User:Mr. Ibrahem/Food allergy
| Food allergy | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Hives on the back are a common allergy symptom. | |
| Specialty | Emergency medicine |
| Symptoms | Itchiness, swelling of the tongue, vomiting, diarrhea, hives, trouble breathing, low blood pressure[1] |
| Usual onset | Minutes to several hours of exposure[1] |
| Duration | Long term, some may resolve[2] |
| Causes | Immune response to food[1] |
| Risk factors | Family history, vitamin D deficiency, obesity, high levels of cleanliness[1][2] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on a medical history, elimination diet, skin prick test, oral food challenge[1][2] |
| Differential diagnosis | Food intolerance, celiac disease, food poisoning[1] |
| Prevention | Early exposure to potential allergens[2][3] |
| Treatment | Avoiding the food in question, having a plan if exposure occurs, medical alert jewelry[1][2] |
| Medication | Adrenaline (epinephrine)[1] |
| Frequency | ~6% (developed world)[1][2] |
A food allergy is an abnormal immune response to food.[1] The symptoms of the allergic reaction may range from mild to severe.[1] They may include itchiness, swelling of the tongue, vomiting, diarrhea, hives, trouble breathing, or low blood pressure.[1] This typically occurs within minutes to several hours of exposure.[1] When the symptoms are severe, it is known as anaphylaxis.[1] A food intolerance and food poisoning are separate conditions, not due to an immune response.[1][4]
Common foods involved include cow's milk, peanuts, eggs, shellfish, fish, tree nuts, soy, wheat, rice, and fruit.[1][2][5] The common allergies vary depending on the country.[1] Risk factors include a family history of allergies, vitamin D deficiency, obesity, and high levels of cleanliness.[1][2] Allergies occur when immunoglobulin E (IgE), part of the body's immune system, binds to food molecules.[1] A protein in the food is usually the problem.[2] This triggers the release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine.[1] Diagnosis is usually based on a medical history, elimination diet, skin prick test, blood tests for food-specific IgE antibodies, or oral food challenge.[1][2]
Early exposure to potential allergens may be protective.[2][3] Management primarily involves avoiding the food in question and having a plan if exposure occurs.[2] This plan may include giving adrenaline (epinephrine) and wearing medical alert jewelry.[1] The benefits of allergen immunotherapy for food allergies is unclear, thus is not recommended as of 2015[update].[6] Some types of food allergies among children resolve with age, including that to milk, eggs, and soy; while others such as to nuts and shellfish typically do not.[2]
In the developed world, about 4% to 8% of people have at least one food allergy.[1][2] They are more common in children than adults and appear to be increasing in frequency.[2] Male children appear to be more commonly affected than females.[2] Some allergies more commonly develop early in life, while others typically develop in later life.[1] In developed countries, a large proportion of people believe they have food allergies when they actually do not have them.[7][8][9] The declaration of the presence of trace amounts of allergens in foods is mandatory only in Brazil.[10][11][12]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (July 2012). "Food Allergy An Overview" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Sicherer SH, Sampson HA (February 2014). "Food allergy: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 133 (2): 291–307, quiz 308. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.020. PMID 24388012.
- ^ a b Ierodiakonou D, Garcia-Larsen V, Logan A, et al. (20 September 2016). "Timing of Allergenic Food Introduction to the Infant Diet and Risk of Allergic or Autoimmune Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" (PDF). JAMA. 316 (11): 1181–1192. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.12623. PMID 27654604. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
- ^ Boyce JA, Assa'ad A, Burks AW, et al. (December 2010). "Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergy in the United States: Summary of the NIAID-Sponsored Expert Panel Report". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 126 (6): 1105–1118. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.10.008. PMC 4241958. PMID 21134568. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020 – via Elsevier.
- ^ Nowak-Węgrzyn, A; Katz, Y; Mehr, SS; Koletzko, S (May 2015). "Non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 135 (5): 1114–24. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.025. PMID 25956013.
- ^ "Allergen Immunotherapy". April 22, 2015. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ "Making sense of allergies" (PDF). Sense About Science. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ^ Coon ER, Quinonez RA, Moyer VA, et al. (November 2014). "Overdiagnosis: how our compulsion for diagnosis may be harming children". Pediatrics. 134 (5): 1013–23. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1778. PMID 25287462.
- ^ Ferreira CT, Seidman E (2007). "Food allergy: a practical update from the gastroenterological viewpoint". J Pediatr (Rio J). 83 (1): 7–20. doi:10.2223/JPED.1587. PMID 17279290.
- ^ Allen KJ, Turner PJ, Pawankar R, et al. (2014). "Precautionary labelling of foods for allergen content: are we ready for a global framework?". World Allergy Organ J. 7 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1186/1939-4551-7-10. PMC 4005619. PMID 24791183.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ FDA (18 December 2017). "Food Allergies: What You Need to Know". Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
- ^ "Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária Guia sobre Programa de Controle de Alergênicos" (in Portuguese). Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). 2016. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.