User:Michael Aurel/Hellen

Hellen

To-Do

Revisions at a later date:

• Add Caduff
• Add Hall 2002
• Check sourcing
• How to present the information in the "Progenitor and Eponym of the Hellenes" section? - move Homer etc. into a note?
• Interpretations ? (eg. Fowler and Hall)
• Switch Thucydides to Loeb ?
• Remove Evelyn-White, add Hirschberger (Gynaikōn Katalogos und Megalai Ēhoiai), find text of Melanippe Wise and cite as primary source (and rewrite section, detailing where the scene depicted on the vase fits in the story), find source for "c. 420" as date of play (check Domouzi)
• Domouzi, Andriana, Euripides, ›Melanippe Wise‹ and ›Melanippe Captive‹: Introduction, Text and Commentary (De Gruyter). ISBN 978-3-110-62239-3. – Note: Ahead of publication, scheduled to be published 31 Jan 2023, look at and use then.
• Eustathius ? (see Caduff)
• How to cite BNJ quote? (see re talk page discussion)

Sources

Primary

Apollodorus

1.7.2

And Deucalion had children by Pyrrha, first Hellen, whose father some say was Zeus, and second Amphictyon, who reigned over Attica after Cranaus; and third a daughter Protogenia, who became the mother of Aethlius by Zeus.⁵

⁵ This passage as to the children of Deucalion is quoted by the Scholiast on Hom. Il. xiii.307, who names Apollodorus as his authority.

1.7.3

[3] Hellen had Dorus, Xuthus, and Aeolus¹ by a nymph Orseis. Those who were called Greeks he named Hellenes after himself,² and divided the country among his sons. Xuthus received Peloponnese and begat Achaeus and Ion by Creusa, daughter of Erechtheus, and from Achaeus and Ion the Achaeans and Ionians derive their names. Dorus received the country over against Peloponnese and called the settlers Dorians after himself.³ Aeolus reigned over the regions about Thessaly and named the inhabitants Aeolians.⁴

¹ As to Hellen and his sons, see Strab. 8.7.1; Paus. 7.12; Conon 27. According to the Scholiast on Hom. Il. i.2, Xuthus was a son of Aeolus.

² According to the Parian Chronicle, the change of the national name from Greeks （Graikoi） to Hellenes took place in 1521 B.C. See Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, ed. C. Müller, i.542ff. Compare Aristot. Met. 1.352; Etymologicum Magnum, s.v. Γραικός, p. 239; Stephanus Byzantius, s.v. Γραικός; Frazer on Paus. 3.20.6; The Fragments of Sophocles, ed. A. C. Pearson, ii.160.

Conon

Narrations

27 (Trzaskoma, Smith and Brunet, p. 86) [= Photius, Bibliotheca 186]   [ToposText (Kiesling)]

... and of his [Deucalion's] son Hellen (some say he was Zeus’ son), who inherited the kingship upon Deucalion’s death and had three sons. Hellen ordained that Aiolos, the firs of his sons, would become king of the territory he ruled, setting the boundaries of his kingdom between two rivers, the Asopos and the Enipeus. From Aiolos are descended the Aiolian people. The second son, Doros, received a portion of the populace from his father and left to form a colony. At the foot of Mount Parnassos he founded cities, Boion, Cytinion, and Erineos. The Dorians are descended from him.

[= FGrHist 26 F1]

And about Hellen his [Deucalion's] son, whom some say was the child of Zeus, who also received the kingdom when Deukalion had died, and fathered three children. How he decided that Aiolos, the first one, should be king over the land he ruled after he had set the boundaries of the reign at two rivers, the Asopos and the Enipeus; from him the Aiolic race is descended. Doros, the second, after receiving a portion of the people from his father, settled beneath Mount Parnassos and founded the cities Boios, Kytinios, and Erineos. The Dorians descend from him. And the youngest, arriving in Athens, founded the so-called Tetrapolis of Attica, married Kreousa the daughter of Erechtheus, and fathered Achaios and Io from her.

Diodorus Siculus

4.60.2

² Tectamus, the son of Dorus, the son of Hellen, the son of Deucalion ...

4.67.3

... sons of Aeolus, who was the son of Hellen, who was the son of Deucalion ...

4.68.1

... son of Aeolus, who was the son of Hellen, who was the son of Deucalion ...

Dionysius of Halicarnassus

4.25.3 [Bill Thayer]   [ToposText]

... Amphictyon, the son of Hellen,⁵⁴ ...

⁵⁴ The Greek words can mean either "the son of Hellen" or "the Greek"; but the latter does not seem to be a very natural way of describing him. Other writers regularly regarded Amphictyon as the son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, and thus the brother of Hellen. Spelman proposed to add the word ἀδελφοῦ ("brother") to the Greek text here. The ancients did not all accept this aetiological myth as the true explanation of the Amphictyons and the Amphictyonic League. Several of the later authors rightly recognized in ἀμφικτύονες a mere variant of ἀμφικτίονες ("those dwelling round about," "neighbours"), the equivalent of Homer's περικτίονες.

Euripides

Melanippe Wise (c. 420 BC)

Collard and Cropp, pp. 568–9

brought them to Aeolus, superstitiously thinking they were the unnatural offspring of a cow. Aeolus’ father Hellen agreed and encouraged him to destroy them, but Melanippe defended them by arguing rationally that they must be the natural children of an unidentified girl. This ...

Collard and Cropp, p. 570

... early part of the play—probably the prologue and first two or three episodes—is represented by test. i–iia and F 482–5, and by a magnificent Apulian vase published in 1986 (LIMC no. 1 = test. iv; Todisco Ap 221, Taplin no. 68) which is the only known ‘illustration’ of the play; it pictures a herdsman showing the twins to Hellen in Aeolus’ presence while Melanippe and her nurse observe from one side.

test. 1 Collard and Cropp, pp. 572, 573

Aeolus, son of Hellen son of Zeus, ...

fr. 481 Collard and Cropp, pp. 578, 579   [Snippet View]

Zeus, as is told by reliable tradition,¹ fathered Hellen who was father to Aeolus.

¹ [?]

[= fr. 481 Nauck, p. 511 = Melanippe 1–2 (Page p. 118, 119)]   [IA]

Melanippe. Hellen—so runs the tale of truth—was son of Zeus; and son of Hellen was Aeolus; ...

Unidentified Plays

fr. 929b Collard and Cropp, pp. 522, 523   [Snippet View]

Hellen, they say, was a of Zeus, Aeolus of Hellen, ...

[= fr. 14 Nauck, p. 366]

Hesiod

Catalogue of Women

fr. 3 Most, pp. 44, 45   [= fr. 2 Merkelbach-West, p. 4 = fr. 1 Evelyn-White, pp. 154, 155 = Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes, 3.1086 (Wendel, p. 248)]

Hesiod says in the first book of his Catalogues that Deucalion was the son of Prometheus and Pandora, and that Hellen, from whom come the Hellenes and Hellas, was the son of Prometheus (or Deucalion) and Pyrrha.

fr. 5 Most, pp. 46, 47   [= fr. 4 Merkelbach-West, p. 5 = Scholia on Homer's Odyssey 10.2 (Dindorf, p. 444)]

Deucalion, during whose lifetime the flood took place, was the son of Prometheus; most authorities say his mother was Clymene, but Hesiod says it was Prynoe. ... He married Pyrrha, the daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora, the one who was given to Epimetheus as wife in exchange for fire. And Deucalion had two daughters, Protogenea and Melanthea, and as sons Amphictyon and Hellen. Some say that Hellen was the son of Zeus by birth but was said to be the son of Deucalion. From Hellen was born Aeolus, the father of Cretheus, Athamas, Sisyphus.

fr. 6 Most, pp. 46, 47   [= fr. 6 Merkelbach-West, p. 6 = fr. 5 Evelyn-White, pp. 156, 157 = Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes, 4.265 (Wendel, p. 276)]

Those who derive their lineage from Deucalion ruled over Thessaly, as Hecataeus says and Hesiod.²

² Hellen is originally the eponymous hero of an area in Thessaly; later the terms [Greek: Hellas] and [Greek: Hellenes] came to be applied to Greece and the Greeks as a whole.

fr. 9 Most, pp. 48, 49   [= fr. 9 Merkelbach-West, p. 7 = fr. 4 Evelyn-White, pp. 156, 157]

And from Hellen, the war-loving king, were born Dorus and Xuthus, and Aeolus who delighted in the battle-chariot.

[= Plutarch, Moralia 747B (pp. 292, 293)] [Loeb]   [IA]   [= Scholia on Lycophron's Alexandra, 286 (Cardin and Pontani, p. 257 n. 54; Leone, p. 58) = Tzetzes on Lycophron, 286 (Cardin and Pontani, p. 257 n. 54; Scheer, p. 121) = Tzetzes, Exegesis of the Iliad ___ (Papathomopoulos, pp. 94–5, 430)]   [Leone - Snippet View]

And kings were Hellen's offspring, ministers of right, Dorus, Xuthus, and Aeolus the charioteer.

