User:Oscar anyala/green vehicle
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2010_Toyota_Prius_II_1_--_07-01-2009.jpg/220px-2010_Toyota_Prius_II_1_--_07-01-2009.jpg)
A green vehicle or environmentally friendly vehicle is a road motor vehicle that produces less harmful impacts to the environment than comparable conventional internal combustion engine vehicles running on gasoline or diesel, or one that uses alternative fuels.[2][3] Presently, in some countries the term is used for any vehicle surpassing the Euro6-norm such as LEVs and ULEVs, and also more informally it is used for California's zero emissions vehicles and other low-carbon emission vehicles.[4]
Green vehicles are powered by alternative fuels and advanced vehicle technologies and include hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles, compressed-air vehicles, hydrogen and fuel-cell vehicles, neat ethanol vehicles, flexible-fuel vehicles, natural gas vehicles, clean diesel vehicles, and some sources also include vehicles using blends of biodiesel and ethanol fuel or gasohol.[3][5] Several author also include conventional motor vehicles with high fuel economy, as they consider that increasing fuel economy is the most cost-effective way to improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions in the transport sector in the short run.[6] As part of their contribution to sustainable transport, environmentally friendly vehicles reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and contribute to energy independence by reducing oil imports.[3][6]
Production
[edit]Part of the total energy cost can be cut by choosing smaller, lighter vehicles that use less energy to produce and to operate. Alternatively larger heavier vehicles with more efficient power systems may use less energy overall.
Energy efficiency
[edit]Cars with similar production energy costs can obtain, during the life of the car (operational phase), large reductions in energy costs through several measures:
- The most significant is by using alternative propulsion:
- An efficient engine that reduces the vehicle's consumption of petroleum (i.e. petroleum electric hybrid vehicle), or, preferably, that uses renewable energy sources throughout its working life.
- Using biofuels instead of petroleum fuels.
- Proper maintenance of a vehicle such as engine tune-ups, oil changes, and maintaining proper tire pressure can also help.
- Removing unnecessary items from a vehicle reduces weight and improves fuel economy as well.
Oscar anyala (talk) 10:49, 3 October 2011 (UTC)Change gear early Changing gears early saves revving the engine too hard, reducing emissions and fuel consumption. Check your tyres pressures regularly. Running them under-inflated can increase fuel consumption and emissions apart from being dangerous - under-inflated tyres can overheat at speed, risking a blow-out. Don't be an idler If you're stuck in a traffic jam, switch the engine off - apart from reducing CO2 output, and saving fuel, you'll be cutting the output of other pollutants.Oscar anyala (talk) 10:49, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
Comparison of several types of green car basic characteristics (Values are overall for vehicles in current production and may differ between types) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of vehicle/ powertrain |
Fuel economy (mpg equivalent) |
Range | Production cost for given range |
Reduction in CO2 compared to conventional |
Payback period |
Conventional ICE | 10-78 | Long (400-600 mi) |
Low | 0% | - |
Biodiesel | 18-71 | Long (360-540 mi) |
Low | 100% | - |
All-electric | Excluding battery cost: 99 Including battery cost: 10-50 |
Shorter (73-150 mi) |
High | varies | - |
Hydrogen fuel cell | 80[7] | High | |||
Hybrid electric | 30-60 | 380 mi[7] | Medium | 5 years[8][9] |
Types
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Battery_EV_vs._Hydrogen_EV.png/400px-Battery_EV_vs._Hydrogen_EV.png)
Green vehicles include vehicles types that function fully or partly on alternative energy sources other than fossil fuel or less carbon intensive than gasoline or diesel.
Another option is the use of alternative fuel composition in conventional fossil fuel-based vehicles, making them function partially on renewable energy sources. Other approaches include personal rapid transit, a public transportation concept that offers automated, on-demand, non-stop transportation on a network of specially built guideways.
Electric and fuel cell-powered
[edit]Examples of vehicles with reduced petroleum consumption include electric cars, plug-in hybrids and fuel cell-powered hydrogen cars.
