User:Mr. Ibrahem/Jaundice

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Jaundice
Other namesIcterus[1]
Jaundice of the skin caused by pancreatic cancer
Pronunciation
  • /ˈdʒɔːndɪs/
SpecialtyGastroenterology, hepatology, general surgery
SymptomsYellowish coloration of skin and whites of the eyes, itchiness[2][3]
CausesHigh bilirubin levels[3]
Diagnostic methodBlood bilirubin, liver panel[3]
Differential diagnosisCarotenemia, taking rifampin[4]
TreatmentBased on the underlying cause[5]

Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels.[3][6] Jaundice is commonly associated with itchiness.[2] There may also be pale feces and dark urine.[4] Jaundice in babies is also common with an estimated eighty percent affected during their first week of life.[7] While most cases of newborn jaundice are not harmful, if bilirubin levels are very high, brain damage — kernicterus — may occur.[8][7]

Jaundice is not a disease, but rather a medical sign of another health problem.[9] Normal levels of bilirubin in blood are below 1.0 mg/dL (17 µmol/L), while levels over 2–3 mg/dL (34-51 µmol/L) typically result in jaundice.[10][4] High blood bilirubin is divided into two types: unconjugated (indirect) and conjugated (direct).[11] Conjugated bilirubin can be confirmed with the presence of bilirubin in the urine.[12]

Causes of jaundice vary from non-serious to potentially fatal.[11] High unconjugated bilirubin may be due to excess red blood cell breakdown, large bruises, genetic conditions such as Gilbert's syndrome, not eating for a prolonged period of time, newborn jaundice, or thyroid problems.[4][11] High conjugated bilirubin may be due to liver diseases such as cirrhosis or hepatitis, infections, medications, or blockage of the bile duct.[4] In the developed world, the cause is more often blockage of the bile duct or medications; in the developing world, it is more often infections such as viral hepatitis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, or malaria.[4] Blockage of the bile duct may occur due to gallstones, cancer, or pancreatitis.[4] Medical imaging such as ultrasound is useful for detecting bile duct blockage.[12] Other conditions can also cause yellowish skin, but are not jaundice, including carotenemia — which can develop from eating large amounts of foods containing carotene — or medications like rifampin.[4]

Treatment of jaundice is typically determined by the underlying cause.[5] If a bile duct blockage is present, surgery is typically required; otherwise, management is medical.[5] Medical management may involve treating infectious causes and stopping medication that could be contributing to the jaundice.[5] Jaundice in newborns may be treated with phototherapy or exchanged transfusion depending on age and prematurity when the bilirubin is greater than 4–21 mg/dL (68-360 µmol/L).[10] The itchiness may be helped by draining the gallbladder or ursodeoxycholic acid.[2] The word jaundice is from the French jaunisse, meaning "yellow disease".[13][14]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Torre, Dario M.; Lamb, Geoffrey C.; Ruiswyk, Jerome Van; Schapira, Ralph M. (2009). Kochar's Clinical Medicine for Students. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 101. ISBN 9780781766999. Archived from the original on 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
  2. ^ a b c Bassari R, Koea JB (February 2015). "Jaundice associated pruritis: a review of pathophysiology and treatment". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 21 (5): 1404–13. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i5.1404. PMC 4316083. PMID 25663760.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ a b c d Jaundice. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Jones, Roger (2004). Oxford Textbook of Primary Medical Care. Oxford University Press. p. 758. ISBN 9780198567820. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  5. ^ a b c d Ferri, Fred F. (2014). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 672. ISBN 9780323084307. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  6. ^ Buttaro, Terry Mahan; Trybulski, JoAnn; Polgar-Bailey, Patricia; Sandberg-Cook, Joanne (2012). Primary Care: A Collaborative Practice (4 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 690. ISBN 978-0323075855. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  7. ^ a b Kaplan M, Hammerman C (2017). "Hereditary Contribution to Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia". Fetal and Neonatal Physiology. Elsevier: 933–942.e3. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35214-7.00097-4. ISBN 978-0-323-35214-7.
  8. ^ "Facts about Jaundice and Kernicterus". CDC. February 23, 2015. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  9. ^ Al-Tubaikh, Jarrah Ali (2016). Internal Medicine: An Illustrated Radiological Guide. Springer. p. 49. ISBN 978-3-319-39747-4. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  10. ^ a b Maisels MJ (March 2015). "Managing the jaundiced newborn: a persistent challenge". CMAJ. 187 (5): 335–43. doi:10.1503/cmaj.122117. PMC 4361106. PMID 25384650.
  11. ^ a b c Winger J, Michelfelder A (September 2011). "Diagnostic approach to the patient with jaundice". Primary Care. 38 (3): 469–82, viii. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2011.05.004. PMID 21872092.
  12. ^ a b Roche SP, Kobos R (January 2004). "Jaundice in the adult patient". American Family Physician. 69 (2): 299–304. PMID 14765767.
  13. ^ Dr. Chase's Family Physician, Farrier, Bee-keeper, and Second Receipt Book,: Being an Entirely New and Complete Treatise ... Chase publishing Company. 1873. p. 542. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  14. ^ Sullivan, Kara M.; Gourley, Glenn R. (2011). Jaundice. Elsevier. pp. 176–186.e3. doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0774-8.10017-x. ISBN 978-1-4377-0774-8. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
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