Hyginus

De Astronomica

2.18.4

... Aeolus, son of Hellen, and grandson of Jove ...

Fabulae

Smith and Trzaskoma, Index s.v. Hellen

Hellen: s. of Deucalion, eponym of the Hellenes, Apd. 1.49–50| Hyg. 125.6, 155 [called s. of Jupiter & Pyrrha], 157 [called s. of Neptune & Antiope]

155

§ 155 SONS OF JOVE: ... Helen [Hellen] by Pyrrha, daughter of Epimetheus.

157

§ 157 SONS OF NEPTUNE: Boeotus and Hellen by Antiopa, daughter of Aeolus.

Iamblichus

The Life of Pythagoras

34.242 citing Metrodorus of Cos

Further he [Metrodorus] observes that from the Babylonian sacred rites he had learned that Helen was the offspring of Zeus, and that the sons of Hellen were Dorus, Xuthus, and Aeolus; with which Hesiod also agrees.

John Malalas

2.45 (p. 27)

It was through them especially that this cult was introduced to the Hellenes, by. a man named Hellen, himself a son of Picus Zeus, who performed mystic practices.

4.4 (p. 33)

There was also Deukalion, the son of Hellen, the son of Picus.

Index, s.v. Hellen

Hellen, son of Picus Zeus 55, 70.

Palaephatus

On Incredible Things

35 (Stern, p. 66) [GB]   [ToposText (Kiesling)]

... the Hellenes were named from Hellen ...

Pausanias

7.1.2

[2] Later on, after the death of Hellen, Xuthus was expelled from Thessaly by the rest of the sons of Hellen, who charged him with having appropriated some of the ancestral property.

Scholia on Pindar's Olympian

9.68b (Drachmann, p. 283) [Perseus Scaife]

b. Πύρρα δὲ ἡ γυνὴ Δευκαλίωνος. ἐξάδελφοι οὗτοι· Ἰαπετοῦ γὰρ παῖδες Προμηθεὺς καὶ Ἐπιμηθεὺς δύο ἀδελφοί· καὶ ἐκ μὲν Προμηθέως Ἕλλην, ἀφ οὗ καὶ Ἕλληνες, καὶ Δευκαλίων· Πύρρα δὲ [ἡ Δευκαλίωνος γυνὴ] θυγάτηρ Ἐπιμηθέως.

West 1985, p. 57

One source, sch. Pind. Ol. 9.68b, makes Hellen and Deukalion both sons of Prometheus, but gives the usual account of Pyrrha, that she was the daughter of Epimetheus and wife of Deukalion.

Smith, s.v. Hellen

... or of Prometheus and Clymene, and a brother of Deucalion. (Schol. ad Pind. Ol. 9.68.)

Scholia on Plato's Symposium

208d (Cufalo, pp. 108–10) [= FGrHist 4 F125]

Kodros was a descendant of Deukalion, as Hellanikos states, for Hellen was born to Deukalion and Pyrrha, or according to some, to Zeus and Pyrrha. From Hellen and Othreis, Xouthos, Aiolos, Doros, and Xenopatra.

[= Hellanicus fr. 125 Fowler, pp. 200–1]

Scholia on Thucydides

1.3.2 (Hude, p. 5) [= FGrHist 1 F13]

Hekataios narrates that Deukalion had three sons: Pronoos, Orestheus, and Marathonios. He claims that Hellen was the son of Pronoos.

[= Hecataeus fr. 13 Fowler, p. 128]

BNJ, commentary on 1 F13

Hekataios provides a rather unorthodox genealogy for the stemma of Deukalion, which renders Hellen his grandson, rather than his son, ...

The three sons of Deukalion in Hekataios’ stemma are otherwise unknown. Pronoos, Hellen’s father according to Hekataios, ...

Solinus

8.1

Thessaly is also known as Haemonia; Homer calls it Pelasgian Argos. Hellen, the king for whom the Hellenes were named, was born here.

Stephanus of Byzantium

s.v. Dotion (pp. 118, 119)

According to Archinos (FGrHist 604 F 3) <is the plain> however after Dotos <named>, the son of Neonos,¹⁸⁵ the son of the Hellen.

¹⁸⁵ A son of Hellen named Neonos is completely unknown; the same is true for Nwvn (so Meineke's suggestion) or 5Itvno" (Schubart); known, however, are Doros, Xuthos and Aiolos, the progenitors of the Dorians, Ionians (descended from Xuthos' son Ion) and Aeolians; cf. Apollod. 1,7,2f.

[= FGrHist 604 F3]

Archinos says that it was named from Dotos (F 3), the son of Neonos, the son of Hellen.

Strabo

8.7.1

They say that Hellen was the son of Deucalion, and that he was lord of the people between the Peneius and the Asopus in the region of Phthia and gave over his rule to the eldest of his sons, but that he sent the rest of them to different places outside, each to seek a settlement for himself.

9.5.6

... and they cite as bearing witness to this the tomb of Hellen, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, situated in their marketplace.

9.5.23

... the former name was changed to Hellas, after Hellen the son of Deucalion ...

Vitruvius

De Architectura

4.1.3 (pp. 202–5)   Granger 1931 [Loeb]

... Dorus, the son of Hellen and the nymph Phthia ...

Morgan 1914   [ToposText]

Gwilt 1826   [Bill Thayer ("nymph Orseis" ?)]

Secondary

Asquith

pp. 276–7

The manner in which different attitudes about ethnicity can be seen in genealogies is evident in the alternative traditions concerning Hellen and his offspring. Hecataeus presents him as the son of Pronous, son of Deucalion, and Ion as the grandson of Aetolus, grandson of Orestheus, son of [p. 277] Deucalion (FGrHist 1 F13–16). For Hellanicus and the Hesiodic author, Hellen is Deucalion’s son, and in the Catalogue his own sons are Xouthos, Aeolus and Doros (fr. 9; FGrHist 4 F125). ... ²⁸

²⁸ For the complications and significance of these different constructions of the Hellenic genealogy, see Nilsson 1951: 66–8; West 1985a: 50–60; Fowler 1988: 14–18; Hall 1997: 42–56.

Bing

p. 13

A large volute krater (over 80cm tall) from this theater-crazy Tarentine milieu was acquired by the Michael C. Carlos Museum of Emory University in 1994 (accession no. 1994.1).37 Belonging to the later phase of Apulian painting that flourished in the last quarter of the fourth cent. B. C., it was painted by an anonymous artist of great talent, whom we call the Underworld Painter, ... in the case of this krater, give us the only surviving pictorial representation of Euripides’ Melanippe the Wise.

p. 14

We recognize them with ease, as their names are carefully inscribed beside each one, virtually constituting a list of the dramatis personae. We see, moreover, that the characters are in the midst of precisely that critical scene described in the hypothesis: In the center, an old man, dressed and labeled as a herdsman [Greek], arrives from the country – signaled by the tree –, probably from the cattle-yard [Greek] mentioned in the hypothesis, holding a pair of twin infants wrapped in an animal skin tied to the end of a staff. Gazing at the twins, his eyebrows downcast in an expression possibly of pity or anxiety, he presents them to a hooded, grizzled old man. This, we learn from the label, is Hellen, the elder statesman of the family. Tightly gripping his himation, he leans forward on his staff with outstretched arm, looking solely at the herdsman and past the twins. His forward-pointing arm may suggest that he is casting the herdsman out along with his precious baggage, a gesture visually equivalent to his brutal advice in the hypothesis when he tells his son to have the babies burned.

BNJ

commentary on 239 A6

A 6 dates the naming of the Greeks as Hellenes, a name taken from Hellen, son of Deukalion. Hesiod knew Hellen as a son of Zeus (F 7 M-W), a pedigree known to others (HellanikosBNJ 4 F 125; Euripides, Aiolos TGrF F 14; Apollodoros, Bibliotheka 1.7.2; schol. Apollonios of Rhodes, Argonautika 1.118c). But later sources almost invariably make him a son of Deukalion (or in the case of Hekataios (BNJ 1 F 13), a grandson) and the eponymous founder of the Hellenic people(s). His kingdom, like that of Deukalion, was usually placed in Phthiotis, Homeric Phthia, a region of southern Thessaly, and it is to its inhabitants that the label Hellenes originally applied. Over time the name extended its reach to include all Greek-speaking peoples north of Isthmos and, eventually, the entire Greek mainland. MP simplifies what was a long and gradual process by assigning it to a specific year, 1520/19 BC (counting inclusively).

