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Dairy production and methane emissions[edit]

United States

The Innovation Center for US Dairy has estimated that U.S. dairy accounts for 2 percent of total U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and is submitting its data set to the LCA Digital Commons of the National Agriculture Library."[1] The EPA has also issued estimates of methane emissions from dairy cattle.[2][3][4]

US livestock emissions are primarily from cattle and pigs.[5][6]

Cows emit methane when they belch or burp.

The mechanisms by which cattle emit methane of concern for climate change vary.[7][8][9][10]

Methane reduction[edit]

Anaerobic digesters[edit]

There were 248 anaerobic digester projects operating on livestock farms in the United States in 2019, helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from methane.[11]

Anaerobic digesters are technically feasible at more than 2,600 U.S. dairy operations, but only 176 manure-based digester systems had been implemented on farms as of 2012.[12] California had more than 20 operating digesters in 2018, with about 20 more funded or under construction.[13]

Manure mangement[edit]

Manure management is also an important strategy for emissions reduction.[14][15][16][17][18]

Increased production to reduce emissions per unit produced[edit]

Increased production per cow is one way reduce the amount of methane emitted per gallon of milk.[19]

While an average adult dairy cow can emit "400-500 liters of methane in a single day,"[20] the emission of an average Holstein dairy cow can vary between "¾ to over 1 pound (373 to 509 grams) of enteric methane per day depending upon the level of milk production."[21]

Muzzles for cows[edit]

A device under development in England in 2020 aims to capture methane by placing a muzzle on the cow's nose, which converts the methane into carbon dioxide and water.[22]

Improving feedstocks [23]

Higher quality forages and feedstocks improve digestability.[24][25][26][27][28][29]

Additions to feedstocks include:

California as a model for the US[42][43]

"California dairies could produce enough biomethane to power more than 100,000 vehicles."[44]

California's Dairy Digester Research and Development Program (DDRDP) and the Alternative Manure Management Program (AMMP).

The goal is reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from manure on California dairy farms.[45] [46]

Since 2015, 213 dairy families in California have been involved in DDRDP and AMMP projects. The projects reduce an estimated 2.2 million metric tons of greenhouse gases (2.2 MMTCO2e) per year. This is equivalent to removing more 460,000 cars from the road. The reduction is is approximately 25 percent of the 2013 California inventory for dairy and livestock manure methane emissions. The financing comes from a statewide initiative, California Climate Investments. The initiative uses Cap-and-Trade program funds to support the state’s climate goals.[45]

Uses of biogas

Development of digesters that can inject utility-grade methane into natural gas pipelines, also run electrical generators [47][48][49][50][51]

"Approximately 90 megawatts (MW) of power can be generated from Arizona manure."[52][53]

Use as transportation fuel can prevent diesel emissions, "which can be some of the most toxic emissions that are put into the air in the San Joaquin Valley"[54]

Further reading[edit]

  • "Dairy Methane Archives". CalCAN, California Climate and Agriculture Network. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  • Krich, Ken (July 2005). "Biomethane from Dairy Waste: A Sourcebook for the Production and Use of Renewable Natural Gas in California" (PDF). Sustainable Conservation. Retrieved 2019-10-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)



References[edit]

