User:Pginer-WMF/translation-campaign/social distancing

Background

The past century has witnessed a series of influenza pandemics that have spread rapidly around the world. The pandemics originate in animal influenza viruses that naturally circulate among and infect bird and mammal species.[i] From time to time these animal viruses are transformed into human viruses, which are then transmitted from human to human. They are called zoonotic infections because they originate in animals.

Social distancing (more accurately called physical distancing) is critical to preventing and containing the spread of influenza pandemics such as COVID-19. Physical distancing simply means keeping space between yourself and other people you encounter in public spaces, or avoiding such spaces whenever possible. [ii] Dr Jeff Kwong is an infectious disease expert from the University of Toronto, who suggests that the term physical distancing more accurately captures what people have to do to prevent transmission and it does not imply social isolation. [iii] Experts have strongly reinforced the need for contacting friends and loved ones during the pandemic.

To understand the function of physical distancing, we begin by reviewing a simple model of an epidemic curve developed by infectious disease experts. To this simple model, data and case studies from the unfolding 2019/2020 Covid-19 epidemic is applied. We begin with data from China, where the epidemic originated and then trace the development of the Covid-19 epidemic/pandemic in South Africa. This provides the basis for evaluating the impact of physical distancing in preventing and containing the spread of the Covid-19 epidemic. We conclude the article by looking at how the negative effects of physical distancing can be avoided and overcome.

Although the term was only introduced in the twenty-first century, social-distancing measures date back to at least the fifth century BC. The Bible contains one of the earliest known references to the practice in the Book of Leviticus 13:46: "And the leper in whom the plague is ... he shall dwell alone; [outside] the camp shall his habitation be." During the Plague of Justinian of 541 to 542, emperor Justinian enforced an ineffective quarantine on the Byzantine Empire, including dumping bodies into the sea; he predominantly blamed the widespread outbreak on "Jews, Samaritans, pagans, heretics, Arians, Montanists, and homosexuals". In modern times, social distancing measures have been successfully implemented in several epidemics. In St. Louis, shortly after the first cases of influenza were detected in the city during the 1918 flu pandemic, authorities implemented school closures, bans on public gatherings and other social-distancing interventions. The case fatality rates in St. Louis were much less than in Philadelphia, which despite having cases of influenza, allowed a mass parade to continue and did not introduce social distancing until more than two weeks after its first cases. Authorities have encouraged or mandated social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

People maintaining social distance while queuing to enter a supermarket in London during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. To ensure that shoppers are able to maintain distance once in the store, only a limited number are allowed inside at one time.