Brill's New Pauly

s.v. Hellen

(Ἕλλην; Héllēn). Eponymous progenitor of the Hellenes, therefore of the entirety of the inhabitants of Greece; the individual tribes took their names from H.'s sons and grandsons Dorus, Xuthus (father of Ion and Achaeus [1]) and Aeolus [1]. Pyrrha and either Deucalion (Hes. fr. 2; schol. Hes. Op. 158a; Thuc. 1,3,12; Diod. Sic. 4,60,2) or Zeus (schol. Pl. Symp. 208d; Apollod. 1,49) are named as H.'s parents. In the Homeric catalogue of ships the Hellenes inhabit only a small region of Greece (Spercheus region); according to this the structure is a reflection of an older situation, whereas in post-Homeric documents the status of the 7th cent. BC (H. as forefather of all Greeks) is the basis.

s.v. Melanippe

[1] Daughter of Aeolus

Daughter of Aeolus [1], the son of Hellen, and of Hippe [2], the daughter of the centaur Chiron. Mother by Poseidon of the twins Aeolus [3] and Boeotus. M. was the protagonist in two fragmentarily surviving tragedies by Euripides: Μ. ἡ σοφή (‘The Wise M.; TGF 479-487) and Μ. ἡ δεσμῶτις (‘M. Bound; TGF 488-514). In the older 'Wise M.' (set in Thessaly), it is told how in the absence of her father Aeolus, M. becomes the mother of two sons by Poseidon. Although she exposes the children, they survive and are discovered, for which reason an attempt is made to kill them as térata (i.e., ‘monsters’ that contravene the laws of nature, and were therefore considered bad omens).

Caduff

p. 84–5

Translation:

3. Deucalion in the ancestral land of the Hellenes

Probably already in the catalogs of Hesiod a landscape has been drawn into the Deukalion saga, which was not mentioned at all in Pindar's and which, nevertheless, Filastrius (122 [94] 1-3 = no. 63) as the setting of the pagan myth of the Flood: Thessaly. According to Apollodor's mythological handbook (1 [46] = n. 28), which owes a great deal to Hesiod, Deucalion reigns as king over Phthia¹ before the flood. Herodotus (1,56,3) locates Deucalion in Phthiotis, which is² the same, and Strabon (9,5,6) tells that Deukalion ruled over Phthiotis and Thessalia in general.³ In this framework fits that according to Rhianos (CA 13 Frg. 25), who in his Thessalika probably falls back on local Thessaly was also called Pyrrhaia - a name that we associate with Pyrrha, the we associate with Pyrrha, the wife of Deucalion.⁴

Strabon (8,7,1), whose data via Apollodor are based on Andron,⁵ gives a precise localization of the domain of Deucalion; he limits Phthia by the Peneios, which flows through the Thessalian Tempetal, and the Asopos, which flows through Herakleia Trachis, about 7 km northeast of the city into the Spercheios.⁶ Obviously Strabon here the Thessalian tetrad Phthiotis around Pharsalos and the so called Achaia Phthiotis, so that the area described above resulted, the southern part of which was separated from the rest of Thessaly by the Othrys massif, but is open towards Lokris,⁷ with respect to the dialect and the dialect and the tribal affiliation no uniform [p. 85] area, but from the dorized Spercheio Valley (Northwest Greek) into the into the area of the Thessalian (Aeolian).⁸

¹ It is an old question whether Phthia is a city or a landscape and where exactly to localize it; cf. E. Bernert, RE 20 (1941) 949-51. On the basis of Apollodor's formulie [Greek], it is not possible to decide whether a city or a landscape is meant. If one would rather expect from the context that it refers to the royal city and its surroundings, it is not possible to decide. Polybios' phrase [Greek]; (5, 24, 12) shows that the place can also refer to a landscape.

² Likewise Konon FGrHist 26 F 1 XXVII = n. 30, Str. 9, 5,6, Th. 1,3,2 (referring to the descendants of Deukalion's descendants). Both Konon and Str. are based on Andron; cf. Tümpel (1905). Dikaiarch (SA 114 Frg. 7 = Cic. Tusc. 1, 21) mentions a Pherekrates from Phthiotis, who traces himself back to Deukalion. On the localization of the Phthiotis E. Meyer, KP 4 (1972) 832.

³ Cf. Str. 9, 5, 23; for the localization of Deucalion in Thessaly, cf. texts n. 25-36. Not in connection with a flood story knows a Theocritscholion (to 15, 141). Deucalion as king of the Thessalians. Under the impression of the passages that Deukalion is soon to be found in Phthia, soon in Thessaly localize - at least from Hellanic. FGrHist 4 F 6; 117 = no. 25/6 -, the question has already been raised whether Phthia was the original name for Thessaly: E. Bernert, RE 20 (1941) 955.

⁴ Afterwards Str. 9, 5, 23; Chr. 9, 26 GGM II 588; Hsch. s.v. [Greek]; Schol. A.R. 3,1090. Probably because Thetis belongs to Thessaly, the epithet [Greek] is attested for her (Hsch. s.v. Iluppalri). - L5.a. Note 1.

⁵ Cf. Tümpel (1905) 267.

⁶ Detailed map in F. Stählin, RE 5A (1934) 2399/400.

⁷ Cf. Bernert, RE 20 (1941) 951 - note 2.

⁸ Schmitt (1977) 27/8; 73/4.

Cardin and Pontani

p. 257

in other Tzetzian quotations of Hesiodic fragments of genealogical content, mostly attributed today to the Catalogue of Women: frr. 9 and 205 M.-W. (= 4 and 95 H = 9 and 145 Most). As for the former – two lines on Hellen’s sons Xouthos and Aiolos – it is taken over from an ancient scholium to Lycophron,⁵⁴ but Tzetzes contributes two things: The indication of the work (the source speaks generically of ‘Hesiod’) and the comparison with three lines of similar content drawn from a scholium to Pindar (fr. 10a.25–27 M.-W. = 5.25–27 H=10.25–27 Most).⁵⁵ Two further quotations of the same fr. 9 M.-W. in the Exegesis to the Iliad ... ⁵⁶ ... ⁵⁷

⁵⁴ Tz. in Lyc. 286 (p. 121.30 –35 Scheer) from Σ vet. ad loc. (p. 58.1–3 Leone). The lines read Ἕλληνος δ᾿ ἐγένοντο φιλοπτολέμου βασιλῆος / Δῶρός τε Ξοῦθός τε καὶ Αἴολος ἱππιοχάρμης.

⁵⁵ Σ Pind. Pyth. 4.253c, II 133.7–10 Dr. The three lines of fr. 10a, known today through papyrological finds (Αἰολίδαι δ᾿ ἐγένοντο θεμιστοπόλοι βασιλῆες / Κρηθεὺς ἠδ᾿ ᾿Aθάμας καὶ Σίσυφος αἰολομήτης / Σαλμωνεύς τ᾿ ἄδικος καὶ ὑπέρθυμος Περιήρης), are copied by Tzetzes right after those of fr. 9 with no introduction or mediation.

⁵⁶ Respectively, Tz. in Il. 1.2, pp. 94.13–95.5 Papath. and Tz. Σ proll. in Il. p. 430.10–13 Papath., with attribution to the ‘Heroic genealogy’.

⁵⁷ This contamination may in theory go back to Plutarch, who quotes the first line of fr. 9 (with no attribution to Hesiod: Hunter (2014) 283–284) with θεμιστοπόλοι βασιλῆες (Qu. Conv. 9.15.2 [747 f]), ...

Collard and Cropp

pp. 568–9

brought them to Aeolus, superstitiously thinking they were the unnatural offspring of a cow. Aeolus’ father Hellen agreed and encouraged him to destroy them, but Melanippe defended them by arguing rationally that they must be the natural children of an unidentified girl. This ...

p. 570

... early part of the play—probably the prologue and first two or three episodes—is represented by test. i–iia and F 482–5, and by a magnificent Apulian vase published in 1986 (LIMC no. 1 = test. iv; Todisco Ap 221, Taplin no. 68) which is the only known ‘illustration’ of the play; it pictures a herdsman showing the twins to Hellen in Aeolus’ presence while Melanippe and her nurse observe from one side.

D'Alessio

p. 222

The main line of Deucalion’s stemma was represented by Hellen – who in the Catalogue was probably a son of Zeus and Deucalion’s wife, Pyrrha – and his descendants.

p. 223

West conjectures that he [Locrus] may have been a son of Hellen, but such a tradition is not attested in any ancient source.²⁵

Davies

pp. 84–5

... in fr. 2. Hellen gives his name to the race of Hellenes and the land that is Hellas. Cf. fr. 9 for his three sons, Doros, ancestor of the Dorians, Xouthos, grandfather of Achaios, ancestor of the Achaians, and Aiolos, ancestor of the Aiolids ... ⁷

⁷ On Hellen, Graikos and their descendants, see West (1985) 52 f. and 59 f. (for the principle of and parallels for eponyms, see his General Index s.v.) and Fowler (2013) Index of Names and Subjects s.vv

Fowler 2013

pp. 122–3

§4.1 'Hellenism'¹ (Hek. fr. 14)

THE principal son of Deukalion is Hellen, eponymous ancestor of the Hellenes. The process whereby all Greeks came to be Hellenes is of fundamental importance not only to the mythographical tradition, but also to the way that tradition relates to the lived history of the archaic and classical periods. ...

