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Penjwen District

Penjwen is one of the ancient and fascinating towns in South-Kurdistan which is a district of Silemani Governorate. It locates north-east of Silemani with the distance of 97km on the Iran frontier (Hamisha, 2014).

Name of Penjwen:

There are many different ideas about the word Penjwen. According to Mohammad Amin Zaki-Bag, five different images can be seen in Penjwen town from sunrise to sunset, Hussein Hosni Mokoryani also believed in it. However Mula Kareem Modaris said that Penjwen originally consisted of five villages. The elders who live in Penjwen said that this idea is much more like to be real than others because ruins of these villages have already remained. Another idea is that the word Penjwen has come from penj ju which means five Jews built up Penjwen پێنجوێن) , n.d). There are some other thoughts which need not to mention them here.

History:

According to those studies which have been done to this district, shown that ancient objects remained from castles such as Qizalja, Kiché and Wena are traced back to second and first millennium BC. Unfortunately, no historical sources can be seen to find reliable information about Penjwen so far. However when Qizalja and Kiché castles built, Penjwen was governed by Loloyakan پێنجوێن) , n.d) (Hamisha, 2014). It said in Amasya contract between Safawi and Ottoman Empires in 1555 that Penjwen was an independent area. Nowshirwan Mustafa in his book Baban Emirate between Rom and Ajam wrote: Remaining the area independent encourages Ardalan Emirate occupy Penjwen District. Governing Penjwen, several times, passed around Ottomanian, Safawian, Babanian and Ardalanian. After Baban Emirate was obliterated, Penjwen was governed directly by Ottomanian until 1915 پێنجوێن) , n.d). At the first, Penjwen was a village in Qizalja which was a sub-district of Gull-Anbar district. After Iraqi State was created in 1921, sub-district departments were moved from Qizalja to Penjwen and became sub-district in 1925. Because of developing and increasing its inhabitants, it became a district of Silemani Governorate in 1959 and remained the same until now پێنجوێن) , n.d) (Hamisha, 2014).

Geography:

Penjwen is placed on a plateau called Bani Penjwen, consisting of high mountains, hills and valleys with plains between them. It is a district of Silemani Governorate and is in the north-east of it with the distance of 97km on the Iran borderline. Penjwen is surrounded by Sharbazher District in the north-west, Sharazoor in the south-west and it has 151 km borders with Iran in the east. There is an official entrance point between Penjwen District and Iran called Bashmakh. This made Penjwen an important place because of commerce and business with Iran پێنجوێن) , n.d) (Hamisha, 2014). The total area of Penjwen District is about 1129 km2. The area of centre of the district is 203 km, Nallparez 282 km and Garmk 642 km. Penjwen is on longitude of the 46º to the north and latitude of 35.9º to the east, and it is about 1317 m above sea level. The average rain on this area is about 900 ml per year and snow covers the entire district in the winter پێنجوێن) , n.d) (Hamisha, 2014). There are some high mountain ranges with forests made this district attractive and beautiful; i.e., Srisan Mountain that its height is 2557m high above sea level and the highest mount in this area is Sorkew Mountain which is 2564 m high. There are also some plains which is used to cultivate; i.e., Dashti Braimawa, Chami Suraw, Krmanj and Chawtan پێنجوێن) , n.d).

Administration:

Penjwen as a district of Silemani consists of a district Penjwen itself and two sub-districts, Garmk and Nallparez with about 203 villages. Nowadays, about 132 of these villages include inhabitants and 71 of them become uninhabited (حەسەن, 2014). The distance of Garmk is 12 km and Nallparez is 19 km from centre of district. Each of them has its state departments such as municipality, police station, etc. Centre of district divide into 11 quarters; i.e. Bar-Bakh, Mamostayan, Kani Mina etc., Garmk and Nallparez each consists of 4 quarters (به‌ڕێوه‌به‌رايه‌تى ئامارى سلێمانى, 2014).