Electric cars are typically more efficient than fuel cell-powered vehicles on a wheel-to-wheel basis.[10] For this reason, battery powered vehicles and plug-in hybrids are gaining popularity. They have better fuel economy than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles but are hampered by range or maximum distance attainable before discharging the battery. The electric car batteries are their main cost. They provide a 55% to 99.9% improvement in CO2 emissions compared to an ICE (gasoline, diesel) vehicle, depending on the source of electricity.[11]
Hybrid electric vehicles
[edit]Hybrid cars may be partly fossil fueled and partly electric or hydrogen-powered. They are more expensive to purchase but cost redemption is achieved in a period of about 5 years due to better fuel economy.[8][9]
Compressed air cars, stirling vehicles, and others
[edit]Compressed air cars, stirling-powered vehicles, Liquid nitrogen vehicles are even less polluting than electrical vehicles, as the vehicle and its components can be made more environmentally friendly.
Solar car races are held on a regular basis in order to promote green vehicles and other "green technology". These sleek driver-only vehicles can travel long distances at highway speeds using only the electricity generated instantaneously from the sun.
Improving conventional cars
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Brazilian_Fiat_Siena_TetraFuel_four_views.jpg/220px-Brazilian_Fiat_Siena_TetraFuel_four_views.jpg)
A conventional vehicle can become a greener vehicle by mixing in renewable fuels or using less carbon intensive fossil fuel. Typical gasoline-powered cars can tolerate up to 10% ethanol. Brazil manufactured cars that run on neat ethanol, though there were discontinued. Another available option is a flexible-fuel vehicle which allows any blend of gasoline and ethanol, up to 85% in North America and Europe, and up to 100% in Brazil.[12] Another existing option is to convert a conventional gasoline-powered to allow the alternative use of CNG. Pakistan, Argentina, Brazil, Iran, India, Italy, and China have the largest fleets of natural gas vehicles in the world.[13]
Diesel-powered vehicles can often transition completely to biodiesel, though the fuel is a very strong solvent, which can occasionally damage rubber seals in vehicles built before 1994. More commonly, however, biodiesel causes problems simply because it removes all of the built-up residue in an engine, clogging filters, unless care is taken when switching from dirty fossil-fuel derived diesel to bio-diesel. It is very effective at 'de-coking' the diesel engines combustion chambers and keeping them clean. Biodiesel is the lowest emission fuel available for diesel engines. Diesel engines are the most efficient car internal combustion engines. Biodiesel is the only fuel allowed in some North American national parks because spillages will completely bio-degrade within 21 days. Biodiesel and vegetable oil fuelled, diesel engined vehicles have been declared amongst the greenest in the US Tour de Sol competition.
This presents a problem, however, as biofuels can use food resources in order to provide mechanical energy for vehicles. Many experts point to this as a reason for growing food prices, particularly US Bio-ethanol fuel production which has affected maize prices. In order to have a low environmental impact, biofuels should be made only from waste products, or from new sources - like algae.
Other
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Borealis3windmills.jpg/220px-Borealis3windmills.jpg)
- Public transportation vehicles are not usually included in the green vehicle category, but Personal rapid transit (PRT) vehicles probably should be. All vehicles that are powered from the track have the advantage of potentially being able to use any source of electric energy, including sustainable ones, rather than requiring liquid fuels. They can also switch regenerative braking energy between vehicles and the electric grid rather than requiring energy storage on the vehicles. Also, they can potentially use the entire track area for solar collectors, not just the vehicle surface. The potential PRT energy efficiency is much higher than that which traditional automobiles can attain.
- Solar vehicles are electric vehicles powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface (generally, the roof) of the vehicle. Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert the Sun's energy directly into electrical energy. Solar vehicles are not practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies.
- Wind-powered electric vehicles primarily use wind-turbines installed at a strategic point of the vehicle, which are then converted into electric energy which causes the vehicle to propel.
Animal powered vehicles
[edit]Horse and carriage are just one type of animal propelled vehicle. Once a common form of transportation, they became far less common as cities grew and automobiles took their place. In dense cities, the waste produced by large numbers of transportation animals was a significant health problem. Oftentimes the food is produced for them using diesel powered tractors, and thus there is some environmental impact as a result of their use.
