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First declension[edit]

The first declension or alpha declension is considered thematic, with long alpha (ᾱ) at the end of the stem, though it is derived from original athematic Indo-European forms. In Attic Greek, this changes to η everywhere except after ε, ι or ρ. The first declension includes mostly feminine nouns, but also a few masculine nouns, including agent nouns in -της, patronyms in -ίδης, and demonyms.

The first-declension genitive plural always takes a circumflex on the last syllable. In Homeric Greek the ending was -άων (ᾱ) or -έων (from quantitative metathesis of *-ηων). -έων was contracted to -ῶν in Attic.^[1]

Feminine long a-stem (non-US order)

	feminine: ἡ
	ᾱ						η
	χώρᾱ- "country"		θεᾱ´- "goddess"		οἰκίᾱ- "house"		φωνή- "voice"
	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
nominative	χώρᾱ	χῶραι	θεά	θεαί	οἰκίᾱ	οἰκίαι	φωνή	φωναί
vocative	χώρᾱ	χῶραι	θεά	θεαί	οἰκίᾱ	οἰκίαι	φωνή	φωναί
accusative	χώρᾱν	χώρᾱς	θεάν	θεάς	οἰκίᾱν	οἰκίᾱς	φωνήν	φωνάς
genitive	χώρᾱς	χωρῶν	θεᾶς	θεῶν	οἰκίᾱς	οἰκιῶν	φωνῆς	φωνῶν
dative	χώρᾳ	χώραις	θεᾷ	θεαῖς	οἰκίᾳ	οἰκίαις	φωνῇ	φωναῖς

Feminine long a-stem (US order)

	feminine: ἡ
	ᾱ						η
	χώρᾱ- "country"		θεᾱ´- "goddess"		οἰκίᾱ- "house"		φωνή- "voice"
	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.	sg.	pl.
nominative	χώρᾱ	χῶραι	θεά	θεαί	οἰκίᾱ	οἰκίαι	φωνή	φωναί
vocative	χώρᾱ	χῶραι	θεά	θεαί	οἰκίᾱ	οἰκίαι	φωνή	φωναί
genitive	χώρᾱς	χωρῶν	θεᾶς	θεῶν	οἰκίᾱς	οἰκιῶν	φωνῆς	φωνῶν
dative	χώρᾳ	χώραις	θεᾷ	θεαῖς	οἰκίᾳ	οἰκίαις	φωνῇ	φωναῖς
accusative	χώρᾱν	χώρᾱς	θεάν	θεάς	οἰκίᾱν	οἰκίᾱς	φωνήν	φωνάς

Feminine short a-stem[edit]

Some nouns have short ᾰ in the nominative, vocative and accusative singular,^[2] but are otherwise identical to other feminine first-declension nouns. They are recessively accented.

Most nouns in this category were formed with the suffix *-ya (sometimes written -ι̯ᾰ).^[3] The *y (representing the semivowel [j]) undergoes one of several sound changes with the consonant at the end of the stem:

*glōkʰ-ya > γλῶσσᾰ, Attic γλῶττᾰ "tongue" (palatalization;^[4] compare γλωχῑν "point")
*mor-ya > μοῖρᾰ "portion" (metathesis;^[5] compare μόρος)
*gepʰur-ya > γέφῡρᾰ "bridge" (compensatory lengthening of υ after loss of ι̯)^[6]
PIE *n̥-leh₂dʰ-es-ya > Proto-Greek *ə-lātʰeh-ya > *a-lātʰeyya > Attic Greek ἀλήθειᾰ "truth" (assimilation of *h to *y; compare ἀληθές "something true")

^ Smyth. A Greek grammar for colleges. § 214 D: dialectal first-declension forms.
^ Smyth. A Greek grammar for colleges. § 219: short-a first declension.
^ Smyth. A Greek grammar for colleges. §§ 221: suffix -ι̯ᾰ in short-a first declension.
^ Smyth. A Greek grammar for colleges. §§ 112: κι̯, χι̯ to ττ (σσ).
^ Smyth. A Greek grammar for colleges. §§ 111: epenthesis of ι̯ suffixed to an, on, ar, or.
^ Smyth. A Greek grammar for colleges. § 37: compensatory lengthening.

[first_declension_dialects-1] Smyth. A Greek grammar for colleges. § 214 D: dialectal first-declension forms.

[2] Smyth. A Greek grammar for colleges. § 219: short-a first declension.

[3] Smyth. A Greek grammar for colleges. §§ 221: suffix -ι̯ᾰ in short-a first declension.

[4] Smyth. A Greek grammar for colleges. §§ 112: κι̯, χι̯ to ττ (σσ).

[5] Smyth. A Greek grammar for colleges. §§ 111: epenthesis of ι̯ suffixed to an, on, ar, or.

[6] Smyth. A Greek grammar for colleges. § 37: compensatory lengthening.

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