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User:Mr. Ibrahem/Menopause

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Menopause
Other namesClimacteric
An Ukara Ekpe textile from the Igbo culture which is secretly dyed by post-menopausal women.[1]
SpecialtyGynecology
SymptomsNo menstrual periods for a year[2]
Usual onset49 and 52 years of age[3]
CausesUsually a natural change, surgery that removes both ovaries, some types of chemotherapy[4][5]
TreatmentNone, lifestyle changes[6]
MedicationMenopausal hormone therapy, clonidine, gabapentin, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors[6][7]

Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time in most women's lives when menstrual periods stop permanently, and they are no longer able to bear children.[2][8] Menopause typically occurs between 49 and 52 years of age.[3] Medical professionals often define menopause as having occurred when a woman has not had any menstrual bleeding for a year.[4] It may also be defined by a decrease in hormone production by the ovaries.[9] In those who have had surgery to remove their uterus but still have ovaries, menopause may be considered to have occurred at the time of the surgery or when their hormone levels fell.[9] Following the removal of the uterus, symptoms typically occur earlier, at an average of 45 years of age.[10]

In the years before menopause, a woman's periods typically become irregular,[11][12] which means that periods may be longer or shorter in duration or be lighter or heavier in the amount of flow.[11] During this time, women often experience hot flashes; these typically last from 30 seconds to ten minutes and may be associated with shivering, sweating, and reddening of the skin.[11] Hot flashes often stop occurring after a year or two.[8] Other symptoms may include vaginal dryness, trouble sleeping, and mood changes.[11] The severity of symptoms varies between women.[8] While menopause is often thought to be linked to an increase in heart disease, this primarily occurs due to increasing age and does not have a direct relationship with menopause.[8] In some women, problems that were present like endometriosis or painful periods will improve after menopause.[8]

Menopause is usually a natural change,[5] as the ovaries gradually become smaller with age.[13] It can occur earlier in those who smoke tobacco.[4][14] Other causes include surgery that removes both ovaries or some types of chemotherapy.[4] At the physiological level, menopause happens because of a decrease in the ovaries' production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone.[2] While typically not needed, a diagnosis of menopause can be confirmed by measuring hormone levels in the blood or urine.[15] Menopause is the opposite of menarche, the time when a girl's periods start.[16]

Specific treatment is not usually needed.[6] Some symptoms, however, may be improved with treatment.[6] With respect to hot flashes, avoiding smoking, caffeine, and alcohol is often recommended.[6] Sleeping in a cool room and using a fan may help.[6] The following medications may help: menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), clonidine, gabapentin, or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.[6][7] Exercise may help with sleeping problems.[6] While MHT was once routinely prescribed, it is now only recommended in those with significant symptoms, as there are concerns about side effects.[6] High-quality evidence for the effectiveness of alternative medicine has not been found.[8] There is tentative evidence for phytoestrogens.[17]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Chuku, Gloria (2005). Igbo women and economic transformation in southeastern Nigeria, 1900–1960. Paragraph 3: Routledge. p. 73. ISBN 978-0415972109. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  2. ^ a b c "Menopause: Overview". Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  3. ^ a b Takahashi TA, Johnson KM (May 2015). "Menopause". The Medical Clinics of North America. 99 (3): 521–34. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.006. PMID 25841598.
  4. ^ a b c d "What is menopause?". Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  5. ^ a b "What causes menopause?". Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 6 May 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i "What are the treatments for other symptoms of menopause?". Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  7. ^ a b Krause MS, Nakajima ST (March 2015). "Hormonal and nonhormonal treatment of vasomotor symptoms". Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 42 (1): 163–79. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.09.008. PMID 25681847.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Menopause: Overview". PubMedHealth. 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  9. ^ a b Sievert, Lynnette Leidy (2006). Menopause : a biocultural perspective ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. p. 81. ISBN 9780813538563. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  10. ^ International position paper on women's health and menopause : a comprehensive approach. DIANE Publishing. 2002. p. 36. ISBN 9781428905214. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  11. ^ a b c d "What are the symptoms of menopause?". Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 6 May 2013. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  12. ^ "What Is Menopause?". National Institute on Aging. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 2018-10-06.
  13. ^ Suster, David; Liu, Martina Z.; Lin, Douglas I. (2019). "3. Benign diseases of the ovary". In Zheng, Wenxin; Fadare, Oluwole; Quick, Charles Matthew; Shen, Danhua; Guo, Donghui (eds.). Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathology. Vol. 2. Springer: Springer. p. 96. ISBN 978-981-13-3018-6. Archived from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  14. ^ Warren, volume editors, Claudio N. Soares, Michelle (2009). The menopausal transition : interface between gynecology and psychiatry ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Basel: Karger. p. 73. ISBN 978-3805591010. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ "How do health care providers diagnose menopause?". Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 6 May 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  16. ^ Wood, James. "9". Dynamics of Human Reproduction: Biology, Biometry, Demography. Transaction Publishers. p. 401. ISBN 9780202365701. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  17. ^ Franco OH, Chowdhury R, Troup J, Voortman T, Kunutsor S, Kavousi M, Oliver-Williams C, Muka T (June 2016). "Use of Plant-Based Therapies and Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA. 315 (23): 2554–63. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.8012. PMID 27327802.
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