Human powered vehicles
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/V%C3%A9lo%27v_station_5002_-_Place_des_Compagnons_de_la_chanson.jpg/220px-V%C3%A9lo%27v_station_5002_-_Place_des_Compagnons_de_la_chanson.jpg)
Human powered transport includes walking, bicycles, velomobiles, row boats, and other environmentally friendly ways of getting around. In addition to the health benefits of the exercise provided, they are far more environmentally friendly than most other options. The only downside is the speed limitations, and how far one can travel before getting exhausted. Oscar anyala (talk) 10:49, 3 October 2011 (UTC)A human powered vehicle is able to be utilized as a mobile power station. It may power remote electronics or be used as an uninterrupted power source at any home or business location. The HumanCar chassis is designed to last 100 years eliminating rapid depreciation and parts replacement cycles. Like an operating system for your computer the HumanCar may be upgraded as motor and battery technology catches up. Thus, we are eliminating designed obsolescence and benefiting all the way through the usable life cycle of one century. HumanCar is designed to create a more efficient way for humans to move, stay healthy and create a better future for next generations.[14]Oscar anyala (talk) 10:49, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
Controversy
[edit]A study by CNW Marketing Research suggests that the extra energy cost of manufacture, shipping, disposal, and the short lives of some of these types of vehicle (particularly gas-electric hybrid vehicles) outweighs any energy savings made by their using less petroleum during their useful lifespan.[15] Critics of the report note that the study prorated all of Toyota's hybrid research-and-development costs across the relatively small number of Priuses on the road, rather than using the incremental cost of building a vehicle; used 109,000 miles (175,000 km) for the length of life of a Prius (Toyota offers a 150,000-mile (240,000 km) warranty on the Prius' hybrid components, including the battery), and calculated that a majority of a car's cradle-to-grave energy gets expended during the vehicle's production, not while it is driven.[16]
Norwegian Consumer Ombudsman official Bente Øverli stated that "Cars cannot do anything good for the environment except less damage than others." Based on this opinion, Norwegian law severely restricts the use of "greenwashing" to market automobiles, strongly prohibiting advertising a vehicle as being environmentally friendly, with large fines issued to violators.[17][18][19][20]
Benefits of green vehicle use
[edit]Environmental
[edit]Vehicle emissions contribute to the increasing concentration of gases linked to climate change.[21] In order of significance, the principal greenhouse gases associated with road transport are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O).[22] Road transport is the third largest source of greenhouse gases emitted in the UK, and accounts for over 20% of total emissions,[23] and 33% in the United States.[24] Of the total greenhouse gas emissions from transport, over 85% are due to CO2 emissions from road vehicles. The transport sector is the fastest growing source of greenhouse gases.[25] Oscar anyala (talk) 10:49, 3 October 2011 (UTC)Efficient vehicles and industry reduce carbon dioxide (C02) which traps heat into our atmosphere and is believed to be a cause of global warming. As the earth warms, drought occurs, forest fires increase, and our glaciers melt, which means our ocean levels will rise and floods will occur.Oscar anyala (talk) 10:49, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
Health
[edit]Vehicle pollutants have been linked to human ill health including the incidence of respiratory and cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer. A 1998 report estimated that up to 24,000 people die prematurely each year in the UK as a direct result of air pollution.[26] According to the World Health Organisation, up to 13,000 deaths per year among children (aged 0–4 years) across Europe are directly attributable to outdoor pollution. The organisation estimates that if pollution levels were returned to within EU limits, more than 5,000 of these lives could be saved each year. Oscar anyala (talk) 10:49, 3 October 2011 (UTC)Renewable energy sources, number one, promote a cleaner air space for all of us, which reduces the pollution we breathe. It removes pollution that has been linked to lung cancer and the aggravation of asthma and allergies. It removes particles in the air have also been linked to cardiac dangers. Without renewable energy, we might soon find that exercising outdoors (breathing the air) would actually be more harmful than helpful.Oscar anyala (talk) 10:49, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
Monetary
[edit]Hybrid taxi fleet operators in New York have also reported that reduced fuel consumption saves them thousands of dollars per year.[27]
National and international promotion
[edit]European Union
[edit]The European Union is promoting the marketing of greener cars via a combination of binding and non-binding measures.[28] As of April 2010, 15 of the 27 European Union member states provide tax incentives for electrically chargeable vehicles and some alternative fuel vehicles, which includes all Western European countries except Italy and Luxembourg, plus the Czech Republic and Romania. The incentives consist of tax reductions and exemptions, as well as of bonus payments for buyers of electric cars, plug-in hybrids, hybrid electric vehicles and natural gas vehicles.[29][30]
United States
[edit]The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is promoting the marketing of greener cars via the SmartWay program. The SmartWay and SmartWay Elite designation mean that a vehicle is a better environmental performer relative to other vehicles. This US EPA designation is arrived at by taking into account a vehicle's Air Pollution Score and Greenhouse Gas Score. Higher Air Pollution Scores indicate vehicles that emit lower amounts of pollutants that cause smog relative to other vehicles. Higher Greenhouse Gas Scores indicate vehicles that emit lower amounts of carbon dioxide and have improved fuel economy relative to other vehicles.