We need, as often, to start with the Hesiodic Catalogue. In it ... The sons of Hellen were Doros, Aiolos, and Xouthos; Xouthos' sons were Achaios and Ion. [p. 123] This genealogy, which became standard, has several tendentious purposes: it accounts for the principal subdivisions of the Greek race in historical times; it also explains (or claims) that the Ionians and Achaeans were more closely related to each other than they were to the other two groups by making their eponyms the sons of one Xouthos, a genealogical cipher existing only for this purpose; finally, while stressing the close relations of Ionians and Achaeans, it puts them further away than the others from the common ancestor Hellen, and therefore implies that they are not quite as Hellenic.

p. 128

As for Hellen, there was never any doubt about his Thessalian status; Thessalian Phthiotis is the heir of Iliadic Phthia.²⁴

²⁴ Ancient references, beginning with Thuc. 1.3.3 (Hellen king of Phthiotis), in West, HCW 53 n. 43. Hellen's tomb was shown in Melitaia (Strabo 9.5.6 p. 432).

p. 130

(Thus Hellen too, according to some authorities and perhaps the Catalogue as well, was really the son of Zeus;³¹ ...

³¹ Konon, Dieg. 27; Apollod. 1.49; schol. Pl. Symp. 208d = Hellan. fr. 125; Eust. Od. 1644.10.

p. 140

That Hekataios had strongly personal views on Hellenism is plain from fr. 13, which amazingly asserts that Hellen himself was merely a grandson of Deukalion. ... Hellen's father in Hekataios was Pronoos, a name obviously invented after Prometheus to supply an extra generation at this point.⁶² Why he wanted one probably has something to do with the other progeny. The scholion is explicit that Hekataios named only three sons of Deukalion. Apart from Pronoos and Orestheus there is Marathonios.

⁶² Cf. the corrupt name of Deukalion's mother in Hes. fr. 4, for which Dindorf proposed 'Pronoe' (->§3.1).

p. 142

What has not been noticed is that Eustathios' unique [Greek, as quoted above] is surely the same as Hellanikos' [Greek: Xenopatra] (fr. 125), a similarly unique daughter of Hellen: one has been corrupted into the other in one of these sources (by an inversion of 'native' and 'foreign': [Greek: Eustathius'] is perhaps the original). ... Except for Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 4.25, where he is son of Hellen, Amphiktion is everywhere a son of Deukalion; ...

p. 144, figure 4.3

[Genealogy chart of Hecataeus' version]

p. 156 n. 14

Gantz

p. 164

... our chief evidence, a scholion to Apollonios, has probably garbled something in transmission, for it says that the Ehoiai makes Deukalion the son of Prometheus and Pandora, and Hellen the son of either Prometheus or Deukalion and Pyrrha (Hes fr 2 MW). Possibly this reflects an earlier version of the whole story ... But such an account does not square with the Theogony (the poem of which the Ehoiai is supposed to be a continuation), or with the nearly unanimous arrangement of later authors, or (probably) with evidence of fragment 4 of the same poem (see below); we might add that it also does not account for the birth of Pyrrha. On the whole, then, it seems better to presume miscopying and emend the scholion.²⁷ In that case we would have, as usual, Prometheus producing a son, Deukalion, and Epimetheus (or Zeus)²⁸ and Pandora producing a daughter, Pyrrha; these two offspring would then marry and give rise to a number of children, including Hellen (cf. ApB 1.7.2).

²⁷ So West 1985.50—51, although earlier (1978.164—66) he suggests that originally Pandora and Prometheus were indeed married, with her transfer to Epimetheus concocted to defend Prometheus' supposed forethought.

²⁸ See chapter 5 below.

p. 167

The immediate offspring of Deukalion and Pyrrha, including indeed several generations, are primarily eponymous ancestors or intermediate place-holders rather than actors in any real narratives.¹ The fragments of the Ehoiai assign to the two of them three offspring: the son Hellen whom we have already encountered, and two daughters, Thuia and Pandora (Hes frr 9, 7, 5 MW). We should note that for the Catalogue Poet Hellen may be in reality a son of Zeus (Σ Od 10.2).² Pherekydes adds a third daughter (Protogeneia: 3F23), Hekataios three more sons (Pronoos, Orestheus, and Marathonios, with Hellen the son of Pronoos: 1F13), and Apollodoros one Amphiktyon (ApB 1.7.2). ...

To Hellen, son of Deukalion (or Zeus), the Ehoiai gives three sons of his own, Doros, Xouthos, and Aiolos (Hes fr 9 MW).

¹ See West 1985.138—44 for speculation on how these eponymous ancestors might have been developed into a unified family under Deukalion.

² West (ibid., 56) adds in favor of this probability the argument that the Ehoiai by its basic organizational principle must begin from a union of mortal woman and god, and since we know that the poem started with the Deukalionidai, Pyrrha loved by Zeus is the obvious choice. See his p. 53, n. 44, for other sources supporting this arrangement.

p. 734

Euripides himself makes her [Melanippe] in the first of his two plays about her (Melanippe Sophe) a daughter of Aiolos, son of Hellen, and Hippo, daughter of Cheiron. ...

Returning from this preface to the actual plot of Euripides' Sophe, it seems that Hippo/Hippe’s daughter Melanippe is herself pregnant, having been forced by the god Poseidon, and that she has borne twins, by name Aiolos and Boiotos.⁷ If we can trust Ennius' Latin version of the play, the children are placed in a cowshed, leading to the mistaken notion that they are the unnatural offspring of one of the cows. Hellen (Melanippes grandfather) persuades her father Aiolos to have them burned; Melanippe tries to defend them without revealing her own complicity, but in the end her secret comes out, putting her no doubt in worse difficulties than before.

⁷ For the reconstruction see Webster 1967.147—50.

Grimal

s.v. Hellen, p. 190

Hellen [Greek] The hero who gave his name to the whole Greek race, the Hellenes. He was the son of Deucalion, and the brother of Amphictyon and Protogenia (Table 8), though certain authors refer to him as Prometheus' son. He married a mountain Nymph called Orseis, who bore him three sons, DORUS, XUTHUS, and Aeolus, from whom sprang the principal groups of the Hellenes: Dorians, Aeolians, Ionians, and Achaeans (Table 8). Hellen was considered to have been the king of Phthia in Thessaly, which lay between the rivers Peneus and Asopus, the exact place where Deucalion and Pyrrha had settled after the Flood. He was succeeded by Aeolus; his other sons emigrated and settled in different areas of Greece.

References, s.v. Hellen, p. 486

Hellen Hdt. 1,56; Thuc. 1,3; Strabo 8,7,1, p. 383; Diod. Sic. 4,60; Apollod. Bibl. i,7,2ff.

Hall

p. 85

in two fragments from the sixth-century Catalogue of women (frs. 9, 10(a) Merkelbach and West), which name Doros, Aiolos and Xouthos as the sons of Hellen, and Akhaios and Ion as the sons of Xouthos (Fig. 1). For historians such as Starr (see above), this would represent an attempt to explain the relationship between dialectal groups such as Doric, Ionic and Aeolic on the one hand, and the Greek language on the other.

p. 91

Aiolos' filiation from Hellen may be one of the earliest elements of the genealogy, since, as the son of Deukalion, Hellen was firmly rooted in the Aeolian area of Thessaly;⁴⁹ this may also be the reason why Aiolos is the only son of Hellen to whom an epithet is attached ...

⁴⁹ K. O. Midler, The history and antiquity of the Doric race 1(1 830) 1 2; M. L. West, The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women: its nature, structure and origins (1985) 53; E. Hall (n. 37) 7.

Hansen

p. 73

The children of Deukalion and Pyrrha were Hellen, Amphiktyon, and Protogeneia. Hellen was the eponym of the Hellenes (Greeks). With the nymph Orseis he had three sons, Doros, Xouthos, and Aiolos (Latinized forms = Dorus, Xuthus, and Aeolus), and he divided the country among them.

p. 97

The other Aeolus was one of the three sons of Hellen and Orseis: Doros, Xouthos, and Aeolus. Hellen is the eponymous ancestor of the Hellenes, or Greeks, and Doros and Aeolus are the eponymous ancestor of the Dorians and the Aeolians, branches of the Greek people. When Hellen divided the country among his sons, he gave the area around Thessaly to Aeolus, who named the inhabitants Aeolians (Apollodoros Library 1.7.3).

p. 163

The Hellenes, or Greeks, are said to descend from and be named for an ancestor Hellen; the branch of the Greek people called Dorians are descendants of a man named Doros, the Ionians from Ion, the Arcadians from Arkas, and so on, so that Hellen, Doros, Ion, and Arkas are eponyms of the Hellenes, Dorians, Ionians, and Arcadians respectively.