  1. ^ "Dairy Research & the Environmental Impact of Dairy Farming | U.S. Dairy - Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy". www.usdairy.com. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  2. ^ Penn State (March 29, 2018). "More accurate estimates of methane emissions from dairy cattle developed". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ France-Presse, Agence (2017-09-29). "Methane emissions from cattle are 11% higher than estimated". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  4. ^ Mangino, Joseph. "Development of an Emissions Model to Estimate Methane from Enteric Fermentation in Cattle" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2019-10-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ Hristov, A. N.; Johnson, K. A.; Kebreab, E. (2014-04-08). "Livestock methane emissions in the United States". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (14): E1320–E1320. doi:10.1073/pnas.1401046111. ISSN 0027-8424.
  6. ^ Crable, Ad (December 11, 2017). "PSU study says global warming methane emissions from livestock not underestimated". LancasterOnline. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ DairyBusiness News Team (2019-06-28). "Frank Mitloehner: Cattle, climate change and the methane myth". Dairy Business News. Retrieved 2019-10-19. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ Rotz, Alan; Hristov, Alex (July 24, 2019). "Are cattle in the U.S. causing an increase in global warming?". AgWeb Farm Journal. Retrieved 2019-10-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ Cagle, Susie (2016-10-20). "Wrangling the Climate Impact of California Dairy". Civil Eats. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ Gardiner, Beth (2015-05-01). "How Growth in Dairy Is Affecting the Environment". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  11. ^ "AgSTAR Data and Trends". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2019-07-03. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ Lee, Karen (19 March 2012). "Unlocking methane digester systems' dairy farm potential". Progressive Dairy. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ Boccadoro, Michael (30 March 2018). "Rethink dairy methane: A cost-effective environmental solution". Progressive Dairy. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ "Report: Changing Manure Management Would Significantly Reduce Dairy Methane Emissions". Environmental Defense Fund. October 16, 2018. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ "Press Release: Changing Manure Management Would Significantly Reduce Dairy Methane Emissions". Dairy Cares. October 17, 2018. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^ Arndt, C.; Leytem, A. B.; Hristov, A. N.; Zavala-Araiza, D.; Cativiela, J. P.; Conley, S.; Daube, C.; Faloona, I.; Herndon, S. C. (2018-12-01). "Short-term methane emissions from 2 dairy farms in California estimated by different measurement techniques and US Environmental Protection Agency inventory methodology: A case study". Journal of Dairy Science. 101 (12): 11461–11479. doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13881. ISSN 0022-0302. PMID 30316601.
  17. ^ National Dairy Environmental Stewardship Council (2005). "Cost-effective and Environmentally Beneficial Dairy Manure Management Practices" (PDF). Sustainable Conservation. Retrieved 2019-10-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ^ San Joaquin Valley Dairy Manure Technology Feasibility Assessment Panel (2005). "An Assessment of Technologies for Management and Treatment of Dairy Manure in California's San Joaquin Valley" (PDF). Sustainable Conservation. Retrieved 2019-10-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ^ Mulhollem, Jeff (December 7, 2015). "Boosting milk-production efficiency can reduce cow methane-emission intensity". Penn State University. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  20. ^ Satterfeld, Jennifer, "3.5 Altering Dairy Cattle Feed to Reduce Methane Production", Environmental Science Bites Volume 2, The Ohio State University, retrieved 2019-10-19
  21. ^ "The Link Between Dairy Cow Nutrition and Methane - Farming Magazine". Farming Magazine. 2017-02-08. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  22. ^ "New device captures cows' methane-filled burps". Reuters Video. February 19, 2020. Retrieved 2020-02-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ Nelson, Diane (2018-05-24). "Can Seaweed Cut Methane Emissions on Dairy Farms?". UC Davis. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ^ Chase, Larry (September 9, 2019). "Methane Emissions From Dairy Cattle". AgWeb Farm Journal. Retrieved 2019-10-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  25. ^ "Carbon, Methane Emissions and the Dairy Cow". Penn State Extension. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  26. ^ Grooms, Lynn (April 18, 2018). "Diet, methane emissions studied". AgUpdate. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  27. ^ Moe, P.W.; Tyrrell, H.F. (October 1979). "Methane Production in Dairy Cows". Journal of Dairy Science. 62 (10): 1583–1586. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(79)83465-7. ISSN 0022-0302.
  28. ^ Aguerre, M.J.; Wattiaux, M.A.; Powell, J.M.; Broderick, G.A.; Arndt, C. (June 2011). "Effect of forage-to-concentrate ratio in dairy cow diets on emission of methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia, lactation performance, and manure excretion". Journal of Dairy Science. 94 (6): 3081–3093. doi:10.3168/jds.2010-4011.