To earn the SmartWay designation, a vehicle must earn at least a 6 on the Air Pollution Score and at least a 6 on the Greenhouse Gas Score, but have a combined score of at least 13. SmartWay Elite is given to those vehicles that score 9 or better on both the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Scores.
A Green Vehicle Marketing Alliance, in conjunction with the ONRL, periodically meets, and coordinates marketing efforts.[31]
Progressive Insurance Automotive X Prize
[edit]The Progressive Insurance Automotive X PRIZE (PIAXP) is a set of competitions, programs and events, from the X PRIZE Foundation to "inspire a new generation of super-efficient vehicles that help break America's addiction to oil and stem the effects of climate change."[32] Progressive Insurance is the title sponsor of the prize, the centerpiece of which is the Competition Division, within which a $10 million dollar purse will be divided between the winners of three competitions.
The essence of each competition is to design, build and race super-efficient vehicles that will achieve 100 MPGe (2.35 liter/100 kilometer) and can be produced for the mass market.[33] Within the Competition Division, there are two vehicle classes: Mainstream and Alternative. The mainstream class has a prize of $5 million. The alternate class has 2 separate prizes of $2.5 million, one for side-by-side seating and one for tandem seating.[34]
Some of the competitors, such as Aptera and Tesla, are already taking deposits for 'green' vehicles from customers.
Green car rankings
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/2011_Chevrolet_Volt_2_--_04-21-2010.jpg/220px-2011_Chevrolet_Volt_2_--_04-21-2010.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nissan_Leaf_Drive_Electric_Tour_Black_2010.jpg/220px-Nissan_Leaf_Drive_Electric_Tour_Black_2010.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ford_Focus_Electric_WAS_2011_923.jpg/220px-Ford_Focus_Electric_WAS_2011_923.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/FCX_Clarity.jpg/220px-FCX_Clarity.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Honda_Civic_Hybrid_with_logo_DC_5020_03_2009.jpg/220px-Honda_Civic_Hybrid_with_logo_DC_5020_03_2009.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2010_Honda_Insight--DC.jpg/220px-2010_Honda_Insight--DC.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/MINI_%28MkII_Hatchback%29_%28front%29%2C_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg/220px-MINI_%28MkII_Hatchback%29_%28front%29%2C_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Lexus_CT_200h_Geneva.jpg/220px-Lexus_CT_200h_Geneva.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2011_Hyundai_Elantra_Limited_--_01-04-2011.jpg/220px-2011_Hyundai_Elantra_Limited_--_01-04-2011.jpg)
Several automobile magazines, motor vehicle specialized publications and environmental groups publish annual rankings or listings of the best green cars of a given year. The following table presents a selection of the annual top pickings.
