User:Mr. Ibrahem/Smallpox

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Mr. Ibrahem/Smallpox
Other namesVariola,[1] variola vera,[2] pox,[3] red plague[4]
A child with smallpox in Bangladesh in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.
SpecialtyInfectious disease
Symptoms
ComplicationsScarring of the skin, blindness[6]
Usual onset1 to 3 weeks following exposure[5]
DurationAbout 4 weeks[5]
CausesVariola major, Variola minor (spread between people)[6][7]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms and confirmed by PCR[8]
Differential diagnosisChickenpox, impetigo, molluscum contagiosum, monkeypox[8]
PreventionSmallpox vaccine[9]
TreatmentSupportive care[10]
MedicationTecovirimat, brincidofovir, cidofovir[9]
Prognosis30% risk of death[5]
FrequencyEradicated (last wild case in 1977)

Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by one of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor.[7] The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (WHO) certified the global eradication of the disease in 1980.[10] The risk of death following contracting the disease was about 30%, with higher rates among babies.[6][11] Often those who survived had extensive scarring of their skin, and some were left blind.[6]

The initial symptoms of the disease included fever and vomiting.[5] This was followed by formation of sores in the mouth and a skin rash.[5] Over a number of days the skin rash turned into characteristic fluid-filled bumps with a dent in the center.[5] The bumps then scabbed over and fell off, leaving scars.[5] The disease was spread between people or via contaminated objects.[6][12] Prevention was primarily by the smallpox vaccine.[9] Once the disease had developed, certain antiviral medication may have helped.[9]

The origin of smallpox is unknown.[13] The earliest evidence of the disease dates to the 3rd century BCE in Egyptian mummies.[13] The disease historically occurred in outbreaks.[10] In 18th-century Europe, it is estimated 400,000 people per year died from the disease, and one-third of the cases resulted in blindness.[10][14] These deaths included six monarchs.[10][14] Smallpox is estimated to have killed up to 300 million people in the 20th century[15][16] and around 500 million people in the last 100 years of its existence.[17] As recently as 1967, 15 million cases occurred a year.[10]

Inoculation for smallpox appears to have started in China around the 1500s.[18][19] Europe adopted this practice from Asia in the first half of the 18th century.[20] In 1796 Edward Jenner introduced the modern smallpox vaccine.[21][22] In 1967, the WHO intensified efforts to eliminate the disease.[10] Smallpox is one of two infectious diseases to have been eradicated, the other being rinderpest in 2011.[23][24] The term "smallpox" was first used in Britain in the early 16th century to distinguish the disease from syphilis, which was then known as the "great pox".[25][26] Other historical names for the disease include pox, speckled monster, and red plague.[3][4][26]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Barton, Leslie L.; Friedman, Neil R. (2008). The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-59745-391-2. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  2. ^ Schaller, Karl F. (2012). Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology. Springer Science & Business Media. p. Chapter 1. ISBN 978-3-642-76200-0. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  3. ^ a b Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID (1988). "The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World" (PDF). Smallpox and its eradication. History of International Public Health. Vol. 6. Geneva: World Health Organization. pp. 209–44. hdl:10665/39485. ISBN 978-92-4-156110-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  4. ^ a b Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History. Pengui. 2016. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-4654-5893-3. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Signs and Symptoms". CDC. 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d e "What is Smallpox?". CDC. 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  7. ^ a b Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 525–28. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.
  8. ^ a b "Diagnosis & Evaluation". CDC. 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  9. ^ a b c d "Prevention and Treatment". CDC. 13 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g "Smallpox". WHO Factsheet. Archived from the original on 21 September 2007.
  11. ^ Riedel S (January 2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proceedings. 18 (1): 21–5. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028. PMC 1200696. PMID 16200144.
  12. ^ Lebwohl, Mark G.; Heymann, Warren R.; Berth-Jones, John; Coulson, Ian (2013). Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-7020-5236-1. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  13. ^ a b "History of Smallpox". CDC. 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  14. ^ a b Hays JN (2005). Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 151–52. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9.
  15. ^ Koprowski, Hilary; Oldstone, Michael B. A. (January 1996). Microbe hunters, then and now. Medi-Ed Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-936741-11-6.
  16. ^ Henderson DA (December 2011). "The eradication of smallpox--an overview of the past, present, and future". Vaccine. 29 Suppl 4: D7-9. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080. PMID 22188929.
  17. ^ Henderson D (2009). Smallpox : the death of a disease. Prometheus Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-61592-230-7. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  18. ^ Needham, Joseph (2000). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-521-63262-1. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  19. ^ Silverstein, Arthur M. (2009). A History of Immunology (2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 293. ISBN 9780080919461. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020..
  20. ^ Strathern, Paul (2005). A Brief History of Medicine. London: Robinson. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-84529-155-6.
  21. ^ Wolfe RM, Sharp LK (August 2002). "Anti-vaccinationists past and present" (PDF). BMJ. 325 (7361): 430–2. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430. PMC 1123944. PMID 12193361. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  22. ^ "Smallpox vaccines". WHO. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  23. ^ Guidotti, Tee L. (2015). Health and Sustainability: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. T290. ISBN 978-0-19-932568-9. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  24. ^ Roossinck, Marilyn J. (2016). Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes. Princeton University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-4008-8325-7. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  25. ^ Harper, Douglas. "Smallpox". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  26. ^ a b Barquet N, Domingo P (October 1997). "Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death". Annals of Internal Medicine. 127 (8 Pt 1): 635–42. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.883. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010. PMID 9341063.
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