Hard

p. 401

... they [Deucalion and Pyrrha] also produced various children by natural process, including Hellen, the eponym of the Greek people, the Hellenes. Hellen was in his turn the father or grandfather of Aiolos, Doros, Achaios and Ion, the eponyms of the four main divisions of the Greek people, the Aeolians, Dorians, Achaeans and Ionians. None of these were of any significance as heroes of legend (apart from Ion to some limited extent).

pp. 404–5

Hellen and the eponyms of the four main divisions of the Hellenic people

Deukalion and Pyrrha had one notable son, Hellen, and various other children too in differing accounts;¹¹ two of the latter, Protogeneia and Amphiktyon may be singled out for mention. ...

HELLEN was the eponym of the Greek people, the Hellenes, and the ancestor of all the main lines in the family through children borne to him by his wife, the nymph Orseis. The Hellenes, whose name came to be applied to the Greek people as a whole, were originally a particular tribe of Greeks who lived in southern Thessaly. They still appear as such in the [p. 405] Iliad, which names them among the men who were led to Troy by Achilles (who came from Phthia in the same region);¹⁴ although Homer uses the word ‘Panhellenes’ as a general term on one occasion,¹⁵ he commonly refers to the Greeks as Achaeans, Argives or Danaans. The Hellenes (in the broad sense of the word) were named Graeci in Latin, after the Graikoi, a Hellenic people who lived to the west of the Homeric Hellenes. Graikos, the eponym of the Graikoi, appears in the Hesiodic Catalogue as a son of Zeus by a further daughter of Deukalion called Pandora.¹⁶ The Hellenes considered that their race could be divided into four main groups, the Aeolians, Dorians, Achaeans and Ionians, as distinguished by differences of dialect, history, distribution, institutions, and so on; and this idea could be expressed in genealogical terms by making Hellen, the eponym of the Hellenic race, the father or grandfather of the eponyms of the above groups. It was stated accordingly that he fathered three sons, Aiolos, Doros and Xouthos, and that Xouthos became the father of Achaios and Ion.¹⁷ The latter pair were separated off from Aiolos and Doros as members of a subsequent generation because the Achaeans and Ionians were thought to be more closely related to one another than to the Aeolians and Dorians.

... We are to imagine that Hellen lived in the district of Phthiotis in southern Thessaly, the home of the Hellenes in the Iliad, and that he was succeeded there by Aiolos, whose children and descendants would scatter to various parts of the mainland and Peloponnese.

¹¹ Apollod. 1.7.2; cf. Hes. fr. frr. 5–7 (two daughters, Pandora, who bore Graikos to Zeus, and Thuia, who bore Magnes and Makedon to Zeus), Pher. 3F23 (Protogeneia first attested as daughter of Deukalion), Hecat. 1F13 (different account of the family); Zeus true father of Hellen, Conon 27.1, Apollod. l.c., schol. Od. 10.2.

¹⁴ Hom. Il. 2.681–5.

¹⁷ Apollod. 1.7.3, cf. Hes. fr. 9, 10a.20–3.

p. 406

Xouthos was born in Thessaly, as were all the sons of Hellen, but he fell out with his brothers, who accused him of having stolen from their joint inheritance, and was driven into exile in Athens; or else he was obliged to settle abroad because Hellen bequeathed his throne to his eldest son Aiolos, ordering his other sons to seek their fortune elsewhere.

Hunter

pp. 283–4

... and the two examples he [Plutarch (QC 9.15.747e–f)] adduces, though without naming the poet, are from the Theogony and the Catalogue:

[Greek: fr. 9]

The sons of Hellen, the war-loving king, were Doros and Xouthos and Aiolos who delights in horses

March

s.v. Hellen, p. 369

The son of deucalion (i), the Greek Noah, and his wife Pyrrha, though he was sometimes said to be the son of Zeus. He gave his name to the Hellenes. To Homer, the Hellenes were simply a tribe living in Thessaly, who sent ships to Troy under the leadership of ACHILLES; but the name soon came to be applied to the whole Greek race, i.e. to everyone who shared the Greek language and culture. By the nymph Orseis Hellen had three sons, AEOLUS (i), DORUS and XUTHUS, from whom sprang the four branches of the Hellenes. Aeolus was the ancestor of the Aeolians, Dorus of the Dorians, and the two sons of Xuthus, ION and ACHEAUS of the lonians and the Achaeans. It was traditionally said that Hellen divided the Greek lands among his three sons, and that Aeolus succeeded his father where he ruled in Thessaly, while the other two sons moved away and settled in different areas of Greece.

[Homer, Iliad 2.681-5; Ps.-Hesiod, Catalogue of Women 9 M-W; Thucydides 1.3; Apollodoms 1.7.2-3; Strabo 8.7.1.]

Morford

p. 101

Deucalion and Pyrrha had a son Hellen, the eponymous ancestor of the Greek people; for the Greeks called themselves Hellenes and their country Hellas.²⁴

p. 111 n. 24 to p. 101

²⁴ Hellen had three sons: Dorus, Aeolus, and Xuthus. Xuthus in turn had two sons: Ion and Achaeus. Thus eponyms were provided for the four major divisions of the Greeks on the basis of dialect and geography: Dorians, Aeolians, Ionians, and Achaeans.

Oxford Classical Dictionary

s.v. Hellen, p. 677

Hellen, eponymous ancestor of the *Hellenes, son or brother of *Deucalion (Thuc. 1. 3. 2; schol. Pind. 01. 9. 68). His sons were Dorus, *Xuthus (father of *Ion (1)), and *Aeolus (2), the ancestors of the *Dorian, *Ionians, and Aeolians (Hes. fr. 9 M—W). E. Ke.

Parada

p. 86 [GB Snippet]

Hellen 1

[Greek]

Named Hellenes who were called Greeks.

•a) Deucalion 1 ∞ Pyrrha 1

•b) Zeus ∞ Pyrrha 1

•• Orseis

...

[•••

∞

♇

D.]

Sammons

p. 167

Aiolos appears first as one of the three sons of Hellen in fr. 9:¹⁷

"[Greek] From Hellen the war-loving king were born Doros and Xouthos and Aiolos who delights in horses."

¹⁷ For a skeptical assessment of this fragment (not explicitly attributed to Hesiod) see Heilinger (1983) 28–29.

p. 169

... it is worth noting that the catalogue of the sons of Hellen shows three types of genealogical outcome: Doros is ultimately the progenitor of mythical or semi-divine races, i.e., nymphs, satyrs and Kouretes. Xouthos is ultimately the progenitor of two major Greek ethnic groups through his sons Achaios and Ion. Aiolos’s line, finally, leads into the race of heroes proper, which was evidently the subject of the poem as a whole. The first two outcomes are, as it were, genealogical dead-ends.²³

²³ As West (1985) 59 notes, ‘Achaios and Iaon .... were probably not mentioned again.We understand that they gave their names to peoples; they need no sons. Aiolos’ children are listed in the succeeding verses, introducing the whole vast section of the poem devoted to their descendants’.

Smith

s.v. Hellen

1. A son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, or, according to others, a son of Zeus and Dorippe (Apollod. 1.7.2; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. 1.118; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1644), or of Prometheus and Clymene, and a brother of Deucalion. (Schol. ad Pind. Ol. 9.68.) By the nymph Orseis, that is, the mountain nymph, he became the father of Aeolus, Dorus, and Xuthus, to whom some add Amphictyon. Hellen, according to tradition, was king of Phthia in Thessaly, i. e. the country between the rivers Peneius and Asopus, and this kingdom he left to Aeolus. Hellen is the mythical ancestor of all the Hellenes or Greeks, in contradistinction from the more ancient Pelasgians. The name of Hellenes was at first confined to a tribe inhabiting a part of Thessaly, but subsequently it was extended to the whole Greek nation. (Hom. Il. 2.684; Hdt. 1.56; Thuc. 1.3; Paus. 3.20.6; Strab. viii. p.383.)

s.v. Prometheus

... by Pyrrha or Clymene he begot Hellen (and according to some also Deucalion; Schol. ad Apollon. l.c.; Schol. ad Pind. Ol. 9.68), ...