Selected annual rankings of green cars | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vehicle | Year model |
Type of vehicle/fuel |
EPA Combined mileage (mpg) |
EPA City mileage (mpg) |
EPA Highway mileage (mpg) |
Most efficient EPA certified vehicles[35] | |||||
Toyota Prius — Current year, gasoline fuel | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
Honda Insight — All years, gasoline fuel | 2000 | Hybrid electric | 53 | 49 | 61 |
Nissan Leaf — All years, all fuels | 2011 | Electric car | 99 mpg-e | 106 mpg-e | 92 mpg-e |
Green Car Journal — Green Car of the Year | |||||
Chevrolet Volt — 2011 Award[36][37][38] | 2011 | Plug-in hybrid | Gas equivalent All-electric mode |
Gasoline only mode |
All-electric range |
93 mpg-e | 37 mpg | 35 mi | |||
Audi A3 TDI — 2010 Award[39] | 2010 | Clean diesel | 33 | 30 | 41 |
VW Jetta TDI — 2009 Award[40] | 2009 | Clean diesel | 41 | 40 | 43 |
Green Car Journal — Green Car Vision Award | |||||
Ford Focus Electric — 2011 Award[41] | 2012 | Electric car | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
n.a. |
100 mi | ||||
Nissan Leaf — 2010 Award[42][43] | 2011 | Electric car | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
99 mpg-e | 73 mi | ||||
Chevrolet Volt — 2009 Award[37][38][44] | 2011 | Plug-in hybrid | Gas equivalent All-electric mode |
Gasoline only mode |
All-electric range |
93 mpg-e | 37 mpg | 35 mi | |||
World Car of the Year — World Green Car | |||||
Chevrolet Volt — 2011 Award[45] | 2011 | Plug-in hybrid | Gas equivalent All-electric mode |
Gasoline only mode |
All-electric range |
93 mpg-e | 37 mpg | 35 mi | |||
Volkswagen BlueMotion — 2010 Award[46] (Golf, Passat, Polo) |
2010 | Clean diesel | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
Honda FCX Clarity — 2009 Award[47] (miles per kilogram of hydrogen) |
2009 | Hydrogen fuel cell | 77 | 67 | 72 |
Consumer Reports Top Picks: Green Car Category | |||||
Toyota Prius — Best model 2010[48] | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
Toyota Prius — Best model 2009[49] | 2009 | Hybrid electric | 46 | 48 | 45 |
Consumer Reports American Top Picks: Green Car Category | |||||
Ford Fusion Hybrid — Top Pick 2010[50] | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 39 | 41 | 36 |
Ford Escape Hybrid — Top Pick 2009[51] | 2009 | Hybrid electric | 32 | 34 | 31 |
What Car? Green Awards | |||||
Toyota Auris Hybrid — Overall Winner 2010[52] | 2010 | Hybrid electric | UK combined 74 mpg‑imp (3.8 L/100 km; 62 mpg‑US)[52] | ||
Volvo S40 1.6D DRIVe S — Overall Winner 2009[53] | 2009 | Clean diesel | UK combined 60 mpg‑imp (4.7 L/100 km; 50 mpg‑US)[54] | ||
Ford Focus 1.6 TDCi Style — Overall Winner 2008[55] | 2008 | Clean diesel | UK combined 52 mpg‑imp (5.4 L/100 km; 43 mpg‑US)[56] | ||
American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy Greenest Vehicles of the Year | |||||
Greenest Vehicles of 2010 (Top 5)[57] | |||||
Honda Civic GX | 2010 | Natural gas | 28 | 24 | 36 |
Toyota Prius | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
Honda Civic Hybrid | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 42 | 40 | 45 |
Smart fortwo (Convertible/coupe) | 2010 | Gasoline | 36 | 33 | 41 |
Honda Insight | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 41 | 40 | 43 |
Greenest Vehicles of 2011[58][59] | |||||
Honda Civic GX | 2011 | Natural gas | 28 | 24 | 36 |
Nissan Leaf | 2011 | Electric car | 99 mpg-e | 3.15 mile/Kwh | 2.72 mile/Kwh |
Smart fortwo (Cabriolet/Coupe) | 2011 | Gasoline | 36 | 33 | 41 |
Toyota Prius | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
Honda Civic Hybrid | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 41 | 40 | 43 |
Honda Insight | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 41 | 40 | 43 |
Ford Fiesta SFE manual | 2011 | Gasoline | 33 | 29 | 40 |
Chevrolet Cruze ECO manual 1.4L | 2011 | Gasoline | n.a. | 28 | 42 |
Hyundai Elantra manual 1.8L | 2011 | Gasoline | 33 | 29 | 40 |
MINI Cooper (manual) | 2011 | Gasoline | 32 | 29 | 37 |
Toyota Yaris (manual) | 2011 | Gasoline | 32 | 29 | 36 |
Mazda 2 (manual) | 2011 | Gasoline | n.a. | 29 | 35 |
