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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Союз Советских Социалистических Республик
Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik
1922–1991
Flag of the Soviet Union
Flag
(1955–1991)
State emblem (1956–1991) of the Soviet Union
State emblem
(1956–1991)
Motto: 
"Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!"
"Proletarii vsekh stran, soyedinyaytes'!"
("Workers of the world, unite!")
Anthem: 
"The Internationale"
"Internatsional"
(1922–1944)

"State Anthem of the Soviet Union"[1]
"Gosudarstvennyy Gimn Sovetskogo Soyuza"
(1944–1991)
The Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991
The Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991
Capital
and largest city
Moscow
55°45′N 37°37′E / 55.750°N 37.617°E / 55.750; 37.617
Official languagesRussian[a][2]
Recognised regional languages
Minority languages
Ethnic groups
(1989)
Religion
Secular state[1][2]
State atheism[b]
Demonym(s)Soviet
Government
Leader 
• 1922–1924
Vladimir Lenin
• 1924–1953
Joseph Stalin
• 1953[c]
Georgy Malenkov
• 1953–1964
Nikita Khrushchev
• 1964–1982
Leonid Brezhnev
• 1982–1984
Yuri Andropov
• 1984–1985
Konstantin Chernenko
• 1985–1991
Mikhail Gorbachev
Head of state 
• 1922–1946 (first)
Mikhail Kalinin
• 1988–1991 (last)
Mikhail Gorbachev
Head of government 
• 1922–1924 (first)
Vladimir Lenin
• 1991 (last)
Ivan Silayev
LegislatureCongress of Soviets
(1922–1938)
Supreme Soviet
(1938–1991)
Soviet of Nationalities
Soviet of the Union
Historical era20th century
30 December 1922
• Civil War ended
16 June 1923
22 June 1941
9 May 1945
9 October 1977
19–22 August 1991
8 December 1991
26 December 1991[3]
Area
• Total
22,402,200 km2 (8,649,500 sq mi)
Population
• 1991 estimate
293,000,000 (3rd)
• Density
8.4/km2 (21.8/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)1990 estimate
• Total
$2.7 trillion[11] (2nd)
• Per capita
$9,200
GDP (nominal)1990 estimate
• Total
$2.7 trillion[11] (2nd)
• Per capita
$9,200 (28th)
Gini (1989)0.275
low inequality
CurrencySoviet ruble (руб) (SUR)
Time zone(UTC+2 to +12)
Date formatdd-mm-yyyy
Drives onright
Calling code+7
ISO 3166 codeSU
Internet TLD.su[4]
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Bukharan PSR
Byelorussian SSR
Estonia
Finland
Khorezm PSR
Kingdom of Romania
Latvia
Lithuania
Russian SFSR
Second Polish Republic
Transcaucasian SFSR
Tuvan PR
Ukrainian SSR
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Moldova
Russia
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Notes
  1. ^ Declaration № 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law (in Russian).
  2. ^ Original lyrics used from 1944 to 1956 praised Stalin. No lyrics from 1956 to 1977. Revised lyrics from 1977 to 1991 displayed.
  3. ^ All-union official since 1990, constituent republics had the right to declare their own official languages.
  4. ^ Assigned on 19 September 1990, existing onwards.


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

  1. ^ "ARTICLE 124". Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  2. ^ "Article 52". Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  3. ^ Jan Plamper, The Stalin Cult: A Study in the Alchemy of Power (2012).
  4. ^ Isaac Deutscher, Stalin: A Polityical Biography (2nd edition, 1961) chapters 7-9 online
  5. ^ T. B. Bottomore. A Dictionary of Marxist thought. (Wiley-Blackwell, 1991). p. 54.
  6. ^ Historical Dictionary of Socialism. James C. Docherty, Peter Lamb. Page 85. "The Soviet Union was a one-party Marxist-Leninist state".
  7. ^ Ideology, Interests, and Identity Archived 21 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Stephen H. Hanson. Page 14. "the USSR was officially a Marxist-Leninist state".
  8. ^ The Fine Line between Enforcement of Human Rights Agreements and the Violation of National Sovereignty: The Case of Soviet Dissidents Archived 8 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Jennifer Noe Pahre. p. 336. "[...] the Soviet Union, as a Marxist-Leninist state [...]". p. 348. "The Soviet Union is a Marxist–Leninist state".
  9. ^ Leninist National Policy: Solution to the "National Question"? Archived 8 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Walker Connor. Page 31. "[...] four Marxist-Leninist states (the Soviet Union, China, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia)[...]".
  10. ^ "Law of the USSR of March 14, 1990 N 1360-I 'On the establishment of the office of the President of the USSR and the making of changes and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR'". Garant.ru. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
  11. ^ a b "GDP – Million – Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System". Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.