Tripp

s.v. Hellen, p. 270

Hellen. The eponym of the HELLENES. Hellen was the eldest son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, though some call him a son of Zeus. He was the father, by the nymph Orseis, of Dorus, eponym of the Dorians; Aeolus, eponym of the Aeolians; and Xuthus, whose sons, Achaeus and Ion, were eponyms, respectively, of the Achaeans and the Ionians.

s.v. Hellenes, p. 270

Hellenes. The Greeks; specifically, all who shared the Greek language and culture. Homer [Iliad 681-685] knew the Hellenes only as a tribe living in Hellas, in southern Thessaly. They sent ships to Troy under the leadership of Achilles, ruler of the neighboring state of Phthia. Homer's name for the Greeks as a whole, "Achaeans," may have been archaic in his own day. "Hellas" early came to be applied to all Greece, and "Hellenes" distinguished the Greeks not only from foreigners but from the Pelasgian, or pre-Greek, inhabitants of the land. In the modern Greek language, Greece is still "Hellas"; and the Hellene is both the ancient and the quintessential modern Greek..

These names were accounted for in legend by an eponym, Hellen, son of Deucalion. Hellen's sons or grandsons gave their names in turn to the Aeolians, Dorians, Ionians, and Achaeans, the four branches of the Hellenes. This legend supports Homer by placing Hellen in Thessaly. Although Hellen was said to have divided most of Greece among his children, the many sequels to the story make it evident that these lands were hard won by his supposed de-scendants over a period of many centuries.

Visser

p. 650–1

Translation:

There is indeed the often mentioned myth of the Deukalion-son Hellen, who in turn is the father of Doros, Xuthos and Aiolos, Xuthos again the father of Ion and Achaios,²² but here, of course, there is an aitiologic connection of historical circumstances to the myth; further information about the person of Hellen or the Hellenes is missing in the myth.

²² Hes. frg. 2 and 9; Schol. to Pind. Ol. IX 43; Thuk. I 3; Eur. Ion. 57-75, 1587-1594 (here Aiolos is the father of Xuthos and Doros his son); Diod. IV 60; Paus. VII 1, 2; Ps.-Apollod. I 49f. Just by the large number of mentions in Ps.-Apollodor it becomes recognizable how exclusively for him the name of the "Ελληνες represented a geographical designation, with which he saw the total area of all Greek landscapes (except Macedonia) covered.

West 1985

p. 51

There is also confusion about the parentage of Hellen. After stating that Deukalion was the son of Prometheus and Pandora, the scholiast on Apollonius goes on to say that Hellen was the son of Prometheus and Pyrrha.*? This is the only account of Hellen’s parentage that is actually attributed to ‘Hesiod’, Nearly all other sources, including some that name ‘Hesiod’ in the immediate vicinity (F 3, 4), make Hellen the son of Deukalion and Pyrrha; or yévin pév Adds, Adyon 82 AevxaXavos (F 4, 9). One source, sch. Pind. Ol. 9.68b, makes Hellen and Deukalion both sons of Prometheus, but gives the usual account of Pyrrha, that she was the daughter of Epimetheus and wife of Deukalion. She is never paired with anyone but Deukalion, apart from the passage under consideration, Deukalion certainly had a wife in the Catalogue (for he had at least one child, F 7), and we know of no one she might have been other than Pyrrha. As Pyrrha is the mother of Hellen in F 2, it seems hard to resist the conclusion that Deukalion, not Prometheus, was his father (or nominal father, if Zeus was the real father): Prometheus’ name must have been accidentally repeated from the line before. This is supported by the statement in F 6 that Deukalion’s descendants ruled in Thessaly, for these can hardly be any but the stock of Hellen, in particular some of the Aiolids.

p. 53

Deukalion’s family is therefore reconstructed as follows.

[Genealogy Chart, with Hellen as the son of Deucalion and Pyrrha]

Except for Aethlios, whose descendants are located in Aetolia and Blis, this genealogy is focussed on a constellation of north Greek tribal groups. Hellen in this context does not represent the Greek nation as distinct from barbarians, but the ‘Hellenes’ of Iliad 2.684, who live in Phthia and round the north side of the gulf of Malis.⁴³ The others are not non-Greek, or at any rate not necessarily non-Greek, but they lie outside the scope of heroic myth. Hence Hellen is the only one of Deukalion’s children who has a major heroic stemma issuing from him. If Magnes, Makedon, and Graikos are all sons of Zeus, it seems probable a fortiori that Hellen was too, and that ‘Hesiod’ is concealed in the [Greek] who said that he was [Greek from fr. 5, translates as: the son of Zeus by birth but was said to be the son of Deucalion].⁴⁴

⁴³ Cf. Il. 2.530, 9.395, 447, 478, 16.595; Thuc. 1.3.3; Apollod. 244 F 200; sch. Il. 2.529–30 (and Eust.), 9.395, 447, 478, Od. 4.726. For Hellen the eponym cf. Hdt. 1.56.3 [quotation of Greek], Thuc. l.c. [quotation of Greek], Marm. par. 239 A 6 [quotation of Greek], Conon 26 F 1.27, Strabo 8.7.1 p. 383, 9.5.6 p. 432 (his tomb in Melitaia), Plin. HN 4.28, sch. D Il. 1.2. St. Byz. s.v. [Greek: Hellas] distinguishes Hellen the son of Deukalion from Hellen son of Phthios son of Achaios.

⁴⁴ Sch. Od. 10.2 in F 4 and 9; cf. Eur. Aiolos fr. 14.1; Melanippe Sophe 1 f. (p. 26 Arnim); Conon 26 F 1.27; sch. D Il. 1.2; sch. Pl. Symp. 208d; Iambl. VP 242; Hyg. Fab. 155.2; Eust. 321.8.

pp. 54–5

p. 56

The account of Deukalion’s family must have begun from a woman loved by a god. After the proem in which the Muses were asked to sing of such women, no other way of proceeding is easily conceived, and, what is more decisive, there must have been an initial [Greek] to which the subsequent [Greek] could be formally related, even though they were too widely spaced for any sense of syntactic continuity to be sustained. I assume that the woman introduced by this initial [Greek] was Pyrrha. The requirement that she should have been loved by a god confirms the hypothesis that she bore Hellen to Zeus, for her daughters do not come into question.

The order of presentation may have been:

(F 1) ‘Sing now, Muses, of the women who ... Tell of those women, all those that Zeus lay with ... and those that Poseidon ... and Ares ... Hermes ... Such as was Pyrrha, the daughter of Epimetheus, who married Deukalion, the

(F 2/4) son of Prometheus and Pryneie. To him she bore three daughters, Thyia, lovely Pandora, and Protogeneia; and separately to Zeus she bore Hellen. ...

(F 9) ‘To Hellen were born Doros, Xouthos, and Aiolos.’

p. 57

The sons of Hellen

Hellen’s wife is named as [Greek: Othreis] in sch. Pl. Symp. 208d (Hellanicus 4 F 125), as [Greek: Orseis] in Apollodorus 1.49 — both probably corrupt for [Greek]⁵³ sc. a nymph of Mount Othrys. She helps to define Hellen’s home in Phthiotis.⁵⁴

p. 139

This primal couple are then made the parents of Hellen, representing the Hellenes of Phthia, while the major tribes beyond the Hellenes — the Graikoi, Magnetes, and Makedones — are attached at a subordinate level through daughters of Deukalion. Hellen’s sons are very unequally treated. Doros and Xouthos have very few descendants, and those mostly eponyms.

p. 166

p. 173, table 1

[Drawn as the child of Zeus and Pyrrha]

Structure

• Genealogy
• Mythology
• Progenitor and Eponym of the Hellenes

Topic

Hellenes

Bury

p. 226

'Before Hellen, son of Deucalion,' he wrote, 'Hellas was not so called. But when Hellen and his sons became powerful in Phthiotis and acquired influence in other Greek states by rendering them help in war, other states one by one ([Greek]), by their association with Hellen and his sons, came to be called Hellenes, but it was not until a long time had elapsed that all came to be called so.' He appeals to the evidence of Homer who confines the name Hellenes to the original Hellenes of Phthiotis.³⁸

³⁸ Thucydides, i. 3.

Fowler 1998

p. 10

... more suggestive is the use of the term [Greek: Hellas] itself. In the Catalogue of ships, Achilles' kingdom encompasses Pelasgian Argos, Phthia and Hellas; the inhabitants are called Myrmidons, Hellenes, and Achaians, and their countries encircle the Malian gulf, although Homer is vague on the precise boundaries. Phthia and Hellas are closely associated and apparently contiguous (2.683, 9.395, 9.478, cf. Od. 1 1.496). In the Iliad Homer is consistent in using [Greek: Hellas] to refer only to this small country.

p. 11

The Catalogue (fr. 6) and Hecataeus (FGrHist 1 F 14) say that his descendants ruled in Thessaly; Hellanicus (FGrHist 4 F 6) also says he was king there. ...