Chevrolet Volt | 2011 | Plug-in hybrid | 37 | 35 | 40 |
n.a. | 2.81 mile/Kwh | 2.76 mile/Kwh | |||
Mother Earth News Best Green Cars of 2010[60] | |||||
Ford Fusion Hybrid | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 39 | 41 | 36 |
Honda Civic Hybrid | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 42 | 40 | 45 |
Honda Insight | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 41 | 40 | 43 |
Toyota Prius | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
VW Golf TDI | 2010 | Clean diesel | 34 | 30 | 42 |
VW Jetta TDI | 2010 | Clean diesel | 41 | 40 | 43 |
Kelley Blue Book Top 10 Green Cars | |||||
Green Cars of 2010 (Top 5)[61][62] | |||||
Toyota Prius | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
Honda Insight | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 41 | 40 | 43 |
Ford Fusion Hybrid | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 39 | 41 | 36 |
VW Golf TDI | 2010 | Clean diesel | 34 | 30 | 42 |
MINI Cooper | 2010 | Gasoline | 32 | 28 | 37 |
Top 10 Green Cars of 2011[63][64] | |||||
Nissan Leaf | 2011 | Electric car | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
99 mpg-e | 73 mi | ||||
Chevrolet Volt | 2011 | Plug-in hybrid | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
93 mpg-e | 35 mi | ||||
Toyota Prius | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
Lexus CT 200h | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 42 | 43 | 40 |
Honda Insight | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 41 | 40 | 43 |
Ford Fusion Hybrid | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 39 | 41 | 36 |
VW Golf TDI | 2011 | Clean diesel | 34 | 30 | 42 |
Hyundai Elantra | 2011 | Gasoline | 33 | 29 | 40 |
Fiat 500 | 2012 | Gasoline | 33 | 30 | 38 |
Ford Focus | 2012 | Gasoline | 31 | 28 | 38 |
Green vehicle motor shows
[edit]Dedicated electric and green vehicle motor shows:
- Alternative Vehicle and Fuel Show (AVFS), Fair of Valladolid, Spain, in November.[65]
- Green Fleet Expo, Royal Botanical Gardens (Ontario), in May.[66]
- Green-Car-Guide Live!, Arena and Convention Centre in Liverpool, in June[67]
- European Electric Motor Show, Helsinki Exhibition & Convention Centre, in November[68][69][70]
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008) |
See also
[edit]- Alternative fuel vehicle
- Alternatives to the automobile
- Emerging technologies - e.g. new green vehicle methods
- Green tuning
- Green Challenge
- Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles
- Hybrid taxis
- Low-carbon emissions
- Low-carbon fuel standard
- Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent
- Progressive Insurance Automotive X Prize
- Plug-in electric vehicles
- Union of Concerned Scientists' Hybrid Scorecard
- Zero emissions vehicle
References
[edit]- ^ "Worldwide Prius Cumulative Sales Top 2M Mark; Toyota Reportedly Plans Two New Prius Variants for the US By End of 2012". Green Car Congress. 2010-10-07. Retrieved 2010-10-07.
- ^ R.I.C. Publications (2005). Rainforests. p. 67. ISBN 9781741263305.
- ^ a b c "Green Vehicle Guide". Green Student U. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Working Group on Low-Emission Vehicles (2004). Can cars come clean?. OECD Publishing. pp. 84–85. ISBN 9789264104952.
- ^ "Alternative and Advanced Vehicles". Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center, U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ^ a b Sperling, Daniel and Deborah Gordon (2009). Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability. Oxford University Press, New York. pp. 235–260. ISBN 978-0-19-537664-7. See Chapter 9: Driving Towards Sustainability
- ^ a b S&TR
- ^ a b Consumer Reports (7 March 2006). "Consumer Reports Revises Financial Analysis In Report on Ownership Costs for Hybrid Cars". Consumers Union. Archived from the original on 2007-09-21. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
- ^ a b "The dollars & sense of hybrid cars".
- ^ "Energy efficiency comparison article" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ "Alternate Fuel Technology - Battery Electric Vehicles". (245 KB)
- ^ "Dual Fuel Cars Revive Brazil's Alcohol Industry".