Population:

In the book Silemani, a region of Kurdistan was written about Penjwen: The population of Penjwen was 3550 persons; including 3000 Kurds, 500 Jews and 50 Christians. It shows that Penjwen except Kurds also included Jews and Christians. In 1820, James Rich said that when he came to Penjwen area, Some Jews lived in Penjwen which engaged in business and commerce. He also said that Jews lived not only in Penjwen itself but also in villages round it پێنجوێن) , n.d). According to statistics conducted to Penjwen area in 1977, the population of Penjwen was 34025 persons which lived in 6320 families. Because of destroying the area during Iraq-Iran War, the Statistics of 1987 could not have conducted in the area. Moreover the statistics of Silemani Administrate of Agriculture showed that the population of Penjwen was 44506 persons in 2004 پێنجوێن) , n.d) (Hamisha, 2014). According to the last statistics which was conducted in October of 2007, the population of Penjwen was 38271 persons and 2378 families. Compared to the statistics of 2004, population of Penjwen diminished because the inhabitants of villages moved to other towns and cities i.e., Silemani and Said Sadiq because of lack of projects پێنجوێن) , n.d).

Economy:

Penjwen is a rich area for natural resources and agriculture. There are several economic resources in this area which can be made use of them to develop economic sectors in order to increase national income. Unfortunately they couldn’t have been used so far: 1. According to the table of mineral resources of KRG, 13 different kinds of minerals have been mentioned in Penjwen; i.e., gold, copper, iron, uranium, coal, manganese, etc. and precious stones like marble, etc. They couldn’t have been used yet پێنجوێن) , n.d) 2. Natural forests cover almost all the mountains of the area which can be used in many different industries پێنجوێن) , n.d) (Hamisha, 2014). 3. Topographical variety, rivers and natural forests in this area are vital reasons to pay attention with the purpose of tourism by building resorts پێنجوێن) , n.d). Penjwen is agricultural area and has large fertile lands to cultivate crops and vegetables. Most of Penjwenian (people who live in Penjwen) involve in cultivating. The lands are considered to be 200000 acres. 100000 acres are possible to cultivate and the rest are used as pasture (حه‌مه‌سعيد, 2014).. There are some types of crops and vegetables which are mostly cultivated, i.e., wheat, barley, potatoes, tomatoes, cucumber, (water)melon, pepper, etc. Except to cultivated crops, there are some natural crops on the mountains. The most important agricultural product is tomato. 10000 acres of land are cultivated with tomato in 2014 and earned about 60000 tons of tomatoes. Some people keep animals such as sheep, cows, and goats to their milk and meat, and sell them. This is considered as second important economic sector (حه‌مه‌سعيد, 2014). As mentioned before, Penjwen has a long borderline with Iran. This makes Penjwen suitable place for trade with Iran. Some people involved in exchanging goods with Iran on the borders. It’s also another economic sector پێنجوێن) , n.d).

Bibliography:

Hamisha. (2014, January 27). Retrieved from Hamisha: http://hamisha.com/babet-jimare/8687 به‌ڕێوه‌به‌رايه‌تى ئامارى سلێمانى. (2014). Retrieved from به‌ڕێوه‌به‌رايه‌تى ئامارى سلێمانى: http://www.sulistat.com/%D9%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86/ پێنجوێن. (n.d.). Retrieved from ويكيپيديا، ئينسايكلۆپيدياى ئازاد. حه‌مه‌سه‌عيد, ع. (2014, October 15). ڕه‌وشى كشتوكاڵ له‌ پێنجوێن . Retrieved from NNA: http://www.radionawxo.org/kurdi/index.php/all-news/item/5525-2014-10-15-06-34-18.html حەسەن, ر. (2014, Decmber 19). پێنجوێن لەسەر پارێزگای سلێمانی دەمێنێتەوە یان هەڵەبجە؟. Retrieved from PUKMedia: http://pukmedia.com/KS_Direje.aspx?Jimare=43064