  29. ^ Ishler, Virginia A.; Varga, Gabriella A. (May 5, 2016). "Carbohydrate Nutrition for Lactating Dairy Cattle". Penn State Extension. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  30. ^ "Climate-smart cow". Mootral. 2019. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ^ Crew, Bec (October 20, 2016). "Adding Seaweed to Cattle Feed Could Reduce Methane Production by 70%". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ^ Mernit, Judith Lewis (July 2, 2018). "How Eating Seaweed Can Help Cows to Belch Less Methane". Yale E360. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  33. ^ Temple, James (November 23, 2018). "Seaweed could make cows burp less methane and cut their carbon hoofprint". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  34. ^ Machado, Lorenna; Magnusson, Marie; Paul, Nicholas A.; Nys, Rocky de; Tomkins, Nigel (2014-01-22). "Effects of Marine and Freshwater Macroalgae on In Vitro Total Gas and Methane Production". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e85289. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085289. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3898960. PMID 24465524.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  35. ^ Rupp, Rebecca (2016-11-29). "A Sprinkle of Seaweed Could Deflate Gassy Cows". National Geographic. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  36. ^ Roque, Breanna M.; Salwen, Joan K.; Kinley, Rob; Kebreab, Ermias (2019-10-10). "Inclusion of Asparagopsis armata in lactating dairy cows' diet reduces enteric methane emission by over 50 percent". Journal of Cleaner Production. 234: 132–138. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.193. ISSN 0959-6526.
  37. ^ Aerin, Einstein-Curtis (May 14, 2019). "Dietary fat may be key to dropping dairy cow GHG emissions". feednavigator.com. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  38. ^ Alvarez-Hess, P. S.; Williams, S. R. O.; Jacobs, J. L.; Hannah, M. C.; Beauchemin, K. A.; Eckard, R. J.; Wales, W. J.; Morris, G. L.; Moate, P. J. (2019-03-01). "Effect of dietary fat supplementation on methane emissions from dairy cows fed wheat or corn". Journal of Dairy Science. 102 (3): 2714–2723. doi:10.3168/jds.2018-14721. ISSN 0022-0302. PMID 30660414.
  39. ^ Byrne, Jane (February 8, 2019). "Can lipid supplementation decrease enteric methane emission in dairy cows?". feednavigator.com. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ^ Muñoz, C.; Sánchez, R.; Peralta, A. M. T.; Espíndola, S.; Yan, T.; Morales, R.; Ungerfeld, E. M. (2019-03-01). "Effects of feeding unprocessed oilseeds on methane emission, nitrogen utilization efficiency and milk fatty acid profile of lactating dairy cows". Animal Feed Science and Technology. 249: 18–30. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.01.015. ISSN 0377-8401.
  41. ^ a b Department of Economic Development (8 June 2017). "Methane research". Agriculture Victoria. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  42. ^ Gustin, Georgina (2016-10-25). "California turns to dairy and beef industries to reduce methane". InsideClimate News. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  43. ^ Editorial Board (December 4, 2017). "California's Holy-Cow Idea. California wants its dairy farms to capture methane and sell it as truck fuel". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  44. ^ "Cow Power". Sustainable Conservation. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  45. ^ a b "CDFA invests in dairy methane reduction projects". www.morningagclips.com. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  46. ^ "Dairy Digester Development in California". Dairy Cares. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  47. ^ Cox, John (June 18, 2019). "Chevron partners with biomethane developer to harvest, market gas from local dairy manure". The Bakersfield Californian. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  48. ^ "Dairy Farm Digesters". Regenis. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  49. ^ Loew, Tracy (March 31, 2019). "Manure is big business at Oregon's largest dairy with conversion to natural gas". Statesman Journal. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  50. ^ "Farm Methane Digesters - 5 Things You Should Know About Cow Power". The Anaerobic Digestion & Biogas Blog. 2018-09-16. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
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  52. ^ Murphree, Julie (2014-10-21). "Manure Smelling Real Sweet in Arizona Agriculture". Arizona Farm Bureau. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  53. ^ Merrill, Laurie (February 13, 2015). "Two Arizona dairies produce methane power". Arizona Central. Retrieved 2019-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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Upfront carbon emissions (UCE), or Embodied carbon emissions (ECE) describe the climate impact of a building in terms of its greenhouse gas emissions.

The embodied carbon of a building may be defined as "including the entire life cycle of the materials, even the operational phase of the building ... A full life-cycle view of embodied carbon would account for impacts of landfilling or recycling materials as well."[1]

https://www.usglassmag.com/insights/2019/08/carbon-counting-why-embodied-carbon-matters-part-1/

Upfront carbon emissions are the "initial embodied carbon—the impacts associated with extracting, manufacturing, and transporting materials to the jobsite."[1]

“Carbon” is used to indicate all greenhouse gas emissions, not just carbon dioxide."[1]

The World Green Building Council has issued a 2019 report "Bringing Embodied Carbon Upfront: Coordinated action for the building and construction sector to tackle embodied carbon"

https://www.usglassmag.com/insights/2019/09/carbon-counting-a-driver-for-u-s-sourced-aluminum-part-2/

https://irishconstruction.com/action-needed-on-construction-carbon-emissions/

https://www.thefifthestate.com.au/innovation/worldgbc-kicks-off-a-materials-transition/

  1. ^ a b c Melton, Paula (2018-08-20). "The Urgency of Embodied Carbon and What You Can Do about It". BuildingGreen. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
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