- ^ "Natural Gas Vehicle Statistics". International Association for Natural Gas Vehicles. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
- ^ http://www.humancar.com/
- ^ CNW Marketing Research, Inc (2006). "Dust to Dust - The Energy Cost of New Vehicles From Concept to Disposal".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Brendan I. Koerner, "Tank vs. Hybrid: IS IT POSSIBLE THAT A HUMMER'S BETTER FOR THE ENVIRONMENT THAN A PRIUS IS?", Slate magazine, March 18, 2008
- ^ http://www.forbrukerombudet.no/asset/2857/1/2857_1.pdf
- ^ Independent Newspapers Online (2010-05-05). "Prove 'clean, green' ads, Norway tells automakers". Motoring.co.za. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ "Greenwash Watch: Norways Says Cars Neither Green Nor Clean". Treehugger.com. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ Doyle, Alister. "Norways Says Cars Neither Green Nor Clean". Reuters.com. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ World Energy Council (2007). "Transport Technologies and Policy Scenarios". World Energy Council. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
- ^ Marianne Weingroff. "Activity 20 Teacher Guide: Human Activity and Climate Change". Ucar.edu. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ "WhatGreenCar? Ratings Methodology". Whatgreencar.com. 2009-12-03. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ Jonathan L. Ramseur (January 18, 2007). "Climate Change: Action by States To Address Greenhouse Gas Emissions" (PDF). Congressional Research Service: 16. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
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: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007). "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Mitigation of Climate Change, chapter 5, Transport and its Infrastructure" (PDF). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
- ^ "Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP)". Advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk. 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ Joan Gralla (July 17, 2008). "NYC speeds transformation of yellow cabs to green". Reuters.
- ^ "Green cars | EU - European Information on Sustainable Dev". EurActiv.com. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ "Growing Number of EU Countries Levying CO2 Taxes on Cars and Incentivizing Plug-ins". Green Car Congress. 2010-04-21. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
- ^ "An Increasing Number of Member States Levy CO2-Based Taxation or Incentivise Electric Vehicles". European Automobile Manufacturers Association. 2010-04-21. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
- ^ "Microsoft Word - GVMA Report to ORNL, March 2004.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ "Competition Guidlines, Version 1.2, 13 January 2009" (PDF). X PRIZE Foundation. p. 5. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
- ^ Alan Boyle. "Auto X Prize Revs Up". MSNBC. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
- ^ "Competition Guidelines" (PDF). progressiveautoxprize.org. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
- ^ US DoE and US EPA. "Most Efficient EPA Certified Vehicles". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2011-09-25.
- ^ "Chevrolet Volt Electric Car is 2011 Green Car of the Year". Green Car Journal. 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
- ^ a b David Bailey and Kevin Krolicki (2010-11-24). "Chevy Volt tops Prius in fuel economy rating". Reuter. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
- ^ a b "Volt receives EPA ratings and label: 93 mpg-e all-electric, 37 mpg gas-only, 60 mpg-e combined". Green Car Congress. 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
- ^ "Audi A3 TDI is 2010 Green Car of the Year. Clean Diesel Reigns!". Green Car Journal. 2009-12-03. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
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Further reading
[edit]- Leitman, Seth and Brant, Bob (October 2008). Build Your Own Electric Vehicle, 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc. ISBN 0071543732.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Tobin Smith, Jim Woods, Liz Claman (2008). "Waving the Green Flag, Clean Transportation". Billion Dollar Green. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 35–46. ISBN 9780470343777.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - DFE2008 Automobile Engines, Wikiversity
External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png)
- Top Ten EPA-Rated Fuel Sippers (2011) - including BEVs and PHEVs
- EPA Green Vehicle Guide.
- AU Green Vehicle Guide
- Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center
- Make Cars Green international environmental campaign.
- Small Efficient Vehicles Wiki: People's Car Project.
- WSJ: start-up companies working in green cars
- Earth cars
- Progressive Insurance Automotive X PRIZE homepage
- Green Car Conference/Exhibition.Going Green: It's no longer an option (Automotive News)
- Green Car Center (Yahoo).
- Green Cars (Autocar).
- Green Car Guide.
- Sexy Green Car Show.
- Green Progress
- Int. Forum on Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications - Enabling the Green Car
- 9 Latest Green Cars (2010)