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Propionigenium modestum[edit]
Propionigenium modestum is a gram-negative, strictly anaerobic organism.[1] It is rod-shaped and around 0.5-0.6 x 0.5-2.0μm in size.[1] The word propionigenium comes from the Latin word acidum propionicum meaning propionic acid and genre is Latin for make or produce.[1] Modestus comes from the Latin word meaning modest, referring to an extremely modest type of metabolism.[1]
Taxonomic Information[edit]
Propionigenium modestum's current classification is Bacteria, Fusobacteria, Fusobacteria, Fusobacteriales, Fusobacteriaceae, Propionigenium, Modestum. Propionigenium modestum and Propionigenium maris, currently, are the only two species belonging to the genus Propionigenium.[2] They both inhabit marine environments.[3] P. modestum was found to be more closely related to Ilyobacter insuetus than it is to P. maris. P. modestum and I. insuetus share 97±4 - 98±5% 16S rRNA (ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid), while P. modestum and P. maris only share 96±5 - 96±8%.[4]
Discovery[edit]
P. modestum was isolated by Bernhard Schink and Norbert Pfenning in 1982 [1]. It was first isolated from black, anaerobic mud from Canale Grande in Venice, Italy, and was later isolated from human saliva.[1] The original isolation of P. modestum was obtained through a succinate media, which was used as the primary source of energy. It was reported that for every mol of succinate that was fermented by P. modesetum, there was between 2.1 and 2.4 grams of cell dry weight isolated form the media. [1]
Characteristics[edit]
P. modestum is a non-sporing and non-motile bacteria.[1] Its growth optimum is pH of 7.1-7.7 and a temperature of 33°C.[1] The G+C content is 33.9%.[1] It utilizes succinate, fumarate, malate, aspartate, oxaloacetate, and pyruvate for growth and fermentes them to propionate, (acetate), and Carbon Dioxide (CO2).[1] This organism grows optimally in fresh and saltwater, as well as human saliva under anaerobic conditions.[1] Propionigenium modestum converts succinate (as well as other energy sources) to propionate to generate energy.[5] The conversion has a small free energy change so there is no electron-transport chain or substrate-linked phosphorylation.[1]
Importance[edit]
F-type ATPases (Adenylpyrophosphatase ) typically use protons as the sole coupling ion, but the F1F0 ATPase of Propionigenium modestum has become one of the first to use Na+.[6] The ATPase of P. modestum acts about 6 times higher than bacterial membranes, at 6.6 units/mg of protein.[7] The ATPase is composed of subunits a,b, and c. It has been found that subunit c is extremely stable and does not dissociate during SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) gel electrophoresis until 120°C.[7] The discovery of the ATPase in P.modestum is important because it suggests that other organisms may use the same mechanism and that the Na+ coupling is more favorable thatn traditional ATPase using H+ coupling.[7]
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Schink, Bernhard; Pfennig, Norbert (1982). "Propionigenium Modestum Gen. Nov. Sp. Nov. a New Strictly Anaerobic, Nonsporing Bacterium Growing on Succinate" (PDF). Archives of Microbiology. 133.3: 209–216.
- ^ Schink, Bernhard (2006). "The Genus Propionigenium". Prokaryotes. 7: 955–959.
- ^ Janssen, Peter H.; Liesack, Werner (1995). "Succinate decarboxylation by Propionigenium maris sp. nov., a new anaerobic bacterium bacterium from an estuarine sediment". Arch Microbiol. 164: 29–35.
- ^ Brune, Andreas; Ludwig, Wolfgang; Kaim, Georg; Schink, Bernhard; Evers, Stephan (2002). "Ilyobacter insuetus Sp. Nov., a Fermentative Bacterium Specialized in the Degradation of Hydroaromatic Compounds". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 52.2: 429–432.
- ^ Hilpert, Wilhelm; Schink, Bernhard; Dimroth, Peter (1984). "Life by a new decarboxylation-dependent energy conservation mechanism with Na+ as coupling ion" (PDF). The EMBO Journal. 3: 1655–1670.
- ^ Kaim, Georg (2001). "The Na -translocating F1F0 ATP Synthase of Propionigenium Modestum: Mechanochemical Insights into the F0 Motor That Drives ATP Synthesis". Bioenergetics. 1505: 94–107.
- ^ a b c Laubinger, Werner; Dimroth, Peter (1988). "Characterization of the ATP Synthase of Propionigenium modestum as a Primary Sodium Pump". Biochemistry. 27: 7531–7537.