As for Hellen, there was never any doubt of his Thessalian status; Thessalian Phthiotis is the heir of Iliadic Phthia.²⁴

²⁴ Ancient references, beginning with Thuc. 1.3.3 (Hellen king of Phthiotis), in West (above, n. 4) 53 n. 43. Hellen's tomb was shown in Melitaia (Strabo 9.5.6 p. 432).

Smith 1854

s.v. Grae'cia

The word Hellas was used originally to signify a small district of Phthiotis in Thessaly, containing a town of the same name. (Hom. Il. 2.683; Thuc. 1.3; Strab. ix. p.431; Dicaearch. p. 21, ed. Hudson; Steph. B. sub voce Ἑλλάς.) From this district the Hellenes gradually spread over the rest of Greece; but even in the time of Homer their name had not become common to the whole Greek nation. The poet usually calls the Greeks by the names of Danai, Achaei, or Argeii; and the only passage (Il. 2.530) in which the name of Pan-Hellenes occurs was rejected by Aristarchus and other ancient commentators, as spurious. But at the commencement of Grecian history we find all the members of the Hellenic race distinguished by this name, and glorying ill their descent from a common ancestor, Hellen. And not only so, but they gave to every district in which they were settled the name of Hellas, which was thus the land of the Hellenes, and did not indicate any particular country, bounded by certain geographical limits. In this general sense the most distant Hellenic colonies belonged to Hellas; and accordingly we read that the cities of Cyrene in Africa, of Syracuse in Sicily, and of Tarentum in Italy, formed as essential parts of Hellas as the cities of Athens, Sparta, and Corinth. (Comp. Hdt. 2.182, 3.136, 7.157; Thuc. 1.12.)

Homer

2.681–4

Now all those again that inhabited Pelasgian Argos, and dwelt in Alos and Alope and Trachis, and that held Phthia and Hellas, the land of fair women, and were called Myrmidons and Hellenes and Achaeans ...

Fowler 1998, p. 10

In the Catalogue of ships, Achilles' kingdom encompasses Pelasgian Argos, Phthia and Hellas; the inhabitants are called Myrmidons, Hellenes, and Achaians, ...

Herodotus

1.56.2–3

These races, Ionian and Dorian, were the foremost in ancient time, the first a Pelasgian and the second a Hellenic people. The Pelasgian race has never yet left its home; the Hellenic has wandered often and far. [3] For in the days of king Deucalion¹ it inhabited the land of Phthia, then the country called Histiaean, under Ossa and Olympus, in the time of Dorus son of Hellen

BNJ, commentary on 1 F3

According to Herodotos (1.56.2–3), Achaia Phthiotis was the place of origin of Doros, Hellen’s son, who emigrated to the Peloponnese and became the eponymous founder of the Dorians (Hellenes), contrasted with the autochthonous Pelasgian Athenians ...

Parian Chronicle

7

§ 7 From when Hellen the [son of] Deuc[alion] became king of [Phthi]otis, and those previously called Greeks were named Hellenes, and [the Panath__ games____], 1257 [years], when Amphictyon was king of Athens.

[= FGrHist 239 A6]

From the time that Hellen, the son of Deuk[alion], became king [in Phthi]otis, and the Hellenes received their name, having previously been called Graikoi, and the contest Panath..na . . . 1257 years; Amphiktyon was king of Athens.

BNJ, commentary on 239 A6

A 6 dates the naming of the Greeks as Hellenes, a name taken from Hellen, son of Deukalion. ... Over time the name extended its reach to include all Greek-speaking peoples north of Isthmos and, eventually, the entire Greek mainland. MP simplifies what was a long and gradual process by assigning it to a specific year, 1520/19 BC (counting inclusively). ...

A 6 adds that the Hellenes were previously known as Graikoi, a change in nomenclature also noted by Apollodoros (Bibliotheka 1.3.7).

Frazer, n. 2 to 1.7.3

² According to the Parian Chronicle, the change of the national name from Greeks（Graikoi) to Hellenes took place in 1521 B.C.

Strabo

8.7.1

They say that Hellen was the son of Deucalion, and that he was lord of the people between the Peneius and the Asopus in the region of Phthia and gave over his rule to the eldest of his sons, but that he sent the rest of them to different places outside, each to seek a settlement for himself.

9.5.6

... and they cite as bearing witness to this the tomb of Hellen, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, situated in their marketplace.

9.5.23

... the former name was changed to Hellas, after Hellen the son of Deucalion ...

Thucydides

1.3.1–4

Before the Trojan war there is no indication of any common action in Hellas, [2] nor indeed of the universal prevalence of the name; on the contrary, before the time of Hellen, son of Deucalion, no such appellation existed, but the country went by the names of the different tribes, in particular of the Pelasgian. It was not till Hellen and his sons grew strong in Phthiotis, and were invited as allies into the other cities, that one by one they gradually acquired from the connection the name of Hellenes; though a long time elapsed before that name could fasten itself upon all. [3] The best proof of this is furnished by Homer. Born long after the Trojan war, he nowhere calls all of them by that name, nor indeed any of them except the followers of Achilles from Phthiotis, who were the original Hellenes: in his poems they are called Danaans, Argives, and Achaeans. He does not even use the term barbarian, probably because the Hellenes had not yet been marked off from the rest of the world by one distinctive appellation. [4] It appears therefore that the several Hellenic communities, comprising not only those who first acquired the name, city by city, as they came to understand each other, but also those who assumed it afterwards as the name of the whole people, were before the Trojan war prevented by their want of strength and the absence of mutual intercourse from displaying any collective action.

BNJ, commentary on 1 F3

Thucydides (1.3.2) says that Achaia Phthiotis was home of the Hellenes, as the birthplace of Hellen, Deukalion’s son, and goes on to draw the association between Achaia Phthiotis and Achilles’ contingent in the Iliad (cf. Homer, Iliad 2.683-5), whom he calls ‘the first (i.e., original) Hellenes’ (1.3.3). Before Hellen, he says, there were no Hellenes but various peoples, most extensive of whom were the Pelasgians, the blanket ethnic term by which the Greeks, including probably Hekataios (see Commentary to F 119 below), referred to the pre-Greek inhabitants of Greece; ...

Text

New

Progenitor and Eponym of the Hellenes

Structure:

• Thessaly, Phthia, Hellas
• Descendants
• Eponym

Hellen is Thessalian, and the king (after Deucalion) of Achaea Phthiotis (the successor of Homeric Phthia), a region or city in Thessaly. He is the eponym and ancestor of the Hellenes, and the father of three sons, Dorus, Xuthus, and Aeolus. This accounts for the major Greek tribes: Dorus is the eponym and ancestor of the Dorians, Aeolus of the Aeolians, and Xuthus' sons Ion and Achaeus of the Ionians and Achaeans.

Homer, in the part of the Iliad (c. 8th century BC) known as the Catalogue of Ships, mentions the Hellenes (Ἕλληνες) as a small tribe in Thessalic Phthia, among those commanded by Achilles. Herodotus, in his Histories (c. 430 BC), says that the Hellenes "wandered often and far", but "in the days of king Deucalion" inhabited Phthiotis (the successor of Homeric Phthia). Similarly, according to a scholion on Apollonius of Rhodes, Hecataeus and "Hesiod" considered Deucalion's descendants to be Thessalian.

According to Thucydides (c. 460 – c. 400 BC), Achaea Phthiotis, as the birthplace of Hellen, was the home of the Hellenes; he says that before Hellen the name "Hellas" (Ἑλλάς) didn't exist, but rather there were various tribes which went under different names, particularly "Pelasgian". It was only when Hellen and his sons "grew strong in Phthiotis" that they allied with various cities in war and these cities, one by one, through their association with Hellen and his sons, came to be called "Hellenes", though it was a long time before the name came to be applied to all.

According to Strabo (63/4 BC – c. 24 AD), Hellen "was lord of" an area in Phthia between the Peneius and Asopus rivers. He says that Phthia, the southern part of Thessaly, was named "Pandora" by Deucalion after his mother, but that it was later changed to "Hellas" after Hellen. The Meliatians, he also says, considered Hellas (a city) to be nearby to them, and they "cite as bearing witness" to Hellen's tomb, "situated in their marketplace".

According to the Parian Chronicle, it was in 1521 BC, when Hellen succeeded his father as king of Phthia, that "those previously called Greeks were named Hellenes".

Apollodorus:

Those who were called Greeks he named Hellenes after himself, and divided the country among his sons. Xuthus received Peloponnese and begat Achaeus and Ion by Creusa, daughter of Erechtheus, and from Achaeus and Ion the Achaeans and Ionians derive their names. Dorus received the country over against Peloponnese and called the settlers Dorians after himself.3 Aeolus reigned over the regions about Thessaly and named the inhabitants Aeolians.

