. West (eds.) (ed.), China under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History, Albany, NY: SUNY Press, pp. 145–80, ISBN 0-7914-2274-7 {{citation}}: |editor-last= has generic name (help); 0-7914-2273-9.
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