According to Conon, Hellen, who succeeded his father as king, gave to Aeolus his own kingdom, the area between the Asopus and Enipeus rivers, while he gave Dorus a "portion of the populace", who left and formed a colony of his own, while Xuthus moved to Athens.

[1] [2] [3]

According to Strabo, the Meliatians "cite as bearing witness" to Hellen's tomb, "situated in their marketplace".

According to the Parian Chronicle, in 1521 BC, when Hellen succeeded his father as king of Phthia, "those previously called Greeks were named Hellenes".

Iconography

• LIMC Index

Vases

LIMC 64 Hellen (S) 1

Description:

Depiction of the myth of Melanippe: The mistress of Poseidon, Melanippe (I), gave birth to twins and suspended them. A shepherd brings them back to the palace. Her father Aiolos, her grandfather Hellen and her brother Kretheus are amazed about the twins Aiolos and Boiotos.

Technique:

red figured

Names:

Hellen, Kretheus, Melanippe I, Poseidon

Michael C. Carlos Museum 1994.001

CULTURE: Greek, Apulian

PERIOD: late Classical

DATE: ca. 330-323 BCE

LABEL TEXT: It is possible that performances of a tragedy by the Athenian dramatist Euripides inspired the picture on this krater. His play Melanippe the Wise survives today only in fragments, but from an ancient summary of the plot we are able to reconstruct the story. Here, the drama unfolds in the lower register, with the protagonists named by inscriptions, while the gods look down from Olympus above.

According to myth, Melanippe bore twin sons to Poseidon while her father Aiolos was in exile. On orders from Poseidon, and anticipating her father's return, she exposed the children in a cow shed, where they were discovered by a shepherd and brought to her father and grandfather, Hellen. Thinking these to be "cow born monsters", they ordered the infants to be burned and instructed Melanippe to prepare the funeral shrouds. Through her powers of persuasion, however, Melanippe was able to convince her father that the children were not monsters, and their lives were thus spared.

At center, an elderly man, Boter (shepherd), emerges from an orchard carrying two newborns (note the pointed heads) wrapped in a blanket, which he presents to Hellen. At right, an old woman, Trophos (nurse), comforts the distressed heroine Melanippe. On the other side stands Aiolos, her father, who carries a scepter to denote his kingship. Behind him is Kretheus (Melanippe's half brother) who crowns a mare, possibly a reference to Melanippe's mother, Hippe. In the upper register, Poseidon, above Melanippe at right, gestures angrily to Aphrodite and Eros. Athena stands at the center, with Apollo and Artemis beyond.

Bing

p. 13

A large volute krater (over 80cm tall) from this theater-crazy Tarentine milieu was acquired by the Michael C. Carlos Museum of Emory University in 1994 (accession no. 1994.1).37 Belonging to the later phase of Apulian painting that flourished in the last quarter of the fourth cent. B. C., it was painted by an anonymous artist of great talent, whom we call the Underworld Painter, ... in the case of this krater, give us the only surviving pictorial representation of Euripides’ Melanippe the Wise.

p. 14

We recognize them with ease, as their names are carefully inscribed beside each one, virtually constituting a list of the dramatis personae. We see, moreover, that the characters are in the midst of precisely that critical scene described in the hypothesis: In the center, an old man, dressed and labeled as a herdsman [Greek], arrives from the country – signaled by the tree –, probably from the cattle-yard [Greek] mentioned in the hypothesis, holding a pair of twin infants wrapped in an animal skin tied to the end of a staff. Gazing at the twins, his eyebrows downcast in an expression possibly of pity or anxiety, he presents them to a hooded, grizzled old man. This, we learn from the label, is Hellen, the elder statesman of the family. Tightly gripping his himation, he leans forward on his staff with outstretched arm, looking solely at the herdsman and past the twins. His forward-pointing arm may suggest that he is casting the herdsman out along with his precious baggage, a gesture visually equivalent to his brutal advice in the hypothesis when he tells his son to have the babies burned.

Gantz

pp. 734–5

The only illustration of this play [Euripide's Sophe] (or for that matter any part of Melanippes travails) is an Apulian volute krater of the later fourth century: a cowherd presents the two infants to a grim Hellen (all characters named), while to one side Aiolos stands observing and to the other Melanippe and her nurse do the same (Sciclounoff Coll, no #). To the far left a young Kretheus (Aiolos’ son) crowns a horse with a wreath; whether this detail could be meant to indicate Hippo is uncertain.

Collard and Cropp

p. 570

... early part of the play—probably the prologue and first two or three episodes—is represented by test. i–iia and F 482–5, and by a magnificent Apulian vase published in 1986 (LIMC no. 1 = test. iv; Todisco Ap 221, Taplin no. 68) which is the only known ‘illustration’ of the play; it pictures a herdsman showing the twins to Hellen in Aeolus’ presence while Melanippe and her nurse observe from one side.

Other

Images

• LIMC Hellen (S) 1; Michael C. Carlos Museum 1994.001

• 
  Hellen (bottom, centre), being presented with the twins Aeolus and Boeotus by a shepherd, in a depiction of the story of Melanippe from Euripides' lost play Melanippe Wise. Depicted on an Apulian volute krater, dating from the late fourth century BC.

Name

(/ˈhɛlɪn/; Ancient Greek: Ἕλλην)

LSJ, s.v. Ἕλλην

Ἕλλην , ηνος, ὁ, Hellen, son of Deucalion, Hes.Fr.7.1.

II. Ἕλληνες, οἱ, the Thessalian tribe of which Hellen was the reputed chief, Il.2.684.

2. of all Greeks, Epigr. ap. Paus.10.7.6, Hdt.1.56, Th.1.3, etc.; cf.Πανέλληνες.

3. Gentiles, whether heathens or Christians, opp. Jews, LXXIs.9.12, Ev.Jo.7.35, etc.

4. non-Egyptian (incl. Persians, etc.), PTeb.5.169 (ii B.C.).

5. pagan, Jul.Ep.114, Eun. VS p.524B., Dam.Isid.204, Cod.Just.1.11.10.

III. as Adj.,= “Ἑλληνικός, στρατός” Pi.N.10.25, etc.: with fem. Subst., “Ἕλλην᾽ ἐπίσταμαι φάτιν” A.Ag.1254; “στολήν γ᾽ Ἕλληνα” E.Heracl.130; “Ἕ. γυνή” Philem.55; Ἕ. ἀληθῶς οὖσα, of fortune, Apollod.Car.5.10; “Πυλῶν Ἑλλήνων” D.18.304: with neut.Subst., “ἐν χωρίῳ Ἕλληνι” Them.Or.27.332d.

IV. those who spoke or wrote Hellenistic Greek, opp. “Ἀττικοί, ἄρτι: οἱ μὲν Ἀ. τὸ πρὸ ὀλίγου, οἱ δὲ Ἕ. καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ νῦν λέγουσι” Moer. 68, al., cf. POxy.1012Fr.16; opp. οἱ παλαιοί, Moer.145.

Genealogy

Genealogy
Iapetus Clymene Prometheus Epimetheus Pandora Deucalion Pyrrha HELLEN Orseis Dorus Xuthus Aeolus Achaeus Ion Cretheus Sisyphus Athamas Salmoneus Deion Magnes Perieres Canace Alcyone Pisidice Calyce Perimede

Old Table:

Genealogy of Hellenes

Prometheus Clymene Epimetheus Pandora Deucalion Pyrrha Hellen Dorus Xuthus Aeolus Tectamus Aegimius Achaeus Ion Makednos Magnes

• Gantz, p. 806, table 3.
• Hard, p. 702, table 9.
• Grimal, p. 531, table 8.
• West, p. 173, table 1.
• Hall, p. 100, figure 1.

Possible Sources

• re Hellenes: Herodotus, 1.56; Homer, Iliad 2.684; Thucydides, 1.3.2 [Loeb]; Aristotle, Metaphysics [Loeb]; Fowler 1998; West 1985, later pages; Strabo; Pausanias; Nonnus [Loeb]; LSJ; Parian Chronicle, 7 [= 239 A6 with BNJ commentary (urn:cts:greekLit:fgrh.0239.bnjo-2-comm3-eng:a6?q=Hellen&qk=form&right=bnjo-2-tr1-eng)]
• According to Evelyn-White, p. 156, fr. 4 Evelyn-White = Scholia on Pindar's Pythian 4.263 (p. 134) ?; see also Schol. Pind. Pyth. 4.190
• FGrHist 369A F3: urn:cts:greekLit:fgrh.0369A.bnjo-3-tr1-eng:f3?q=Hellen&qk=form&right=bnjo-3-comm3-eng
• Smith: "A son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, or, according to others, a son of Zeus and Dorippe (Apollod. 1.7.2; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. 1.118; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1644)". Scholia on Ap. Rhod.; Wendel; Most Hesiod fr. 199. Eustathius.
• Brill Eustathius search; Stallbaum page